考点十八状语从句
1.时间状语从句
1)由when 、 while、as（当……时候）引导的时间状语从句。
When jack got home , his mother was cooking .
2)由after/ before (在….之后/ 前)引导的时间状语从句。
The football match played after school was over .
3)由as soon as (一…..就……)引导的时间状语从句。
I’ll ring you as soon as I reach Beijing .
4)由not….until（直到…..才…..）引导的时间状语从句。
They didn’t stop until they finished the work .
2.原因状语从句
由because 、since 、as（因为、既然、由于）引导的原因状语从句。
Since you have known about that , please tell us what to do .
3.地点状语从句
由where, anywhere, everywhere, wherever（无论在哪儿） 引导的地点状语从句。
Wherever he goes , he always brings his pet dog .
The school was built where there had once been a cemetery.
4.目的状语从句
由so that, in order that (以便、为的是)引导目的状语从句。
He got up very early so that he could catch the early bus .
5.条件状语从句
由if或unless 引导条件状语从句。
I won’t go to his party unless I am invited .
6.比较状语从句
由than、 as…as、not as……as 引导比较状语从句。
There are more students in our class than in theirs .
7.让步状语从句
由though 、even though/ if 、although引导让步状语从句。
Although he didn’t pass the exam ,his father didn’t get angry with him .
8.方式状语从句
由as if (好像)引导方式状语从句。
He talked about that as if he knew everything .
9.结果状语从句
由so…that…、such….that…（如此…..以致于…）引导结果状语从句。
It was raining so hard that we couldn’t see the road .
考点十九宾语从句
一、基本用法
1.概念：在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。
He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语)
Miss Zhang is angry at what you said.
2.连接词
(1)陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that，口语中常常省略。
She told me (that) she would like to go with us.
(2)以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序
I wonder if /whether you have told the news to Li Lei .
【注意】一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用， 但有些情况例外。
a. 当从句做介词的宾语时只用whether 不用if
We are talking about whether we'llaccept his suggestion.
b. 引导词与动词不定式或 not 连用时， 只用whether.
You'd better decide for yourself whether to go or not.
(3)特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用特殊疑问词，引导词后要用陈述句语序。
Could you tell me what's the matter\wrong with you?
3.宾语从句时态
a.当主句是一般现在时，一般将来时或祈使句时，从句不受主句的限制，根据自身的需要选用相应的时态。例如：
Do you know（if/whether he has seen the film）?
b.当主句是一般过去时，从句要用过去时的相应时态。例如：
I didn't know （if/whether he had seen the film.）
【注意】当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如：
He said （that the earth moves round the sun.）
二、宾语从句的转化
1.当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：
She agreed that she could help me with my maths.
→She agreed to help me with my maths.
2.当主句的谓语动词是know, learn, forget, remember, decide等后面带特殊疑问句转化的宾语时，主从句的主语也须一致这时从句可以简化成“疑问词＋不定式结构”。例如：
I don't know which sweater I should buy.→I don't know which sweater to buy.
考点二十主语从句
一、主语从句的引导词
1. that引导
That he is still alive is a wonder.
That we shall be late is certain.
2. whether引导
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.
Whether they would support us was a problem.
3. 连接代词引导
Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet.
Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize.
Whichever you want is yours.
4. 连接副词引导
When we arrive doesn’t matter.
How it was done was a mystery.
5. 关系代词型what引导
What we need is money.
What I want to know is this.
二、主语从句与形式主语it
有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况：
(1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语it代主语从句：
It’s a pity that he didn’t come. 很遗憾他没来。
It is important that he should know about this. 他必须知道此事。
(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：
Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
It was a problem whether they would support us. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
(3) 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如：
What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
有时也可用形式主语。如：
It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。
三、连词that的省略问题
引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略：
That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that不可省)
It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省)
考点二十一表语从句
[if !supportLists]一、[endif]定义
在句中作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
二、引导表语从句的关联词的种类
(1)从属连词that。在从句中不做成分。
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
The reason was that he was late for school.
(2)从属连词whether,as,as if。
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
The question is whether they will be able to help us.
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句。
注：能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look，sound等。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. (3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever在表语从句中做主语、宾语等。
The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
(4)连接副词where, when, how, why。
What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。
This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方。 That is why he didn't come here.
The question is how he did it.
(5)连词because可引导表语从句。
That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我.(That's because...强调原因)
That's why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(That's why...强调结果)
(6)在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
考点二十二同位语从句
一、同位语从句在句中的位置
1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.
2. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.
二、同位语从句连接词的选用
在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that，who，whether），连接副词（how，when，where）等。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
【注意】在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
◆ that引导的同位语从句
有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句，这些名词有advice，announcement，argument，belief，claim，conclusion，decision，evidence，explanation，fact，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，knowledge，message，news，opinion，order，probability，promise，proposal，remark，reply，report，saying，statement，suggestion，thought，treat，warning，wish，word。
We came to the decision that we must act at once.
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.
◆ whether引导的同位语从句（不可用if）
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there.
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.
考点二十三定语从句
一、定语从句的定义
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词who(宾格whom,所有格whose),that, which 和关系副词where, when, why 等。
[if !supportLists]二、[endif]定语从句的种类
定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
1.限定性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。
The man that wears a red hat is my uncle.
2.非限定性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导，而且不可以省略关系词。
The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.
Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.
[if !supportLists]三、[endif]关系代词的用法
在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
（一）关系代词who, whom 的用法
1.who 可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom，但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”.
Jim is a person who always has novel ideas.
The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp.
The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp.
（二）关系代词whose 的用法
关系代词whose 是关系代词who 的所有格形式，它既可以代人，也可以代物。当whose 代物时，相当于of which。
Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company?
The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room . The room’s window faces south.
（三）关系代词that, which 的用法
（1）在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which 和that 一般可通用。
The new house that/which I has just bought is about six miles away.
（2）限定性定语从句中只用that 而不用which 的情况。
A）先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
B) 先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.
C)主句已有疑问词who 或which 时
Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?
D) 先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
E) 先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none 等不定代词时
It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.
四、关系副词的用法（where, when, why）
关系副词在从句中均做状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
（一）关系副词where 的用法
由关系副词where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building, city, room等，where 在从句中作地点状语。
The hotel where we stayed was very clean.= The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
（二）关系副词when 的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如 time, day, date,等，when 在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we first met in London .
=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met in London.
（三）关系副词why 的用法
由why 引导的定语从句，常用在先行词reason 后面，why 在句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.
五、关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的区别
如果关系词在从句中制作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中做状语，就是关系副词。例句比较：
This is the college (that/which) I visited.
This is the college where I studied three years ago.
