x.杨明翰英语教学系列之时态与语态篇

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前言

时态与语态分别都是与谓语动词挂钩的知识点，都是动词的后续知识，
需要牢牢掌握。

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时态

英语中一共有16种时态，但并不都是每一种时态都很常见，
时态用来表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态，通过谓语动词的变化和时间状语来表示。

	现在	过去	将来	过去将来
一般	v + s/es	v + ed	will do	would do
进行	is/am/are doing	was/were doing	will be doing	would be doing
完成	have/has done	had done	will have done	would have done
完成进行	have/has been doing	had been doing	will have been doing	would have been doing

时态	时间状语
一般现在时	always,often,usually,frequently,regularly,sometimes,every,once in a while,every now and then,seldom,rarely,hardly,once in a blue moon,occasionally,from time to time,twice a week,once a month,hardly,ever,never,at+时间,on+时间
一般过去时	yesterday,last+时间,时间+ago,the other day,in+过去的时间,just now
一般将来时	next+时间,tomorrow,in+将来的时间
现在完成时	for+时间段,once,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet(用于否定句),till/until,up to now,in past+时间,already(用于肯定句),recently
过去完成时	before/by+过去时间,until,when/before+一般过去时从句,after,once,as soon as
过去进行时	this morning,the whole morning,all day,yesterday,from+时间 to+时间,last+时间,when,while
将来进行时	soon,tomorrow,this evening,on+时间,by this time,in+将来的时间,tomorrow evening,this coming Sunday
将来完成时	by/before + 未来时间或条件状语从句

现在

一般现在时（Simple Present）

一般现在时是最常见的时态，没有之一。
描述习惯性、经常性的动作或状态或常态、自然现象、客观真理等。
新闻报道类的内容与小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。

结构：主语 + 谓语 + 其他
当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词用三单形式（详见我的动词篇文章），
当主语为非第三人称单数时，使用动词原形。

We often play tennis.

How often do you watch movies?

Do you like to take photos?

What's your favorite type of shoes?

What kind of water do you often drink?

Is it difficult to cook Chinese food for you?

We usually go to school at 7:30.

She goes shopping every Saturday.

The earth moves around the sun.
表示客观事实和普遍真理

Sometimes,it takes me five minutes to get there.

Pride goes before a fall.
骄者必败
此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
Columbus proved that the earth is round.

常见错误：
He like swimming.

现在进行时（Present Continuous）

表示此时此刻正在发生的动作，或表示目前所处的状态，
有时也可以表示将要发生的动作或事情。

结构：主语 + be动词 + doing（动词ing形式）

1.表示此时此刻正在发生的动作
He is talking with the bank manager now.

For those more interested in the cinema,you might like to see the new Canadian film which is showing on Wednesday evening at 8pm in Cinema 2.

2.表示目前所处的状态
I'm doing Academic English,becuase I'm tying to get into Medicine next year.
表示近期所处的一个状态，并不是目前正在进行。

3.表示将要发生的事情或动作

My cousin is arriving from Singapore and my aunt needs the room for him.

The theatre is reopening soon after its three-year redevelopment programme.
Because of the geology of the area,our greatest problem is digging tunnels.

What subjects are you studying at school?

Where are you living now?

现在完成时（Present Perfect）

表示发生在过去某一时刻的动作对现在造成的影响，
或是表示过去发生的动作持续到现在才完成或还有可能要再延续下去。

过去完成的事情，对现在的影响，或表示过去到现在一直持续的动作或状态，
发生在过去，可能现在还在进行，也可能不进行了（现在已完成）。

结构：主语 + have/has + done（过去分词）

He hasn't finished his home work yet.
yet常用于在否定句中，翻译为至今。

I have lived in the city for ten years.
for+时间段 表示持续了一段时间。

He has been a teacher since he was 22 years old.
since+时间点 翻译为自从。

I have already gone to Shanghai.
already常用于在肯定句中，翻译为已经。

I went to Shanghai last week.
表示只是单纯的去过上海，对现在有没有别的影响，不清楚。

I've not seen her since high-school graduation.

He has given up smoking.

I have received your letter.

We have bought a new computer.

They have lived here for more than 20 years.

He has been ill for about 2 weeks since his wife left.

现在完成进行时（Present Perfect Progressive）

延续，表示开始于过去的活动持续到现在，并且活动往往还没有结束，
将继续持续下去。

结构：主语 + have/has +been + doing（动词现在分词）

I have been living in Beijing for fifteen years.

Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.

Tom has been playing the online games for more than twenty hours.

过去

一般过去时（Simple Past）

表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作，或陈述过去发生（已经完成）的事情。

动词的过去式变化请看这篇文章：
https://yangminghan.blog.csdn.net/article/details/100187570

结构：主语 + did(动词过去式) + 其他，没有人称变化。

I wondered if I could use your book.

They asked me to help them just now.

He lived in a village two years ago.

When I was a child,I often played football in the street.

用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
Could you lend me your bike?

常见错误：

He winned a gold medal.

She singed a song last night.

We spended two hours cleaning the classroom.

过去完成时（Past Perfect）

现在完成时是过去发生的动作对现在的影响或持续到现在，
过去完成时是过去的过去发生的动作对过去的影响或持续到过去。

大前天我已经吃过饭了，所以昨天我跟joey说：“今天不想再吃很多了。”

动作发生在过去的过去，并在过去完成。

结构：主语 + had + done（过去分词）

They had not finished the task by last night.

By the middle of last month I had lived in Beijing for five years.

She had become a millionaire before 30 years old.

When we got to the cinema,the film had already begun.

I had been a nurse before I entered the university.

I got to the theatre and found that they had sold all the tickets.

过去进行时（Past Progressive）

表示过去某个时刻正在发生的事情，过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
结构：主语+ was/were + doing（现在分词）+ 其他
第一、三人称单数用was，其他情况用were。

He was reading while she was cooking.

When Miss White came into the classroom,the students were doing their homework.

All last month he was staying in London.

I was playing the video games at 10 o’clock last night.

The guy was selling them on 8th Avenue and I thought…

将来

一般将来时（Simple Future）

表示将要发生的事，或计划打算的事情。

一般将来时结构

主语 + will/shall + do(动词原形) + 其他

无人称变化，shall一般用于第一人称，常被will所代替。
will在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。

Which paragraph shall I read first.

Will you be at home at seven this evening?

She’s got plenty of contacts in the town and will deal with the agencies on your behalf.
will前面的主语被省略了，因为有and，并列关系，共享she这个主语。

He will also go through the security arrangements with you and show you the fire exits.

Shall I bring the bank statement?

You will fail the exam if you don’t work hard.

常见错误：
He will comes to my house.

主语 + be going to + do(动词原形) + 其他

表示计划或打算做某事，强调事先经过考虑和计划的打算。

I’m going to transfer 2000 Euros from my Dutch account.

I am going to attend a meeting next week.

Tonight I’m going to talk about the remarkable continent Antaratica.

will一般用于客观发生，be gonig to一般用于主观意愿。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事
What are you going to do tomorrow

b. 计划，安排要发生的事
The play is going to be produced next month。

c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.

主语 + be to do(动词原形) + 其他

表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

They are to be back by 5 o’clock.

be to和be going to的区别
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　(客观安排)

I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

主语 + be about to do(动词原形) + 其他

意为即将&马上做某事。

He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week
等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

The sports meeting is about to start now.

主语 + be doing + 其他

表示针对将来的计划或明确的安排。

We're staying in a small hotel.

将来完成时（Future Perfect）

表示在将来的某一时刻完成的动作。

表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。

结构：主语 + shall/will + have + done（动词过去分词） + 其他。

They will have been married for 20 years by then.

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

By the end of this month we shall have finished the project.

Before bedtime he will have completed this work.

If you go at 6 o’clock,I shall not yet have finished dinner.

将来进行时（Future Continuous）

表示将来某时正在进行的状态或动作，
或按预测将来会发生的事情以及安排要做的事，无人称变化。

结构：主语 + will + be + doing（动词现在分词） + 其他。

She'll be coming soon.

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.

By this time tomorrow,I'll be lying on the beach.

We will be seeing a fashion show this time tomorrow afternoon.

He will be taking his exam next Tuesday.

过去将来

一般过去将来时（Past Future）

表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或呈现的状态，无人称变化。

结构：主语 + would + do（动词原形）

It was four o’clock.Soon the sun would come up.

I knew you would agree.

We expected that you would stay here.

时态练习

1.Bill likes reading .He ___ picture books with his dad every evening.

A read
B reads
C is reading
D has read

-B

2.David is a tennis player.He ___ to play tennis when he was six years old.

A.begin
B.will begin
C.began
D.has begun

-c

3.Lucy,is your uncle a teacher?
-Yes he is.
He ___ history for nearly 20 years.

A. teaches
B. has taught
C. is teaching
D. will teach

-B

4.How do you usually go to school?
I ___ to school on foot.
A. go
B. went
C. was going
D. will go

-A

5.He ___ in this factory for 20 years already.
A. will work
B. works
C. has worked
D. is working

-C

6.What do you often do at weekends?
-I often ___ my grandparents.
A.visit
B.visited
C.have visited
D.will visited

-A

7.Did you do anything interesting last week?
-Not really.I just ___ at home.

A.stay
B.stayed
C.will stay
D.am staying

-B

8.I ___ an invitation to concert.I can’t wait to go.

A. receive
B. will receive
C. was receiving
D. have received

-D

9.Since we began to use the Internet,our lives ___ a lot
A. change
B. had changed
C. will change
D. have changed

-D

We ___(have a picnic) by the lake last weekend.
-had a picnic

My parents usually ___(work) at weekends.
-work

I hear he ___(leave) for America next year.
-will leave

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被动语态

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
主语和谓语是主动关系则是主动语态，主语和谓语是被动关系则是被动语态。

结构：主语 + be + done（动词过去分词），时态由be体现出来。

不及物动词没有被动语态。

被动语态与时态

各个时态的被动语态

	现在	过去	将来	过去将来
一般	is/am/are done	was/were done	will be done	would be done
进行	is/am/are + being done	was/were + being done	will be being done	would be being done
完成	have/has been done	had been done	will have been done	would have been done

一般现在时的被动语态

结构：主语 + be + done

Sometimes an item is requested by another borrower,in which case we’d send you a letter,and you’d have to return the book with seven working days.

The rainforests are being destroyed by the same things that are destroying the forests of Western Europe.

Students are required to obey the rules of school.

Well,you have a choice of means,cars are banned in the park.

The frequency with which such problems occur is disputed by glass experts .Furthermore, the crystals cannot be detected without sophisticated equipment.

一般过去时的被动语态

结构：主语 + was/were + done

Now,this problem was solved by two Americans.

The education program was administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families.

The rainforests were severely destroyed by humans activities.

She was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics.

In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris).

一般将来时的被动语态

结构：主语 + will + be + done

However,this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.

The local library will be finished next year.

The products will be delivered to your door immediately.

现在进行时的被动语态

结构：主语 + be + being + done

The rainforest is being destroyed at an alarming rate.

现在完成时的被动语态

结构：主语 + have/has + been + done

He has been sent to UK to receive higher education.

Publicity of the failure has been suppressed.

Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests.

过去完成时的被动语态

结构：主语 + had + been + done

Well,now once the problem of projection had been solved, the next challenge for the inventors was to make the films longer and more interesting.

情态动词的被动语态

结构：主语 + 情态动词 + be done

In fact trees and planting of various kinds can be used to make city streets actully less dangerous in particular areas.

More facilities can be constructed by the local government.

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总结

未完待续