写在前面
Java8之前的日期和时间API，存在一些问题，比如：线程安全的问题，跨年的问题等等。这些问题都在Hava8中的日期和时间API中得到了解决，而且Java8中的日期和时间API更加强大。立志成为架构师的你，必须掌握Java8中的日期和时间API。
本地时间和时间戳
主要方法：
- now：静态方法，根据当前时间创建对象
- of：静态方法，根据指定日期/时间创建对象
- plusDays,plusWeeks,plusMonths,plusYears：向当前LocalDate 对象添加几天、几周、几个月、几年
- minusDays,minusWeeks,minusMonths,minusYears：从当前LocalDate 对象减去几天、几周、几个月、几年
- plus,minus：添加或减少一个Duration 或Period
- withDayOfMonth,withDayOfYear,withMonth,withYear：将月份天数、年份天数、月份、年份修改为指定的值并返回新的LocalDate 对象
- getDayOfYear：获得年份天数(1~366)
- getDayOfWeek：获得星期几(返回一个DayOfWeek枚举值)
- getMonth：获得月份, 返回一个Month 枚举值
- getMonthValue：获得月份(1~12)
- getYear：获得年份
- until：获得两个日期之间的Period 对象，或者指定ChronoUnits 的数字
- isBefore,isAfter：比较两个LocalDate
- isLeapYear：判断是否是闰年
使用 LocalDate、 LocalTime、 LocalDateTime
LocalDate、 LocalTime、 LocalDateTime 类的实例是不可变的对象，分别表示使用 ISO-8601日历系统的日期、时间、日期和时间。它们提供了简单的日期或时间，并不包含当前的时间信息。也不包含与时区相关的信息。
注： ISO-8601日历系统是国际标准化组织制定的现代公民的日期和时间的表示法
| 方法 | 描述 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| now() | 静态方法，根据当前时间创建对象 | LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.now(); LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.now(); LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now(); |
| of() | 静态方法，根据指定日期/时间创建 对象 | LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.of(2016, 10, 26); LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.of(02, 22, 56); LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.of(2016, 10, 26, 12, 10, 55); |
| plusDays, plusWeeks, plusMonths, plusYears | 向当前 LocalDate 对象添加几天、 几周、 几个月、 几年 | |
| minusDays, minusWeeks, minusMonths, minusYears | 从当前 LocalDate 对象减去几天、 几周、 几个月、 几年 | |
| plus, minus | 添加或减少一个 Duration 或 Period | |
| withDayOfMonth, withDayOfYear, withMonth, withYear | 将月份天数、 年份天数、 月份、 年 份 修 改 为 指 定 的 值 并 返 回 新 的 LocalDate 对象 | |
| getDayOfMonth | 获得月份天数(1-31) | |
| getDayOfYear | 获得年份天数(1-366) | |
| getDayOfWeek | 获得星期几(返回一个 DayOfWeek 枚举值) | |
| getMonth | 获得月份, 返回一个 Month 枚举值 | |
| getMonthValue | 获得月份(1-12) | |
| getYear | 获得年份 | |
| until | 获得两个日期之间的 Period 对象， 或者指定 ChronoUnits 的数字 | |
| isBefore, isAfter | 比较两个 LocalDate | |
| isLeapYear | 判断是否是闰年 |
示例代码如下所示。
// 获取当前系统时间
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T13:49:09.483
// 指定日期时间
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = LocalDateTime.of(2019, 10, 27, 13, 45,10);
System.out.println(localDateTime2);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T13:45:10
LocalDateTime localDateTime3 = localDateTime1
// 加三年
.plusYears(3)
// 减三个月
.minusMonths(3);
System.out.println(localDateTime3);
// 运行结果：2022-07-27T13:49:09.483
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getYear()); // 运行结果：2019
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getMonthValue()); // 运行结果：10
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getDayOfMonth()); // 运行结果：27
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getHour()); // 运行结果：13
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getMinute()); // 运行结果：52
System.out.println(localDateTime1.getSecond()); // 运行结果：6
LocalDateTime localDateTime4 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime4); // 2019-10-27T14:19:56.884
LocalDateTime localDateTime5 = localDateTime4.withDayOfMonth(10);
System.out.println(localDateTime5); // 2019-10-10T14:19:56.884
Instant 时间戳
用于“时间戳”的运算。它是以Unix元年(传统的设定为UTC时区1970年1月1日午夜时分)开始所经历的描述进行运算 。
示例代码如下所示。
Instant instant1 = Instant.now(); // 默认获取UTC时区
System.out.println(instant1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T05:59:58.221Z
// 偏移量运算
OffsetDateTime offsetDateTime = instant1.atOffset(ZoneOffset.ofHours(8));
System.out.println(offsetDateTime);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T13:59:58.221+08:00
// 获取时间戳
System.out.println(instant1.toEpochMilli());
// 运行结果：1572156145000
// 以Unix元年为起点，进行偏移量运算
Instant instant2 = Instant.ofEpochSecond(60);
System.out.println(instant2);
// 运行结果：1970-01-01T00:01:00Z
Duration 和 Period
Duration:用于计算两个“时间”间隔。
Period:用于计算两个“日期”间隔 。
Instant instant_1 = Instant.now();
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
Instant instant_2 = Instant.now();
Duration duration = Duration.between(instant_1, instant_2);
System.out.println(duration.toMillis());
// 运行结果：1000
LocalTime localTime_1 = LocalTime.now();
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
LocalTime localTime_2 = LocalTime.now();
System.out.println(Duration.between(localTime_1, localTime_2).toMillis());
// 运行结果：1000
LocalDate localDate_1 = LocalDate.of(2018,9, 9);
LocalDate localDate_2 = LocalDate.now();
Period period = Period.between(localDate_1, localDate_2);
System.out.println(period.getYears()); // 运行结果：1
System.out.println(period.getMonths()); // 运行结果：1
System.out.println(period.getDays()); // 运行结果：18
日期的操纵
TemporalAdjuster : 时间校正器。有时我们可能需要获取例如：将日期调整到“下个周日”等操作。
TemporalAdjusters : 该类通过静态方法提供了大量的常用 TemporalAdjuster 的实现。
例如获取下个周日，如下所示：
LocalDate nextSunday = LocalDate.now().with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.SUNDAY));
完整的示例代码如下所示。
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime1); // 2019-10-27T14:19:56.884
// 获取这个第一天的日期
System.out.println(localDateTime1.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth())); // 2019-10-01T14:22:58.574
// 获取下个周末的日期
System.out.println(localDateTime1.with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.SUNDAY))); // 2019-11-03T14:22:58.574
// 自定义：下一个工作日
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = localDateTime1.with(l -> {
LocalDateTime localDateTime = (LocalDateTime) l;
DayOfWeek dayOfWeek = localDateTime.getDayOfWeek();
if (dayOfWeek.equals(DayOfWeek.FRIDAY)) {
return localDateTime.plusDays(3);
} else if (dayOfWeek.equals(DayOfWeek.SATURDAY)) {
return localDateTime.plusDays(2);
} else {
return localDateTime.plusDays(1);
}
});
System.out.println(localDateTime2);
// 运行结果：2019-10-28T14:30:17.400
解析与格式化
java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter 类：该类提供了三种格式化方法：
- 预定义的标准格式
- 语言环境相关的格式
- 自定义的格式
示例代码如下所示。
DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter1 = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE;
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
String strDate1 = localDateTime.format(dateTimeFormatter1);
System.out.println(strDate1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27
// Date -> String
DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter2 = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
String strDate2 = dateTimeFormatter2.format(localDateTime);
System.out.println(strDate2);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27 14:36:11
// String -> Date
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = localDateTime.parse(strDate2, dateTimeFormatter2);
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 运行结果：2019-10-27T14:37:39
时区的处理
Java8 中加入了对时区的支持，带时区的时间为分别为：ZonedDate、 ZonedTime、 ZonedDateTime。
其中每个时区都对应着 ID，地区ID都为 “{区域}/{城市}”的格式，例如 ： Asia/Shanghai 等。
- ZoneId：该类中包含了所有的时区信息
- getAvailableZoneIds() : 可以获取所有时区时区信息
- of(id) : 用指定的时区信息获取 ZoneId 对象
示例代码如下所示。
// 获取所有的时区
Set set = ZoneId.getAvailableZoneIds();
System.out.println(set);
// [Asia/Aden, America/Cuiaba, Etc/GMT+9, Etc/GMT+8, Africa/Nairobi, America/Marigot, Asia/Aqtau, Pacific/Kwajalein, America/El_Salvador, Asia/Pontianak, Africa/Cairo, Pacific/Pago_Pago, Africa/Mbabane, Asia/Kuching, Pacific/Honolulu, Pacific/Rarotonga, America/Guatemala, Australia/Hobart, Europe/London, America/Belize, America/Panama, Asia/Chungking, America/Managua, America/Indiana/Petersburg, Asia/Yerevan, Europe/Brussels, GMT, Europe/Warsaw, America/Chicago, Asia/Kashgar, Chile/Continental, Pacific/Yap, CET, Etc/GMT-1, Etc/GMT-0, Europe/Jersey, America/Tegucigalpa, Etc/GMT-5, Europe/Istanbul, America/Eirunepe, Etc/GMT-4, America/Miquelon, Etc/GMT-3, Europe/Luxembourg, Etc/GMT-2, Etc/GMT-9, America/Argentina/Catamarca, Etc/GMT-8, Etc/GMT-7, Etc/GMT-6, Europe/Zaporozhye, Canada/Yukon, Canada/Atlantic, Atlantic/St_Helena, Australia/Tasmania, Libya, Europe/Guernsey, America/Grand_Turk, US/Pacific-New, Asia/Samarkand, America/Argentina/Cordoba, Asia/Phnom_Penh, Africa/Kigali, Asia/Almaty, US/Alaska, Asia/Dubai, Europe/Isle_of_Man, America/Araguaina, Cuba, Asia/Novosibirsk, America/Argentina/Salta, Etc/GMT+3, Africa/Tunis, Etc/GMT+2, Etc/GMT+1, Pacific/Fakaofo, Africa/Tripoli, Etc/GMT+0, Israel, Africa/Banjul, Etc/GMT+7, Indian/Comoro, Etc/GMT+6, Etc/GMT+5, Etc/GMT+4, Pacific/Port_Moresby, US/Arizona, Antarctica/Syowa, Indian/Reunion, Pacific/Palau, Europe/Kaliningrad, America/Montevideo, Africa/Windhoek, Asia/Karachi, Africa/Mogadishu, Australia/Perth, Brazil/East, Etc/GMT, Asia/Chita, Pacific/Easter, Antarctica/Davis, Antarctica/McMurdo, Asia/Macao, America/Manaus, Africa/Freetown, Europe/Bucharest, Asia/Tomsk, America/Argentina/Mendoza, Asia/Macau, Europe/Malta, Mexico/BajaSur, Pacific/Tahiti, Africa/Asmera, Europe/Busingen, America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos, Africa/Malabo, Europe/Skopje, America/Catamarca, America/Godthab, Europe/Sarajevo, Australia/ACT, GB-Eire, Africa/Lagos, America/Cordoba, Europe/Rome, Asia/Dacca, Indian/Mauritius, Pacific/Samoa, America/Regina, America/Fort_Wayne, America/Dawson_Creek, Africa/Algiers, Europe/Mariehamn, America/St_Johns, America/St_Thomas, Europe/Zurich, America/Anguilla, Asia/Dili, America/Denver, Africa/Bamako, Europe/Saratov, GB, Mexico/General, Pacific/Wallis, Europe/Gibraltar, Africa/Conakry, Africa/Lubumbashi, Asia/Istanbul, America/Havana, NZ-CHAT, Asia/Choibalsan, America/Porto_Acre, Asia/Omsk, Europe/Vaduz, US/Michigan, Asia/Dhaka, America/Barbados, Europe/Tiraspol, Atlantic/Cape_Verde, Asia/Yekaterinburg, America/Louisville, Pacific/Johnston, Pacific/Chatham, Europe/Ljubljana, America/Sao_Paulo, Asia/Jayapura, America/Curacao, Asia/Dushanbe, America/Guyana, America/Guayaquil, America/Martinique, Portugal, Europe/Berlin, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Chisinau, America/Puerto_Rico, America/Rankin_Inlet, Pacific/Ponape, Europe/Stockholm, Europe/Budapest, America/Argentina/Jujuy, Australia/Eucla, Asia/Shanghai, Universal, Europe/Zagreb, America/Port_of_Spain, Europe/Helsinki, Asia/Beirut, Asia/Tel_Aviv, Pacific/Bougainville, US/Central, Africa/Sao_Tome, Indian/Chagos, America/Cayenne, Asia/Yakutsk, Pacific/Galapagos, Australia/North, Europe/Paris, Africa/Ndjamena, Pacific/Fiji, America/Rainy_River, Indian/Maldives, Australia/Yancowinna, SystemV/AST4, Asia/Oral, America/Yellowknife, Pacific/Enderbury, America/Juneau, Australia/Victoria, America/Indiana/Vevay, Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Jakarta, Africa/Ceuta, Asia/Barnaul, America/Recife, America/Buenos_Aires, America/Noronha, America/Swift_Current, Australia/Adelaide, America/Metlakatla, Africa/Djibouti, America/Paramaribo, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Sofia, Africa/Nouakchott, Europe/Prague, America/Indiana/Vincennes, Antarctica/Mawson, America/Kralendijk, Antarctica/Troll, Europe/Samara, Indian/Christmas, America/Antigua, Pacific/Gambier, America/Indianapolis, America/Inuvik, America/Iqaluit, Pacific/Funafuti, UTC, Antarctica/Macquarie, Canada/Pacific, America/Moncton, Africa/Gaborone, Pacific/Chuuk, Asia/Pyongyang, America/St_Vincent, Asia/Gaza, Etc/Universal, PST8PDT, Atlantic/Faeroe, Asia/Qyzylorda, Canada/Newfoundland, America/Kentucky/Louisville, America/Yakutat, Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh, Antarctica/Casey, Europe/Copenhagen, Africa/Asmara, Atlantic/Azores, Europe/Vienna, ROK, Pacific/Pitcairn, America/Mazatlan, Australia/Queensland, Pacific/Nauru, Europe/Tirane, Asia/Kolkata, SystemV/MST7, Australia/Canberra, MET, Australia/Broken_Hill, Europe/Riga, America/Dominica, Africa/Abidjan, America/Mendoza, America/Santarem, Kwajalein, America/Asuncion, Asia/Ulan_Bator, NZ, America/Boise, Australia/Currie, EST5EDT, Pacific/Guam, Pacific/Wake, Atlantic/Bermuda, America/Costa_Rica, America/Dawson, Asia/Chongqing, Eire, Europe/Amsterdam, America/Indiana/Knox, America/North_Dakota/Beulah, Africa/Accra, Atlantic/Faroe, Mexico/BajaNorte, America/Maceio, Etc/UCT, Pacific/Apia, GMT0, America/Atka, Pacific/Niue, Australia/Lord_Howe, Europe/Dublin, Pacific/Truk, MST7MDT, America/Monterrey, America/Nassau, America/Jamaica, Asia/Bishkek, America/Atikokan, Atlantic/Stanley, Australia/NSW, US/Hawaii, SystemV/CST6, Indian/Mahe, Asia/Aqtobe, America/Sitka, Asia/Vladivostok, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Maputo, Zulu, America/Kentucky/Monticello, Africa/El_Aaiun, Africa/Ouagadougou, America/Coral_Harbour, Pacific/Marquesas, Brazil/West, America/Aruba, America/North_Dakota/Center, America/Cayman, Asia/Ulaanbaatar, Asia/Baghdad, Europe/San_Marino, America/Indiana/Tell_City, America/Tijuana, Pacific/Saipan, SystemV/YST9, Africa/Douala, America/Chihuahua, America/Ojinaga, Asia/Hovd, America/Anchorage, Chile/EasterIsland, America/Halifax, Antarctica/Rothera, America/Indiana/Indianapolis, US/Mountain, Asia/Damascus, America/Argentina/San_Luis, America/Santiago, Asia/Baku, America/Argentina/Ushuaia, Atlantic/Reykjavik, Africa/Brazzaville, Africa/Porto-Novo, America/La_Paz, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Asia/Taipei, Antarctica/South_Pole, Asia/Manila, Asia/Bangkok, Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Poland, Atlantic/Madeira, Antarctica/Palmer, America/Thunder_Bay, Africa/Addis_Ababa, Asia/Yangon, Europe/Uzhgorod, Brazil/DeNoronha, Asia/Ashkhabad, Etc/Zulu, America/Indiana/Marengo, America/Creston, America/Punta_Arenas, America/Mexico_City, Antarctica/Vostok, Asia/Jerusalem, Europe/Andorra, US/Samoa, PRC, Asia/Vientiane, Pacific/Kiritimati, America/Matamoros, America/Blanc-Sablon, Asia/Riyadh, Iceland, Pacific/Pohnpei, Asia/Ujung_Pandang, Atlantic/South_Georgia, Europe/Lisbon, Asia/Harbin, Europe/Oslo, Asia/Novokuznetsk, CST6CDT, Atlantic/Canary, America/Knox_IN, Asia/Kuwait, SystemV/HST10, Pacific/Efate, Africa/Lome, America/Bogota, America/Menominee, America/Adak, Pacific/Norfolk, Europe/Kirov, America/Resolute, Pacific/Tarawa, Africa/Kampala, Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Greenwich, SystemV/EST5, America/Edmonton, Europe/Podgorica, Australia/South, Canada/Central, Africa/Bujumbura, America/Santo_Domingo, US/Eastern, Europe/Minsk, Pacific/Auckland, Africa/Casablanca, America/Glace_Bay, Canada/Eastern, Asia/Qatar, Europe/Kiev, Singapore, Asia/Magadan, SystemV/PST8, America/Port-au-Prince, Europe/Belfast, America/St_Barthelemy, Asia/Ashgabat, Africa/Luanda, America/Nipigon, Atlantic/Jan_Mayen, Brazil/Acre, Asia/Muscat, Asia/Bahrain, Europe/Vilnius, America/Fortaleza, Etc/GMT0, US/East-Indiana, America/Hermosillo, America/Cancun, Africa/Maseru, Pacific/Kosrae, Africa/Kinshasa, Asia/Kathmandu, Asia/Seoul, Australia/Sydney, America/Lima, Australia/LHI, America/St_Lucia, Europe/Madrid, America/Bahia_Banderas, America/Montserrat, Asia/Brunei, America/Santa_Isabel, Canada/Mountain, America/Cambridge_Bay, Asia/Colombo, Australia/West, Indian/Antananarivo, Australia/Brisbane, Indian/Mayotte, US/Indiana-Starke, Asia/Urumqi, US/Aleutian, Europe/Volgograd, America/Lower_Princes, America/Vancouver, Africa/Blantyre, America/Rio_Branco, America/Danmarkshavn, America/Detroit, America/Thule, Africa/Lusaka, Asia/Hong_Kong, Iran, America/Argentina/La_Rioja, Africa/Dakar, SystemV/CST6CDT, America/Tortola, America/Porto_Velho, Asia/Sakhalin, Etc/GMT+10, America/Scoresbysund, Asia/Kamchatka, Asia/Thimbu, Africa/Harare, Etc/GMT+12, Etc/GMT+11, Navajo, America/Nome, Europe/Tallinn, Turkey, Africa/Khartoum, Africa/Johannesburg, Africa/Bangui, Europe/Belgrade, Jamaica, Africa/Bissau, Asia/Tehran, WET, Europe/Astrakhan, Africa/Juba, America/Campo_Grande, America/Belem, Etc/Greenwich, Asia/Saigon, America/Ensenada, Pacific/Midway, America/Jujuy, Africa/Timbuktu, America/Bahia, America/Goose_Bay, America/Virgin, America/Pangnirtung, Asia/Katmandu, America/Phoenix, Africa/Niamey, America/Whitehorse, Pacific/Noumea, Asia/Tbilisi, America/Montreal, Asia/Makassar, America/Argentina/San_Juan, Hongkong, UCT, Asia/Nicosia, America/Indiana/Winamac, SystemV/MST7MDT, America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia, America/Boa_Vista, America/Grenada, Asia/Atyrau, Australia/Darwin, Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Kuala_Lumpur, Asia/Famagusta, Asia/Thimphu, Asia/Rangoon, Europe/Bratislava, Asia/Calcutta, America/Argentina/Tucuman, Asia/Kabul, Indian/Cocos, Japan, Pacific/Tongatapu, America/New_York, Etc/GMT-12, Etc/GMT-11, Etc/GMT-10, SystemV/YST9YDT, Europe/Ulyanovsk, Etc/GMT-14, Etc/GMT-13, W-SU, America/Merida, EET, America/Rosario, Canada/Saskatchewan, America/St_Kitts, Arctic/Longyearbyen, America/Fort_Nelson, America/Caracas, America/Guadeloupe, Asia/Hebron, Indian/Kerguelen, SystemV/PST8PDT, Africa/Monrovia, Asia/Ust-Nera, Egypt, Asia/Srednekolymsk, America/North_Dakota/New_Salem, Asia/Anadyr, Australia/Melbourne, Asia/Irkutsk, America/Shiprock, America/Winnipeg, Europe/Vatican, Asia/Amman, Etc/UTC, SystemV/AST4ADT, Asia/Tokyo, America/Toronto, Asia/Singapore, Australia/Lindeman, America/Los_Angeles, SystemV/EST5EDT, Pacific/Majuro, America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires, Europe/Nicosia, Pacific/Guadalcanal, Europe/Athens, US/Pacific, Europe/Monaco]
// 通过时区构建LocalDateTime
LocalDateTime localDateTime1 = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("America/El_Salvador"));
System.out.println(localDateTime1);
// 2019-10-27T00:46:21.268
// 以时区格式显示时间
LocalDateTime localDateTime2 = LocalDateTime.now();
ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime1 = localDateTime2.atZone(ZoneId.of("Africa/Nairobi"));
System.out.println(zonedDateTime1);
// 2019-10-27T14:46:21.273+03:00[Africa/Nairobi]
与传统日期处理的转换
写在最后
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