（二）【英语语法】（英语长难句）复合句
文章目录
- A 并列句
- A.a 并列句的构成
- A.b 并列句的省略
- B 从句
- B.a 名词性从句
- B.a.a 宾语从句
- B.a.b 表语从句
- B.a.c 主语从句
- B.a.d 同位语从句
- B.b 定语从句
- B.b.a 定语从句概述
- B.b.b 定语从句的写法
- B.c 状语从句
- B.c.a状语从句的概述
- B.c.b 状语从句的分类
A 并列句
A.a 并列句的构成
多个简单句+并列连词
| 表示顺接的并列连词 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| …and… | …和… |
| both…and… | 两者都 |
| not only … but… as well | 不但。。。而且。。。 |
| not only … but (also)… | 意思同上 |
- The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind
| 表示转折的并列连词 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| …but…;…yet…;…while…;…whereas… | 。。。但是。。。 |
-
The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.
-
We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.
-
Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident.
-
Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.
| 表示选择的并列连词 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| …or… | 。。。或者。。。 |
| either…or… | 或者。。。或者。。。 |
| neither…nor… | 既不。。。也不。。。 |
- Either entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.
| 表示因果的并列连词 | 意思 |
|---|---|
| …for… | 。。。因为。。。 |
| …so… | 。。。所以。。。 |
because;hence等不是并列连词，因为它们可用于句首。
- Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.
A.b 并列句的省略
并列句独有的特点，相同的部分可以省略，余下的部分保持不变。
共享主语：
-
The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.
-
…the peoples… died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages
多个句子并列，且并列连词相同，则保留最后一个，其他改为逗号： -
…the federal government must support job training programs, raise the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.
-
He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans.
-
But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing…
B 从句
多件事并列，重要程度不一样，就分为主句和从句。
复合句=主句+从句
B.a 名词性从句
B.a.a 宾语从句
宾语从句含义：
一个句子作为宾语，把它放到另一个句子。
宾语从句写法：
1 陈述句变宾语从句：前加that
- these figures are conservative.
Dr.Worm acknowledges (that) these figures are conservative.
that 不作为句子成分时，可省去。
2 特殊疑问句变宾语从句：调整语序，把疑问句改为陈述句（主语提前）
- Where did we put the keys just a moment ago?
We suddenly can’t remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
3 一般疑问句变宾语从句 :调整语序,保留是否的含义
- Are other clients going to abandon me,too?
I don’t know if/whether ther clients are going to abandon me,too.
whether 任何情况都可用，if则不一定。
即使主句不是陈述句，从句也一样得变成陈述句：
- Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?
- Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?
总结：主句{…宾语从句[连接词 + 陈述句]}；陈述句缺什么，连接词就是什么，不缺则加that。
宾语从句的位置：
动单宾：
- This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells…
动双宾：
- … users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.
介宾：
- This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics.
形宾：
- … he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
难点：
非谓语动词+从句：
- You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
- Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
多个宾语从句：
- To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
宾语从句后置，it形式宾语：
- That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.
表语从句、 主语从句、同位语从句同理。
B.a.b 表语从句
主句{…表语从句[连接词 + 陈述句]},句子中作为表语
位置：
系动词+表语从句:
- Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code.
- And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure — including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on — were built with foreign investment.
非谓语动词+表语从句：
- Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.
- The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new
receptors if necessary.
B.a.c 主语从句
主句{主语从句[连接词 + 陈述句]…},句子中作为主语
- That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.
- What motivated him… was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”…
- And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
主语从句的位置：
谓语动词前
形式主语（避免头重脚轻）：
- It did not matter what was done in the experiment; …
- It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, …
ps：
It is done + 主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点看法）
英语与中文不一样，英语偏向于。。。被。。。，而不是人们认为。。。
- This year, it was proposed that the system be changed:…
B.a.d 同位语从句
一个句子作为同位语解释名词。
主句{…+ 名词+同位语从句[连接词+陈述句…]}
- Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
- A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears;
位置：
放在抽象名词后，抽象所以要解释，例如手机不抽象，不需要解释。
抽象名词：idea opinion fact evidence question doubt reason theory belief possibility chance hope contention guarantee
- Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”
B.b 定语从句
B.b.a 定语从句概述
句子作为定语修饰限定名词。与同位语不同的是可以修饰任何名词。
- Law is a discipline which is encourages responsible judgment.
- 修饰的名词(a discipline)称为先行词，which称为关系词，
关系词=先行词：
Law is a discipline. A discipline which encourages responsible judgment.两个句子主语相同，为了避免重复，代替从句主语为which。
B.b.b 定语从句的写法
主句{先行词 + 定语从句[关系词+ 陈述句]}
| 先行词 | 关系词 |
|---|---|
| 事 / 物 | which/that |
| 人 | who/ whom(只能作为宾语)/ that |
| 表示人的/物的 | whose |
| 时间 | when |
| 地点 | where |
| 原因 | why |
1、事 / 物
- Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.
2、人：
- Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.
3、人的/物的：
- On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.
4、时间：
- It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
5、地点：
- In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.
6、原因：
- The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.
注意：
- 定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分，包括that
- whom指人，只能在作宾语时使用
- when/where/why引导定语从句时，前面的先行词必须与之匹配。
- 关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，都可以忽略。
** Are humans actually aware of the world (which) they live in? - 特殊关系词 whereby=by which
- *The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (by the method)
定语从句分类：
如果定语从句修饰的先行词范围不明确的，就需限定。
限定性(范围不明确)：
- He will call his friend who is working in London.(朋友很多个)
非限定性（范围明确）：
-
He will call his mother, who is working in London.（生你的妈妈只有一个）
-
In Europe**, where** forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
| 限定性定语从句 | 非限定性定语从句 | |
|---|---|---|
| 逗号 | 无逗号 | 有逗号 |
| 先行词 | 范围不明确 | 范围明确 |
| 作用 | 修饰限定先行词，不能省略，影响表意 | 补充说明先行词，可以省略，不影响表意 |
| 翻译 | （翻译到先行词前）…的名词 | 不用往前翻译 |
| 关系词 | 关系词可以用that；作宾语可以省略；指人作宾语，用whom/who/that都行 | 关系词不能用that；不可以省略；指人作宾语，只能用whom |
限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别：
| 同位语从句 | 限定性的定语从句 |
|---|---|
| 解释说明名词 | 修饰限定名词 |
| 抽象名词后 | 任意名词后 |
| 名词+that（that不作为从句成分） | 名词+that（that作为从句成分） |
| 同位语从句中关系词不能省略 | 可能省略（作宾语） |
特殊的非限定性定语从句（修饰整句话）
- Most fisheries are well below that ,which is a bad way to do business
which只能在句未，as每个位置都可以
- Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
介词提前的定语从句：
- Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live… （live in environment）
- … commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.(is compared to reference collections)
- Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed…(are created and conveyed by the means)
- This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. (through the credibility process)
B.c 状语从句
B.c.a状语从句的概述
状语从句的含义：一个句子作状语。状不是状态，而是描述。状语表达描述性的信息。
状语从句的写法：
主句{…} 状语从句{从属连词 完整的陈述句.}
状语从句的位置：
前后中间都可以。
B.c.b 状语从句的分类
时间状语从句：
- But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media—for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.
- In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.
- As the brain fades, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.”.
- Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922.
- Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995.
- And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense.
- As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine…
- …by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late.
地点状语从句：
- “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted, ” says one headhunter.
原因状语从句：
- However, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.
- Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”
- Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change.
- Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
结果状语从句
- Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly cope.
- We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that
environment.
目的状语从句：
- To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections.
条件状语从句：
- If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.
- Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.
- This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.
让步状语从句：
- Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses.
- The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.
- While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
- A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.
比较状语从句：
- Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, …
- In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve
pretty much gone as far as we can go, …
方式状语从句 ：
- During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
- Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.
as +一个完整的陈述句，那么它就是状语从句。 再代入以下意思判断。
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