4.杨明翰英语教学系列之冠词篇

---

前言

冠词一般放在名词之前，起到修饰限定作用，
冠词是说明名词所表示的人或事物（数量）的词。

冠词分为2种，不定冠词(a/an)与定冠词(the)。(冠词只有三个!)
还有一个是零冠词，就是不使用冠词的场景，在下面会有讲。

冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，一般与名词或者代词连用。
冠词的英文是article，简写成art。

---

定冠词

定冠词只有一种形式the，在辅音音素前读[的],在元音音素前读[滴]，

主要表示特指(专指)的含义（特指某(些)人或某(些)事物）；

定冠词从字面上理解可以是确定的某一东西。

巧计定冠词the用法歌诀：
特指双方熟悉，上文已经提起。
世上独一无二，方位名词乐器。
某些专有名词，还有复数姓氏。
序数词最高级，习惯用语牢记。

定冠词的用法

1. 定冠词的特指用法

1.1 某个或者某些特定的人或物

Do you know the girl?你认识这女孩吗？特指人

Helen is in the garden.特指物

Some people enjoy watching the horror film.

The dog is very cute.

The dictionary on the desk is mine.

Who’s the boy in the picture?
照片上的男孩是谁？

Where are the other students?

This is the house where Luxun once lived.

Open the door, please.

1.2 上文提过的人或物(第二次提到)

一般第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”,用以特指，
后面可以接单数或复数。

We saw a dog yesterday.The dog is Lucy’s.

I found a picture in the box.The picture was very beautiful.

Once there lived a lion in the forest.
Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him.

There is a boy and an old man sitting in the corner of the room.
I think the man must be the boy’s grandfather.

I saw a girl and an old man in the house.
The old man must be the gril’s grandfather.

He ordered some books last month.
The books have now arrived.

1.3 双方彼此都知道的人或物（默认）

Tom,take the chair to that room.
说话人和汤姆都知道是哪把椅子。

Let’s go and give it to the policeman.谈话双方都知道指的是谁。

1.4 形容词、副词最高级

only,main,sole(单身的,专有的),same修饰名词时，前面也要用定冠词。
This is the only way to solve the problem.（only修饰名词）

We have lived in the same house for twenty years.（same修饰名词）

用在形容词最高级前：

He is the cleverest boy in his class.（最高级）

The boy runs the fastest among the three.（最高级）

Shanghai is the biggest city in China. （最高级）

Mike is the tallest of us three.

1.5 序数词前

The bus was the first to arrive.

He is the first man to come here.（序数词修饰名词）

I live on the third floor.我住在三楼

January is the first month of the year. （序数词修饰名词）

He is always the first to come and the last to leave.（序数词修饰名词）

2. 定冠词的泛指用法

2.1 定冠词用于单数可数名词前,表示”一类人或物”。

The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.灭绝

The rose smells sweet.

The telephone was invented by Alexander G.Bell.

2.2 定冠词用于形容词或分词前，表示”一类人或物”。

the young 年轻人
the old 老年人
the employed 雇员
the dying 垂死的人
the poor 穷人
the rich 富人
the sick 病人
the wounded 受伤者
the good 好人
the beautiful 美丽的事物
the deaf 聋子
the dumb 哑巴
The poor get poorer,the rich get richer.
The poor are still poor.

2.3 定冠词用于某些名词前，表示民族，阶级，阶层。

the Chinese 中国人
the upper class 上流社会的人
the working class 工人阶级
the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党

3.定冠词的其他用法

3.1 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的或者认为是唯一的东西的名词前

the sun 太阳
the moon 月亮
the earth 地球
the sky 天空
the world 世界
the universe 宇宙
The earth moves around the sun.
She was sitting in the sun reading a novel.

3.2 定冠词用于姓氏的复数名词前，表示“一家人”

The Smiths often go swimming on Sundays.
The Wangs are on holiday.
The Browns are very friendly.
The Bakers came to see me yesterday.

3.3 定冠词用于十进位的数词前，表示世纪中的几十年或人的大约年龄。

In the fifties(50s),there weren’t so many people.

I guess the man is somewhere in the forties.

3.4 定冠词用于表示地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等

Birds come back from the south in spring.

Land to the west of Urals is called Europe.
乌拉尔山脉的西边是欧洲

in the east/west/south/north 方位
on the left /right 在左右
in the front 在前面
at the back 在后面
in the bottom 在底部
at the top 在顶部

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

3.5 定冠词用于表示身体，服饰一部分的名词前，与之连用的介词有in,on,by等。

She hit him in the face.

Her daughter kept pulling her by the hair.

The stone struck her in the eye.

She caught me by the arm… 她抓住了我的手臂

the face
the leg
the arm

3.6 定冠词用于表示乐器名词的名词前

Lily is good at playing the piano.

She is learning to play the piano.

He plays the guitar very well.

play the violin 拉小提琴
play the piano 弹钢琴

3.7 定冠词用于由某些普通名词构成的专有名词

the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
the Huanghe River 黄河
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉
the National Theatre 国家剧院
the State Council 国务院
the White House 白宫
the West Lake 西湖
the South Pole 南极
the Beijing Zoo 北京动物园
the Great Wall 长城
the United States 美国
the United Nations 联合国
the Peace Hotel 和平饭店
the Browns 布朗一家
the English 英国人
the People’s Daily 人民日报
the WTO 世界贸易组织
the National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会
the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国

注意：
如果是是国家全称,则需要加定冠词
the People’s Republic ofChina
the United Kingdom

只有一个专有名词表示的国家不需要加定冠词
China
Britain

3.8 固定搭配

in the day/daytime 在白天
the day after tomorrow 后天
in the morning/afternoon/evening在早晨/下午/晚上
on the other hand 另一方面
to tell the truth 说实话
the next morning 第二天早晨
go to the theatre/cinema 到剧院/电影院去看电影
by the way 顺便说一下
in the end 最后，结果
at the same time.在同一时刻
at the moment 此刻
for the moment 目前，暂时
on the way 在途中

take place 发生
take the place 代替

in place of 代替
in the place of 在…的地方

in case of 万一
in the case of 就…来说

out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 完全不可能

3.9 用在the very强调句中

This is the very book I want.

3.10 在the more, the more比较级的句式中

The more you drink, the more you like it.
你越喝就越爱喝。

---

不定冠词

不定冠词主要表示数量和泛指(类指)的含义。
不定冠词有a和an两种形式，不定冠词一般用于单数可数名词前，
其中a用在以辅音音素开头的词前面，
an用在以元音音素开头的词前面。

例如：
a man [mæn]
a book [buk]
a ruler [ˈru:lə]
a bus [bʌs]
an apple [ˈæpl]
an hour [ˈauə]
an eye [ai]
an aunt [ɑ:nt]

不定冠词的用法

一：不定冠词的泛指用法

1．表示“一类人或物”（表示某一类人或事物中的任何一个）

I want to keep a pet dog at home.
我想养只狗，不知道要养哪只特定的狗，泛指一只狗。

A student should finish homework on time.
任何一个学生都应该按时完成作业，泛指所有的学生，没有特指某一个学生。

He is a teacher.
他是位教师，指教师中的一位，不确定是什么老师。

Give him an orange.
指任何一个橘子

A triangle has three angles.

A horse is a useful animal.

A tiger can be dangerous.

A lion is a dangerous animal.

A child needs love.

2. 不定冠词可以用作表语或者同位语的单数可数名词前，说明某人或者某物属于的类别或表示身份、职业

He is an American.

Her wish is to become a teacher.

Is this a pen or a ballpoint pen?

My mother is a teacher.

3.第一次提到的人或者物

但不特别指明是哪一个

A boy is waiting for you.
表示某人，但不知道具体是谁。有位男孩在等你。

A gentleman wants to see you.

I met an old man at the gate.

She picked up a magazine and began to read.
表示某物，但不知道具体是哪本杂志。

I saw a girl and an old man in the house.
The old man must be the girl’s grandfather.

I looked up and saw a plane .
The plane flew low over the trees.

There is a building on the street.
The building is my flat.

Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.

二：不定冠词表示“一”的用法

1．用于可数名词的单数形式之前，不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，与one同义，但不像one那样强调数字。

We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.

I have a pen and two pencils.

I have one pen,but my brother has two pens.(钢笔数目之间有对比关系)
注意：无对比关系的时候使用a；有对比关系的时候使用one.

He needs an assistant.

Rome was not built in a day.

There is a tiger in the zoo.

A hundred and more people attended this meeting.

2. 不定冠词用于表示价格，速度，时间，比率的名词前，表示“每一”的意思，相当于each 或者per。

We go swimming four times a week.

She goes shopping twice a week.

The car travels at one hundred miles an hour.

3.不定冠词用于一些名词前，表示“同一”，“相同”的意思。

They are nearly of an age.

The two shirts are much of a size.

My coat and his are of a size.

The two girls are of an age.

三：不定冠词的其他用法

1.不定冠词可以用于一些专有名词前，表示不确定的意思或表示专有名词所代表或象征的人或物。

A Mr.White came to see you yesterday.
具体是哪个怀特先生，不知道。

He had a Van Gogh in the room.
表示梵高的某一幅作品，具体是哪副不知道。

He is an Einstein of today.
象征他是爱因斯坦。

2. 不定冠词可以用于一些通常成对出现的名词前，这些名词往往被看做为一个整体。

Have you got a needle and thread here? 针线

There is a horse and cart by the roadside. 马车

I need a knife and fork to use for my breakfast. 刀叉

3.不定冠词可用于序数词前，表示：“又一”，“再一”的意思

Shall I ask a third time?

When I sat down. A fourth man begin to speak.

4. 不定冠词可用于一些习惯用语中

have a cold 感冒
have a headache [ˈhedeik] 头痛
have a toothache [ˈtu:θeik] 牙痛
have a fever [ˈfi:və] 发烧
have a stomachache[ˈstʌməkeik]胃疼，肚子疼
have a word with 和…谈一谈
keep an eye for 对…有鉴赏力

have a look(n) = look(v)
have a talk(n) = talk (v)
have a swim(n) = swim (v)
have a rest/break(n) = rest/break (v)
have a try = try (n)

pay a visit(n) = visit (v)
after a while 过了一会儿
a day off 休息一天
once a week 一周一次
go for a walk 散散步
all of a sudden 突然
as a matter of fact = in fact,实际上
in a hurry 匆忙、急忙
take a bath 洗澡
take a chance 把握机会
for a while 暂时
as a result 结果，因此
have a good/nice/wonderful/great time 玩得高兴、愉快
pay a visit 拜访
It’s a pity that… 令人遗憾的是…

come to a conclusion 得出结论

make a living 谋生
make a fire 生火
make a fool of 愚弄
take a walk 散步

7. 在such a，quite a句式中

He is quite a good actor.
他是一个相当好的演员。

Don’t be in such a hurry.
不要如此匆忙。

8. 在感叹句 what…的句式中

What a pretty girl she is!
她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！

9.用在某些表示数量的词组中

a lot(of)许多
a few 少数,几个
a little 一点，一些　　
a couple of 一对
a great many 很多
a dozen 一打（但也可以用 one dozen）
a great deal of 大量
a pair of 一双
a great many=a very large number of 许多；大量
a great deal(of…) 许多

10.不定冠词+抽象名词起具体化的作用

He had a good education.
他接受了良好的教育

---

零冠词

所谓零冠词，就是不用冠词，有很多场景是必须不能用冠词的。

1. 一些专有名词、不可数名词(物质名词、抽象名词)前一般不加不定冠词（在特指时加定冠词）

China 中国
Chinese 中国人
Europe 欧洲
money 金钱
music 音乐
Lei Feng 雷锋
William Shakespeare 威廉 莎士比亚

例如:
In Japan there are many Japanese people who like Sushi.

We went to Peru on vacation.

He is going to Beijing next week.

Lily is my older sister.

China is a large country.

He is interested in science.
他对科学感兴趣。

Where is the milk?

This cart is made of wood.
这辆手推车是用木头作的。(没有特指的物质名词)

The wood outside was all wet.
外面的那些木头都湿了。（表示特指）
　　
Time is precious.
时间是宝贵的。(没有特指的不可数抽象名词)

The time of the play was 1990s.
这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代。（表示特指）

2. 月份/星期/节日/假日/季节/日期 前通常不加冠词（在特指时加冠词）

Spring is the best season of the year.

Do you like to eat mooncakes on Mid-Autumn Day?

Do you like coming to a party on Saturday?

I was born in July,1985

in January
on Sunday
Christmas Day
Thanksgiving
National Day
May Day 劳动节

比较： …on a Sunday morning.
在一个星期天的早晨… （表示某一个。）

3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词，特指除外

三餐名词单独使用时，之前通常不加冠词

We have breakfast at eight．
我们8点钟吃早饭。

I was invited to dinner．
他们邀请我吃饭。

I have lunch at school.
我在学校吃午餐。

The Scots have porridge for breakfast．
苏格兰人早餐吃粥。

The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice.
史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。（表示特指）

三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外

He gave us a good breakfast．
他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐。

I had a big lunch yesterday.
昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。

Summer is the best season for swimming.
夏天是游泳的好季节。

I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.
我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。（表示特指）

have breakfast/lunch/super

4. 球类运动与棋类游戏等

play basketball 打篮球
play volleyball 打排球
play football 踢足球
play chess 下棋
play tennis 打网球
play cards 打牌

5. 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后(复数名词表示一类人或物时，不加冠词)。

My father and mother are teachers.表示一类人

It’s time to plant trees.
I like apples.表示一类物

6. 固定搭配/习惯用语

go to school上学
go to bed 去睡觉
stay in bed 卧床休息
on foot 步行
before /after class 课前/后
in all 总共
in bed 在床上
in danger 在危险中,垂危
in hospital 住院
in town 在城里
at first/last 首先/最后
at table 在用餐
at home 在家
at noon/ night 在中午/晚上
at midnight 在半夜
on business 出差
by accident 偶然
by bus/air/train/taxi/boat 乘公交车/飞机/火车/出租车

7. 泛指人类

Man is mortal.
人必有一死。

8. 在"kind of＋名词 sort of＋名词"句式中

What kind of flower is it?
这是什么花？
　　
I like this sort of book.
我喜欢这种书。

9. 表示称呼、职位、头衔的词

如king，captain，president，chairman，Doctor，Professor 等。
　　
Uncle Wang is watering his flowers.
We all respect Chairman Hu.
He is (the) captain of the team.
他是球队的队长。
As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare the meeting open.
作为委员会主席，我宣布会议开始。

9. 有一些限定词修饰

I have only one book on the desk.

The room is divided into two airy rooms.

9. 有物主代词

My flat is on University Road.

Our school should provide us with enough water facilities.

---

介词短语与冠词

1.强调&特指行为，要用零冠词。

at table 在进餐
at the table 在桌子旁边

at desk 在读书
at the desk 在课桌旁

at school 在上学
at the school 在学校里

in class 在上课
in the class 在班级里面

in bed 卧床
in the bed 在床上

in prison 坐牢
in the prison （因事）在监狱

in hospital 住院
in the hospital （因事）在医院

go to hospital 去看病
go to the hospital 去医院

go to school 去上学
go to the school （因事）去学校

go to bed 上床睡觉
go to the bed 去上床（不睡觉）

---

总结