英文教学中的路标词signposting words

全英文教学中，学生如果想轻松跟上讲课的节奏、最大程度接收教学内容，需要在老师的讲授中找到“路标词”（signposting words）。

路标词是指当老师正准备要开始一个主题或进入下一个主题时，作为开场白用途的句子或单词，以及搭配的语调变化。

路标词的使用，可以帮助需要用英语授课的老师，提升学生的专注力以及学习效率。学生也可以根据路标词，跟随老师的节奏。但值得特别注意的是，路标词技巧仅适用于课堂上，并不适用于正规的书信或科学论文的写作，因该用法被认为较口语化。

能够用作路标词的副词以及转折词主要有以下几类：

一、情绪副词：用于陈述事实、观点以及主题间的切换，表达出个人对陈述内容的主观感受。

例子：

1.Fortunately, a way has been found to resolve this long-standing problem.

2.Naturally, one would want to assess the risks first.

3.Especially, notice the information in the handout.

实用的情绪副词：

actually   apparently  basically  by the way  briefly   certainly  clearly  conceivably  confidentially  curiously   especially  evidently

fortunately   hopefully  hypothetically  ideally  incidentally indeed interestingly ironically naturally oddly  predictably  presumably

regrettably seriously strangely surprisingly thankfully  theoretically truthfully  ultimately  unfortunately  wisely

二、主题性副词：用于帮助听众分辨句子的主题，使该句子的主题更加明确，也可以用来强调教师的个人观点，或是当教师要将主题转移至另一个相关主题的时候，也可以使用主题性副词。

例子：

1.Economically, this would be infeasible to implement while the markets are too unstable.

2.Politically, it would be unwise for the senator to suddenly propose such an outrageously expensive funding project at such an economically depressed time as this.

3.Biologically speaking, it would be imprecise to call this a virus.

用于特定主题或研究领域的副词：

scientifically mathematically  artistically  financially  intellectually  philosophically  computationally  psychologically  economically

politically  intellectually biologically environmentally presently evolutionarily emotionally

三、转折语：用来传达一个主题、逻辑或语气的转移信号。

转折语相当好用，尤其是当教师想要转移主题时，转折语可以通过语调的强调，引导学生的注意力。

Now,Now turning to

Let’s turn to

Let’s turn our attention to

Now, let’s move on to

I’ll move on to

Let me move on to

Next, let’s talk about

I’ll talk about / discuss

Now I’d like to discuss

This raises the following issues /

question(s)

So how about…

What about …?

If I could now turn to

My next point is

Now, let’s see what happens.

Now that that’s clear / we’ve resolved that

We will go on to the next point.

Now let’s approach this problem in a different way.

The second point I’d like to make is...

例子：

（斜体划线的部份及应为降低语调的路标词）

Motivation in psychology can be subdivided into different types of motivation. 

Extrinsic motivation  refers to motivation driven by an external reward. 

I ntrinsic motivation  refers to motivation that is driven by a personal or intellectual interest in what one is doing.

四、介词词组也可以作为路标词使用。

例子：

1.The order of Coleoptera represents a large and diverse grouping of insects. Within Coleoptera we find that 90% of species belong to the suborder Polyphaga.

2.Theoretical linguistics includes the fields of syntax, morphology, phonology, and semantics. In the field of syntax, one investigates issues of sentence structure and word order.