2018/8/05--OpenGL学习笔记（七）Light Caster/Multiple Light
开篇的话：接着赶笔记，这篇写完正好回学校开始学习新的内容了。
投光物
将光投射(Cast)到物体的光源叫做投光物(Light Caster)。
平行光（Directional Light）
（我们通常用平行光来模拟太阳光线。）
定义一个光线方向向量而不是位置向量来模拟一个定向光。着色器的计算基本保持不变，但这次我们将直接使用光的direction向量而不是通过direction来计算lightDir向量。
struct Light {
// vec3 position; // 使用定向光就不再需要了
vec3 direction;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
...
void main()
{
vec3 lightDir = normalize(-light.direction);
...
}注意我们首先对light.direction向量取反。我们目前使用的光照计算需求一个从片段至光源的光线方向，但人们更习惯定义定向光为一个从光源出发的全局方向。所以我们需要对全局光照方向向量取反来改变它的方向，它现在是一个指向光源的方向向量了。
使用之前那十个箱子的场景：
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
glm::mat4 model;
model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
float angle = 20.0f * i;
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
}定义光源方向：（将方向定义为从光源出发的方向）
lightingShader.setVec3("light.direction", -0.2f, -1.0f, -0.3f);如图：
点光源
点光源是处于世界中某一个位置的光源，它会朝着所有方向发光，但光线会随着距离逐渐衰减。
我们一直都在使用一个（简化的）点光源。我们在给定位置有一个光源，它会从它的光源位置开始朝着所有方向散射光线。然而，我们定义的光源模拟的是永远不会衰减的光线，这看起来像是光源亮度非常的强。在大部分的3D模拟中，我们都希望模拟的光源仅照亮光源附近的区域而不是整个场景。
衰减
记公式！
下面这个公式根据片段距光源的距离计算了衰减值，之后我们会将它乘以光的强度向量：
在这里dd代表了片段距光源的距离。接下来为了计算衰减值，我们定义3个（可配置的）项：常数项KcKc、一次项KlKl和二次项KqKq。
- 常数项通常保持为1.0，它的主要作用是保证分母永远不会比1小，否则的话在某些距离上它反而会增加强度，这肯定不是我们想要的效果。
- 一次项会与距离值相乘，以线性的方式减少强度。
- 二次项会与距离的平方相乘，让光源以二次递减的方式减少强度。二次项在距离比较小的时候影响会比一次项小很多，但当距离值比较大的时候它就会比一次项更大了。
常数项KcKc在所有的情况下都是1.0。一次项KlKl为了覆盖更远的距离通常都很小，二次项KqKq甚至更小。
实现衰减
为了实现衰减，在片段着色器中我们还需要三个额外的值：也就是公式中的常数项、一次项和二次项。它们最好储存在之前定义的Light结构体中。
struct Light {
vec3 position;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
};然后我们将在OpenGL中设置这些项：我们希望光源能够覆盖50的距离，所以我们会使用表格（Ogre3D的Wiki）中对应的常数项、一次项和二次项：
lightingShader.setFloat("light.constant", 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("light.linear", 0.09f);
lightingShader.setFloat("light.quadratic", 0.032f);片段着色器中实现衰减还是比较直接的：我们根据公式计算衰减值，之后再分别乘以环境光、漫反射和镜面光分量。
我们仍需要公式中距光源的距离，还记得我们是怎么计算一个向量的长度的吗？我们可以通过获取片段和光源之间的向量差，并获取结果向量的长度作为距离项。我们可以使用GLSL内建的length函数来完成这一点：
float distance = length(light.position - FragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance +
light.quadratic * (distance * distance));（这么长一段其实没什么好解释的，就是先计算出公式里的d，然后再套公式就可以了。）
将它分别乘以环境光、漫反射和镜面光颜色。
我们可以将环境光分量保持不变，让环境光照不会随着距离减少，但是如果我们使用多于一个的光源，所有的环境光分量将会开始叠加，所以在这种情况下我们也希望衰减环境光照。简单实验一下，看看什么才能在你的环境中效果最好。
ambient *= attenuation;
diffuse *= attenuation;
specular *= attenuation;运行：
只有前排的箱子被照亮的，距离最近的箱子是最亮的。后排的箱子一点都没有照亮，因为它们离光源实在是太远了
聚光灯
聚光是位于环境中某个位置的光源，它只朝一个特定方向而不是所有方向照射光线。这样的结果就是只有在聚光方向的特定半径内的物体才会被照亮，其它的物体都会保持黑暗。聚光很好的例子就是路灯或手电筒。
OpenGL中聚光是用一个世界空间位置、一个方向和一个切光角(Cutoff Angle)来表示的，切光角指定了聚光的半径（译注：是圆锥的半径不是距光源距离那个半径）。对于每个片段，我们会计算片段是否位于聚光的切光方向之间（也就是在锥形内），如果是的话，我们就会相应地照亮片段。下面这张图会让你明白聚光是如何工作的：
LightDir：从片段指向光源的向量。SpotDir：聚光所指向的方向。Phiϕ：指定了聚光半径的切光角。落在这个角度之外的物体都不会被这个聚光所照亮。Thetaθ：LightDir向量和SpotDir向量之间的夹角。在聚光内部的话θ值应该比ϕ值小。
我们要做的就是计算LightDir向量和SpotDir向量之间的点积（它会返回两个单位向量夹角的余弦值），并将它与切光角ϕ值对比。
手电筒
手电筒(Flashlight)是一个位于观察者位置的聚光，通常它都会瞄准玩家视角的正前方。手电筒就是普通的聚光，但它的位置和方向会随着玩家的位置和朝向不断更新。
在片段着色器中我们需要的值有聚光的位置向量（来计算光的方向向量）、聚光的方向向量和一个切光角。我们可以将它们储存在Light结构体中：
struct Light {
vec3 position;
vec3 direction;
float cutOff;
...
};我们将合适的值传到着色器中：
lightingShader.setVec3("light.position", camera.Position);
lightingShader.setVec3("light.direction", camera.Front);
lightingShader.setFloat("light.cutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(12.5f)));我们并没有给切光角设置一个角度值，反而是用角度值计算了一个余弦值，将余弦结果传递到片段着色器中。这样做的原因是在片段着色器中，我们会计算LightDir和SpotDir向量的点积，这个点积返回的将是一个余弦值而不是角度值，所以我们不能直接使用角度值和余弦值进行比较。
接下来就是计算θθ值，并将它和切光角ϕ对比，来决定是否在聚光的内部：
float theta = dot(lightDir, normalize(-light.direction));
if(theta > light.cutOff)
{
// 执行光照计算
}
else // 否则，使用环境光，让场景在聚光之外时不至于完全黑暗
color = vec4(light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords)), 1.0);我们首先计算了lightDir和取反的direction向量（取反的是因为我们想让向量指向光源而不是从光源出发）之间的点积。记住要对所有的相关向量标准化。
运行程序，你将会看到一个聚光，它仅会照亮聚光圆锥内的片段。看起来像是这样的：
平滑/软化边缘
为了创建一种看起来边缘平滑的聚光，我们需要模拟聚光有一个内圆锥(Inner Cone)和一个外圆锥(Outer Cone)。我们可以将内圆锥设置为上一部分中的那个圆锥，但我们也需要一个外圆锥，来让光从内圆锥逐渐减暗，直到外圆锥的边界。
为了创建一个外圆锥，我们只需要再定义一个余弦值来代表聚光方向向量和外圆锥向量（等于它的半径）的夹角。然后，如果一个片段处于内外圆锥之间，将会给它计算出一个0.0到1.0之间的强度值。如果片段在内圆锥之内，它的强度就是1.0，如果在外圆锥之外强度值就是0.0。
可以用下面这个公式来计算这个值：
这里ϵ(Epsilon)是内（ϕ）和外圆锥（γ）之间的余弦值差。最终的I值就是在当前片段聚光的强度。
我们现在有了一个在聚光外是负的，在内圆锥内大于1.0的，在边缘处于两者之间的强度值了。如果我们正确地约束(Clamp)这个值，在片段着色器中就不再需要if-else了，我们能够使用计算出来的强度值直接乘以光照分量：
float theta = dot(lightDir, normalize(-light.direction));
float epsilon = light.cutOff - light.outerCutOff;
float intensity = clamp((theta - light.outerCutOff) / epsilon, 0.0, 1.0);
...
// 将不对环境光做出影响，让它总是能有一点光
diffuse *= intensity;
specular *= intensity;
...我们使用了clamp函数，它把第一个参数约束(Clamp)在了0.0到1.0之间。这保证强度值不会在[0, 1]区间之外。
确定你将outerCutOff值添加到了Light结构体之中，并在程序中设置它的uniform值。下面的图片中，我们使用的内切光角是12.5，外切光角是17.5：
struct Light {
vec3 position;
vec3 direction;
float cutOff;
float outerCutOff;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
};lightingShader.setFloat("light.cutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(12.5f)));
lightingShader.setFloat("light.outerCutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(17.5f)));
运行：
源码：
#include
#include
#include
#include "Shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include
#include
#include
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow*window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
float vertices[] = {
// positions // normals // texture coords
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
glm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),
glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
glm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),
glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
glm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),
glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),
glm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)
};
glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);
int main()
{
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LightingMaps", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
//Shader lightingShader("shader/2.5_vertexShader.vs", "shader/2.5_fragmentShader_dirlight.vs");
//Shader lightingShader("shader/2.5_vertexShader.vs", "shader/2.5_fragmentShader_poilight.vs");
Shader lightingShader("shader/2.5_vertexShader.vs", "shader/2.5_fragmentShader_spotlight.vs");
Shader lampShader("shader/2.5_lightvertexShader.vs", "shader/2.5_lightfragmentShader.vs");
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
//在调用这个函数之后，无论我们怎么去移动鼠标，光标都不会显示了，它也不会离开窗口。
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
unsigned int lightVAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightVAO);
glBindVertexArray(lightVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
unsigned int diffuseMap = loadTexture("container2.png");
unsigned int specularMap = loadTexture("container2_specular.png");
lightingShader.use();
lightingShader.setInt("material.diffuse", 0);
lightingShader.setInt("material.specular", 1);
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
lightingShader.use();
lightingShader.setVec3("light.position", camera.Position);
lightingShader.setVec3("light.direction", camera.Front);
lightingShader.setFloat("light.cutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(12.5f)));
lightingShader.setFloat("light.outerCutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(17.5f)));
lightingShader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
// light properties
lightingShader.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
lightingShader.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
lightingShader.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("light.constant", 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("light.linear", 0.09f);
lightingShader.setFloat("light.quadratic", 0.032f);
// material properties
lightingShader.setFloat("material.shininess", 32.0f);
// view/projection transformations
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
lightingShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
lightingShader.setMat4("view", view);
// world transformation
glm::mat4 model;
lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
// bind diffuse map
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
//bind specular map
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
// render the cube
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
//glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
glm::mat4 model;
model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
float angle = 20.0f * i;
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
}
glfwPollEvents();
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
}
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightVAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
//回调函数
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
//glViewport函数前两个参数控制窗口左下角的位置。第三个和第四个参数控制渲染窗口的宽度和高度（像素）
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow*window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
unsigned int loadTexture(char const * path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
fragment_dirction:
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
struct Material {
sampler2D diffuse;
sampler2D specular;
//sampler2D emission;
//vec3 specular;
float shininess;
};
struct Light {
//vec3 position;
vec3 direction;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec3 Normal;
in vec2 TexCoords;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
void main()
{
// ambient
//vec3 ambient = light.ambient * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
// diffuse
vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
vec3 lightDir = normalize(-light.direction);
float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
//vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
// specular
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
//vec3 specular = light.specular * (spec * material.specular);
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
vec3 result = ambient + diffuse + specular;
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
} fragment_point:
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
struct Material {
sampler2D diffuse;
sampler2D specular;
//sampler2D emission;
//vec3 specular;
float shininess;
};
struct Light {
vec3 position;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
};
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec3 Normal;
in vec2 TexCoords;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
void main()
{
// ambient
//vec3 ambient = light.ambient * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
// diffuse
vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - FragPos);
float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
//vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
// specular
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
//vec3 specular = light.specular * (spec * material.specular);
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
float distance = length(light.position - FragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance + light.quadratic * distance * distance);
vec3 result = ambient * attenuation + diffuse * attenuation + specular * attenuation;
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
} fragment_spot:
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
struct Material {
sampler2D diffuse;
sampler2D specular;
float shininess;
};
struct Light {
vec3 position;
vec3 direction;
float cutOff;
float outerCutOff;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
};
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec3 Normal;
in vec2 TexCoords;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
void main()
{
// ambient
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
// diffuse
vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - FragPos);
float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
// specular
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
// spotlight (soft edges)
float theta = dot(lightDir, normalize(-light.direction));
float epsilon = (light.cutOff - light.outerCutOff);
float intensity = clamp((theta - light.outerCutOff) / epsilon, 0.0, 1.0);
diffuse *= intensity;
specular *= intensity;
// attenuation
float distance = length(light.position - FragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance + light.quadratic * (distance * distance));
ambient *= attenuation;
diffuse *= attenuation;
specular *= attenuation;
vec3 result = ambient + diffuse + specular;
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}
多光源
模拟一个类似太阳的定向光(Directional Light)光源，四个分散在场景中的点光源(Point Light)，以及一个手电筒(Flashlight)。
为了在场景中使用多个光源，我们希望将光照计算封装到GLSL函数中。这样做的原因是，每一种光源都需要一种不同的计算方法，而一旦我们想对多个光源进行光照计算时，代码很快就会变得非常复杂。如果我们只在main函数中进行所有的这些计算，代码很快就会变得难以理解。
GLSL中的函数和C函数很相似，它有一个函数名、一个返回值类型，如果函数不是在main函数之前声明的，我们还必须在代码文件顶部声明一个原型。我们对每个光照类型都创建一个不同的函数：定向光、点光源和聚光。
当我们在场景中使用多个光源时，通常使用以下方法：我们需要有一个单独的颜色向量代表片段的输出颜色。对于每一个光源，它对片段的贡献颜色将会加到片段的输出颜色向量上。所以场景中的每个光源都会计算它们各自对片段的影响，并结合为一个最终的输出颜色。大体的结构会像是这样：
out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{
// 定义一个输出颜色值
vec3 output;
// 将定向光的贡献加到输出中
output += someFunctionToCalculateDirectionalLight();
// 对所有的点光源也做相同的事情
for(int i = 0; i < nr_of_point_lights; i++)
output += someFunctionToCalculatePointLight();
// 也加上其它的光源（比如聚光）
output += someFunctionToCalculateSpotLight();
FragColor = vec4(output, 1.0);
}定向光
需要在片段着色器中定义一个函数来计算定向光对相应片段的贡献：它接受一些参数并计算一个定向光照颜色。
首先，我们需要定义一个定向光源最少所需要的变量。我们可以将这些变量储存在一个叫做DirLight的结构体中，并将它定义为一个uniform。
struct DirLight {
vec3 direction;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
uniform DirLight dirLight;我们可以将dirLight传入一个有着一下原型的函数。
vec3 CalcDirLight(DirLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 viewDir)
{
vec3 lightDir = normalize(-light.direction);
// 漫反射着色
float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
// 镜面光着色
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
// 合并结果
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}（既然写到了就复习一下，1.灯光向量求反，得出片元指向灯光的向量，2.求光方向和发现发现的cos值，得出diff及对漫反射的影响，3.求反射后的光向量，再求spec及对高光的影响，4.最后三个相加返回平行光的颜色。）
点光源
定义一个包含了点光源所需所有变量的结构体：
struct PointLight {
vec3 position;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
#define NR_POINT_LIGHTS 4
uniform PointLight pointLights[NR_POINT_LIGHTS];我们在GLSL中使用了预处理指令来定义了我们场景中点光源的数量。接着我们使用了这个NR_POINT_LIGHTS常量来创建了一个PointLight结构体的数组。GLSL中的数组和C数组一样，可以使用一对方括号来创建。现在我们有四个待填充数据的PointLight结构体。
函数从参数中获取所需的所有数据，并返回一个代表该点光源对片段的颜色贡献的vec3。
vec3 CalcPointLight(PointLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir)
{
vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - fragPos);
// 漫反射着色
float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
// 镜面光着色
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
// 衰减
float distance = length(light.position - fragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance +
light.quadratic * (distance * distance));
// 合并结果
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
ambient *= attenuation;
diffuse *= attenuation;
specular *= attenuation;
return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}（1.光源位置减去片元位置得到片元指向光源的向量，2.求diff对漫反射的影响，3.求spec对高光的影响，4.通过length函数得出片元到光源的距离，根据公式求出瞬间影响，5.求出环境光，漫反射，高光，再乘上衰减分量，最后相加）
聚光灯
（因为作者留给我们写，我就直接上函数了）
结构体：
struct SpotLight {
vec3 position;
vec3 direction;
float cutOff;
float outerCutOff;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
uniform SpotLight spotLight;函数：
vec3 CalcSpotLight(SpotLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir)
{
vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - fragPos);
//漫反射
float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
//高光
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
//边缘柔滑
float theta = dot(lightDir, normalize(-light.direction));
float epsilon = (light.cutOff - light.outerCutOff);
float intensity = clamp((theta - light.outerCutOff) / epsilon, 0.0, 1.0);
//衰减
float distance = length(light.position - fragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance + light.quadratic * (distance * distance));
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
ambient *= attenuation * intensity;
diffuse *= attenuation * intensity;
specular *= attenuation * intensity;
return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}（1.计算片元指向光源的向量，2.漫反射影响，3.高光影响，4.根据公式计算衰减，这里的衰减既有边缘柔滑，同时也有根据距离的一个衰减，5.最后的结果要乘上边缘柔滑的分量和衰减的分量，再相加）
（注意一个问题，三种光的函数，都要在main函数之前声明！！！）
合并结果
将它们合并放到main函数中：
void main()
{
// 属性
vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
// 第一阶段：定向光照
vec3 result = CalcDirLight(dirLight, norm, viewDir);
// 第二阶段：点光源
for(int i = 0; i < NR_POINT_LIGHTS; i++)
result += CalcPointLight(pointLights[i], norm, FragPos, viewDir);
// 第三阶段：聚光
result += CalcSpotLight(spotLight, norm, FragPos, viewDir);
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}设置定向光结构体的uniform应该非常熟悉了，但是你可能会在想我们该如何设置点光源的uniform值，因为点光源的uniform现在是一个PointLight的数组了。设置一个结构体数组的uniform和设置一个结构体的uniform是很相似的，但是这一次在访问uniform位置的时候，我们需要定义对应的数组下标值：
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[0].constant", 1.0f);我们还需要为每个点光源定义一个位置向量，所以我们让它们在场景中分散一点。我们会定义另一个glm::vec3数组来包含点光源的位置：
glm::vec3 pointLightPositions[] = {
glm::vec3( 0.7f, 0.2f, 2.0f),
glm::vec3( 2.3f, -3.3f, -4.0f),
glm::vec3(-4.0f, 2.0f, -12.0f),
glm::vec3( 0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f)
};设置所有灯光参数的代码，以及立方体的渲染，直接在源码中展示了，先上图：
源码：
#include
#include
#include
#include "Shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include
#include
#include
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow*window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
float vertices[] = {
// positions // normals // texture coords
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
glm::vec3(2.0f, 5.0f, -15.0f),
glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
glm::vec3(-1.7f, 3.0f, -7.5f),
glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
glm::vec3(1.5f, 2.0f, -2.5f),
glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.2f, -1.5f),
glm::vec3(-1.3f, 1.0f, -1.5f)
};
glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);
glm::vec3 pointLightPositions[] = {
glm::vec3(0.7f, 0.2f, 2.0f),
glm::vec3(2.3f, -3.3f, -4.0f),
glm::vec3(-4.0f, 2.0f, -12.0f),
glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f)
};
int main()
{
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LightingMaps", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
Shader lightingShader("shader/2.6_vertexShader.vs", "shader/2.6_fragmentShader.vs");
Shader lampShader("shader/2.6_lightvertexShader.vs", "shader/2.6_lightfragmentShader.vs");
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
//在调用这个函数之后，无论我们怎么去移动鼠标，光标都不会显示了，它也不会离开窗口。
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
unsigned int lightVAO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightVAO);
glBindVertexArray(lightVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
unsigned int diffuseMap = loadTexture("container2.png");
unsigned int specularMap = loadTexture("container2_specular.png");
lightingShader.use();
lightingShader.setInt("material.diffuse", 0);
lightingShader.setInt("material.specular", 1);
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
lightingShader.use();
lightingShader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
lightingShader.setFloat("material.shininess", 32.0f);
// directional light
lightingShader.setVec3("dirLight.direction", -0.2f, -1.0f, -0.3f);
lightingShader.setVec3("dirLight.ambient", 0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f);
lightingShader.setVec3("dirLight.diffuse", 0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f);
lightingShader.setVec3("dirLight.specular", 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
// point light 1
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[0].position", pointLightPositions[0]);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[0].ambient", 0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[0].diffuse", 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[0].specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[0].constant", 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[0].linear", 0.09);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[0].quadratic", 0.032);
// point light 2
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[1].position", pointLightPositions[1]);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[1].ambient", 0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[1].diffuse", 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[1].specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[1].constant", 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[1].linear", 0.09);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[1].quadratic", 0.032);
// point light 3
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[2].position", pointLightPositions[2]);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[2].ambient", 0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[2].diffuse", 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[2].specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[2].constant", 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[2].linear", 0.09);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[2].quadratic", 0.032);
// point light 4
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[3].position", pointLightPositions[3]);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[3].ambient", 0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[3].diffuse", 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
lightingShader.setVec3("pointLights[3].specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[3].constant", 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[3].linear", 0.09);
lightingShader.setFloat("pointLights[3].quadratic", 0.032);
// spotLight
lightingShader.setVec3("spotLight.position", camera.Position);
lightingShader.setVec3("spotLight.direction", camera.Front);
lightingShader.setVec3("spotLight.ambient", 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
lightingShader.setVec3("spotLight.diffuse", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
lightingShader.setVec3("spotLight.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("spotLight.constant", 1.0f);
lightingShader.setFloat("spotLight.linear", 0.09);
lightingShader.setFloat("spotLight.quadratic", 0.032);
lightingShader.setFloat("spotLight.cutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(12.5f)));
lightingShader.setFloat("spotLight.outerCutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(15.0f)));
// view/projection transformations
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
lightingShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
lightingShader.setMat4("view", view);
// world transformation
glm::mat4 model;
lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
// bind diffuse map
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
//bind specular map
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
// render the cube
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
glm::mat4 model;
model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
float angle = 20.0f * i;
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
}
// also draw the lamp object(s)
lampShader.use();
lampShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
lampShader.setMat4("view", view);
glBindVertexArray(lightVAO);
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
model = glm::mat4();
model = glm::translate(model, pointLightPositions[i]);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.2f)); // Make it a smaller cube
lampShader.setMat4("model", model);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
}
glfwPollEvents();
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
}
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightVAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
//回调函数
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
//glViewport函数前两个参数控制窗口左下角的位置。第三个和第四个参数控制渲染窗口的宽度和高度（像素）
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow*window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
unsigned int loadTexture(char const * path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
fragmentshader：
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec3 Normal;
in vec2 TexCoords;
struct Material {
sampler2D diffuse;
sampler2D specular;
float shininess;
};
uniform Material material;
struct DirLight{
vec3 direction;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
uniform DirLight dirLight;
struct PointLight {
vec3 position;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
#define NR_POINT_LIGHTS 4
uniform PointLight pointLights[NR_POINT_LIGHTS];
struct SpotLight {
vec3 position;
vec3 direction;
float cutOff;
float outerCutOff;
float constant;
float linear;
float quadratic;
vec3 ambient;
vec3 diffuse;
vec3 specular;
};
uniform SpotLight spotLight;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
vec3 CalcDirLight(DirLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 viewDir);
vec3 CalcPointLight(PointLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir);
vec3 CalcSpotLight(SpotLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir);
void main()
{
// 属性
vec3 normal = normalize(Normal);
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
// 第一阶段：定向光照
vec3 result = CalcDirLight(dirLight, normal, viewDir);
// 第二阶段：点光源
for(int i = 0; i < NR_POINT_LIGHTS; i++)
result += CalcPointLight(pointLights[i], normal, FragPos, viewDir);
// 第三阶段：聚光
result += CalcSpotLight(spotLight, normal, FragPos, viewDir);
FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}
vec3 CalcDirLight(DirLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 viewDir)
{
vec3 lightDir = normalize(-light.direction);
// 漫反射着色
float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
// 镜面光着色
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
// 合并结果
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}
vec3 CalcPointLight(PointLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir)
{
vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - fragPos);
// 漫反射着色
float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
// 镜面光着色
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
// 衰减
float distance = length(light.position - fragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance +
light.quadratic * (distance * distance));
// 合并结果
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
ambient *= attenuation;
diffuse *= attenuation;
specular *= attenuation;
return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}
vec3 CalcSpotLight(SpotLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir)
{
vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - fragPos);
//diffuse
float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
//specular
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
// spotlight (soft edges)
float theta = dot(lightDir, normalize(-light.direction));
float epsilon = (light.cutOff - light.outerCutOff);
float intensity = clamp((theta - light.outerCutOff) / epsilon, 0.0, 1.0);
vec3 ambient = light.ambient * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * vec3(texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords));
vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * vec3(texture(material.specular, TexCoords));
float distance = length(light.position - fragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance + light.quadratic * (distance * distance));
ambient *= attenuation * intensity;
diffuse *= attenuation * intensity;
specular *= attenuation * intensity;
return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}
其实这一部分自己写的内容挺少，基本上都是一些复习，因为作者翻译的都比较好理解，多看两遍都是能看得懂的。
OK，后天就回学校了，要继续学习之后模型加载的内容，学完了再接着写！！！