9.杨明翰英语教学系列之句子成分篇V0.1

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前言

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有：
主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语，同位语等。

我们可以把定语、状语这些成分统称为修饰语，因为主要起修饰作用。
我们把句子中的修饰语去掉，句子的主干意思也能表达出来。

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，
而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

前面学习的词性与下面要学习的句子结构有千丝万缕的联系，知识是一环套一环的，如果词性没有学好，那么句子结构肯定学不好。

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主语 subject

主语是句子中最重要的部分，是句子中的主体和中心，是动作的发出者。

如果把句子当成是一个人的话，那么主语就是头。

主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，能做主语的元素比较多。
一般由：
名词，代词，动名词，数词，动词不定式，
what从句，that从句，how从句等充当。

注意：动词原形、形容词、副词不能做主语。

名词、代词做主语

The book is very interesting.

The young woman played an important part in the matter.

The bag is in the desk.

Tom has arrived.

The life is changing day by day.

Beijing is the capitl of China.

Some boys are playing basketball over there.

My father goes to the gym to keep healthy.

The corgi dog costs me 8000 yuan.

The figure remains stable at 15.

He always buys shoes online.

He likes watching TV.

All doctors and nurses should get vaccinated against the H1N1 flu.

动名词做主语

通常表示一种抽象，泛指的动作，而不是一次性具体的动作。
动名词做主语，一般表示动作发生过。
动名词做主语时，都是单数形式。

在口语中动名词做主语很常见。

Skating on the thin ice is dangerous.
Skating主语
on the thin ice地点状语
dangerous表语

Watching films is my favourtie activity.
Watching films主语，因为watch在这里是不及物动词，不能单独做主语。
films虽然是复数，但watching films做联合主语，所以谓语动词用is。

Sending some flowers to her makes her happy.
to her相当于是主语的间接宾语，makes是谓语，her是直接宾语，happy是宾语补主语。（不是很确定哈）

Being physically active can reduce stress levels and lower blood pressure.

不定式做主语

不定式做主语，一般表示还没完成还没发生的动作。

To become an athlete is not an easy thing.
要成为一个运动员不是一件简单的事情。

To finish the assignment requires teamwork.
要完成任务需要团队合作。

To make a good TV programme is not an easy thing.

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谓语

谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征，一般放在主语的后面，
谓语只能由动词来构成，但并不是所有的动词都能做谓语。
在一个简单句中，谓语只能有一个。

非谓语动词不能单独做谓语，非谓语动词包括：

1. 动词不定式（to+动词）
2. 动名词（动词+ing）
3. 分词（现在分词+过去分词）

The sports industry develops rapidly.

We decided to join a voluntary organization.

Regular sports can improve confidence.
助动词、情态动词与实义动词一起做组合谓语

Betty likes her new bike.

一般可分为两类：
1)，简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
We study for the people.我们为人民学习。

In this day and age,an increasing number of people agree that
gambling is an unwholesome hobby.

2)，复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
I can speak a little English.
我可以说一点英语。

3. 有些语法书里把系动词也当成一种特殊的谓语？？？
   There are pencils on the desk.

实义动词做独立谓语

谓语也可以由2个词构成。

及物动词做谓语
He awalys leaves his big at school.

不及物动词做谓语
He always drink at night.

Students often swim in the pool in the early morning.

系动词做独立谓语

系动词也可以做为谓语性动词，有助于我们理解句子结构。

He looks very tired today.

I become a doctor after graduating from school.

The cake tastes very sweet.

情态动词做部分谓语

The government can help the poor to reduce financial burden.

情态动词can与实义动词help构成组合谓语，2个词放在一起构成谓语。

Student must book seats in advance.

You mustn’t make any noise in the library.

助动词做部分谓语

I don’t go for holidays in winter.
助动词don’t与实意动词go一起组合谓语。
We don't attend the meeting today.

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宾语

宾语作为句子中动作的承受者或接受者，一般在谓语的后面。

跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有：
名词，代词，动名词，动词不定式，数词，
that从句，what从句，how从句等。
能做主语的元素也可以做宾语

We like English.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
We make him our mon’itor.我们选他当班长。

名词、代词做宾语

I love you.

Cats catch mice.

They enjoy the play.

I met John in the street yesterday.

He knows those people.

I ordered my meal.

Her husband loves her.

He wears a life jacket.

The musician creates music.

We study English.

He lost the game.

Do you like the film?

I saw Tom yesterday.

I washed my clothes yesterday.

I met your elder brother in the street.

He had chosen a new jacket,but he hadn’t paid for it!

She teaches English in the school.

I find him in the classroom.

Some people change jobs once a year.

Did you see her in the library?

He found nothing in the room.

We saw him in the classroom.

Junk food undermines people's health.

He seldom reads newspapers in the morning.

Books can give people knowledge.
主谓双宾，knowledge是直接宾语，people是间接宾语。

You can put the books in your bag.
你可以把书放在书包里。

Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.
我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。

动名词&现在分词做宾语

I like standing.

We enjoy watching horror moives at night.

I prefer drinking chilled water in summer.

I enjoy staying at home in leisure time.

I can’t imagine lying like this.
我无法想象像这样躺着。
like this为方式状语。

不定式做宾语

I plan to set up my own business in the future.

We decided to join a voluntary organization.

He likes to watch comedies at leisure time.

Someone is asking to see you.

We didn’t plan to go there.

I didn’t expect to find you here.

He promised to lend me some books.

You must try to improve.

I prefer to make web pages.

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表语

表语相当于是一种特殊的宾语，用于主系表句型中。
它一般位于系动词之后，说明主语性质，身份，地位，特征，属性或状态。
一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语&介宾短语等充当。

形容词做表语

Animal experiments are inhumane.

She looks terrible today.

The experiment is extremely dull.

It sounds nice.

He remained silent at the meeting.

The children were sound asleep.

The old man remained alive after the accident.

名词做表语

This is a good book.

Mr.Lin is a worker.

She is an engineer.

Tom is a taxi-driver.

Heavy traffic is the biggest problem in Beijing.

Thomas Edison was a great American inventor.

My sister is a nurse in local hospital.

He became a cook after graduating from school.

She was looking after her younger sister this time yesterday.

不定式做表语

My dream is to travel around the world.
我的梦想是环游世界。
不定式to travel做表语，around the world做地点状语。

Our aim is to finish assignments on time.

His duty is to sweep the floor every single day.

What we should do is to tell children how to think instead of how to memorize things.

介词短语&介宾短语做表语

由介词+名词&数词构成:from New Zealand，in developed countries。
所谓介宾短语，可以理解成介词后面的成分做这个介词的宾语。。。
这种结构很容易出现在复杂句中，并且不是正常的语序，不是很好翻译。

The girl was at home.

My coins are in the box.

They are from Scotland.

His birthday is in 2000.

We are in a dark room.

My little brother is at school now.

His new teacher is from America.

He’ll speak at the meeting.

Do you still ask your parents for money?

that从句做表语

What we are concerned about is that to what extent tests are harmful to students’ creativity.

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定语

定语是修饰语的一种，
在句中限定或修饰名词、名词性短语或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词或形容词性的短语，此外还有：
代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语&介宾短语、动名词&现在分词等。

用句子来修饰名词或代词则称为定语从句。

前置定语

形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，
一般放在被修饰的词前面，称为前置定语。

形容词做前置定语

形容词在句子中既可以作前置定语也可以做后置定语。

He is a new student.

He is suffering from severe illness.

Governments provide citizens with financial support.

It is a beautiful flower.

He is the greatest scientist alive.

In recent years, the Internet has been gaining in popularity at an amazing rate.

名词做定语

The winter vocation is coming.

She is a Party member.

注意：名词作定语时往往要使用单数形式，例如：
winter vocation 寒假,
evening paper晚报,
night club夜总会,
room temperature 室温,
milk bottle 奶瓶,
family tree 家谱/族谱,
fire wall 防火墙.
但是也有复数形式，例如：
sports car 跑车.(super sports car 超跑)
sales tax 营业税,
savings bank 储蓄银行.

后置定语

当副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。
称为后置定语。

后置定语翻译的时候需要放在前面翻译，语序的问题会造成一些困扰。

形容词做后置定语

修饰不定代词

This isn’t anything important.

There’s nothing wrong with the machine.

形容词短语

I think he is a man suitable for the job.

不定式做定语

She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.

介词短语&介宾短语做定语

翻译的时候要把介词短语翻译成什么什么的， 例如把“什么在中国”翻译成“中国的什么”。
Frank is a doctor from America.

The bike in the room is mine.

People in developed countries have a variety of job opportunities.

The water consumption in 2001 is higher.

Those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places,have a broader view of life.

分词做定语

如果分词与被修饰的词是主动关系则用现在分词，如果是被动关系则用过去分词。

现在分词做定语

I have two students taking the exam this week.
主动关系，行动上是主动去考试。

The building facing the sea is my house.
建筑物被拟人化，主动面朝大海。

过去分词做定语

The little boy found in the room is crying.
被动关系，小男孩是被发现的。

The book wirtten by George is about Artificial Intelligence.
被动关系，书是被乔治写的。

The building built beside the sea is my house.
被动关系，别墅是被建在海边的。

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状语

状语是修饰语的一种，在句子中做修饰成分，状语表示一种状态，
修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。
用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，分词&分词短语，动词不定式，分词。

状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。
副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
这叫状语提前，是一种高级语法现象。

状语用来表示方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、结果等。

方式
I go to Japan by ship.

因果
I didn’t pass the exam because of the bad weather.

条件
If i have enough money i wll travel all around the world.

让步，虽然怎么怎么样，不是主要想表达的意思，但是怎么怎么样才是主要想表单的地方。

结果
他踢了玻璃一脚，玻璃碎了。

副词做状语

Students can learn effectively.

The immigrant population grows rapidly.

Outdoor activities can grealty improve our health.

分词做状语

He went to study abroad,leaving his son at home.
结果状语

Today,Erebus is belching out stream and gases,making flying extremely risky.
结果状语

介词短语&介宾短语

He is working in China.
地点状语

He lives in London.
地点状语

He worked as a teacher in 2010.
in 2010作时间状语，as a teacher做条件状语。
2个状语可以连起来一起用。

名词做状语

He stayed there five days.
I go to school every day.

不定式做状语

目的状语

I come here to borrow some reference books.
come是谓语动词，不定式做目的状语

I will go abroad to study economics.

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补语（宾语补足语）

补语有很多种类，包括宾语补足语，表语补足语等等，这里只说宾补。
补语主要用于作为句子的补充和说明，用于主谓宾补句型中。

形容词、名词、介词短语、不定式。

名词作宾语补足语

She found him a very good pupil.

We call him jack.

We call her Miss Wang.

We made her monitor of the class.

She considers him a good man.

We consider him a good teacher.

We selected him our monitor.

I found him a very funny guy.
注意，这句话很容易写错成：
I found him is a very funny guy.

形容词作宾语补足语

The news made her very sad.

The room was found empty.

The graduates find the job market frustrating because of the economic recession.

Some individuals are concerned the Internet will mak international tourism obsolete.

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同位语

同位语一般是一个名词后面跟一个短语，用来解释说明这个名词。

两个单词或者一句话和一个单词，它们俩的地位是一样的，做一样的句子成分。

那什么是地位不一样呢？
像a beautiful girl，beautiful和girl的地位就不一样，
girl比beautiful的地位更高一些，因为beautiful是用来修饰girl的，把beautiful删掉也不会影响句子大意。

Shopping,a necessary part of daily life ,is increasingly time-consuming due to the multiplied options available to consumers.

其中a necessary part of daily life就是shopping的同位语。

名词作同位语

He , a famous writer,is easy to get along with.名词作同位语
He = a famous writer

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