想在R语言中生成一个图形文件的文件名,前缀是fitbit,后面跟上月份,再加上".jpg",先不百度,试了试其它语言的类似语法,没一个可行的:
C#中:"fitbit" + month + ".jpg"
VB:"fitbit" & month & ".jpg"
Haskell:"fitbit" ++ month ++ ".jpg"
还想到concat之类的函数,都不行,看来只能查帮助了,原来必须要用一个paste函数。
paste()与paste0():连接字符串
paste()不仅可以连接多个字符串,还可以将对象自动转换为字符串再相连,另外它还能处理向量,所以功能更强大。
paste("fitbit", month, ".jpg", sep="")
这个函数的特殊地方在于默认的分隔符是空格,所以必须指定sep="",这样如果month=10时,就会生成fitbit10.jpg这样的字符串。
另外还有一个paste0函数,默认就是sep=""
所以paste0("fitbit", month, ".jpg")就与前面的代码简洁一点了。
要生成12个月的fitbit文件名:
paste("fitbit", 1:12, ".jpg", sep = "")
[1] "fitbit1.jpg" "fitbit2.jpg" "fitbit3.jpg" "fitbit4.jpg" "fitbit5.jpg" "fitbit6.jpg" "fitbit7.jpg"
[8] "fitbit8.jpg" "fitbit9.jpg" "fitbit10.jpg" "fitbit11.jpg" "fitbit12.jpg"
可以看出参数里面有向量时的捉对拼接的效果,如果某个向量较短,就自动补齐:
a <- c("甲","乙","丙", "丁","戊","己","庚","辛","壬","癸")
b <- c("子","丑","寅","卯","辰","巳","午","未","申","酉","戌","亥")
paste0(a, b)
[1] "甲子" "乙丑" "丙寅" "丁卯" "戊辰" "己巳" "庚午" "辛未" "壬申" "癸酉" "甲戌" "乙亥"
paste还有一个collapse参数,可以把这些字符串拼成一个长字符串,而不是放在一个向量中。
> paste("fitbit", 1:3, ".jpg", sep = "", collapse = "; ")
[1] "fitbit1.jpg; fitbit2.jpg; fitbit3.jpg"
nchar():求字符个数
nchar()能够获取字符串的长度,它和length()的结果是有区别的。
nchar(c("abc", "abcd")) #求字符串中的字符个数,返回向量c(3, 4)
length(c("abc", "abcd")) #返回2,向量中元素的个数
注意nchar(NA)返回2
tolower(x) 和toupper(x) :大小写转换。
不用多说。
strsplit:字符串分割
strsplit("2014-10-30 2262 10367 7.4 18 1231 77 88 44", split=" ")
[[1]]
[1] "2014-10-30" "2262" "10367" "7.4" "18" "1231" "77" "88" "44"
实际上这个函数支持非常强大的正则表达式。
substr与substring:提取子串
substr("abcdef", 2, 4)
[1] "bcd"
substr(c("abcdef", "ghijkl"), 2, 4)
[1] "bcd" "hij"
substr("abcdef", 1:6, 1:6)
[1] "a"
注意还有一个substring函数,效果就不一样了:
substring("abcdef",1:6,1:6)
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f"
区别是:substr返回的字串个数等于第一个参数的长度
而substring返回字串个数等于三个参数中最长向量长度,短向量循环使用。
substr("123456789", c(2, 3), c(4, 5, 6)) #等价于:substr("123456789", 2, 4)
[1] "234"
substring("123456789", c(2, 3), c(4,5,6)) #最长的向量长度为3,其它向量都循环补齐
[1] "234" "345" "23456"
grep搜索某个模式的子串
grep(pattern, x) 在字符串向量x中查找一个正则表达式pattern,返回包括这个pattern的字符串的索引。
grep("def", c("abc","abcdef","def")) #第2、3两个字符串中都包含def,所以返回2和3
[1] 2 3
下例中列出windows目录中的所有.exe文件。
files <- list.files("c:/windows")
files[grep("\\.exe$", files)]
[1] "adb.exe" "explorer.exe" "hh.exe" "notepad.exe"
[5] "regedit.exe" "slrundll.exe" "twunk_16.exe" "twunk_32.exe"
[9] "winhelp.exe" "winhlp32.exe"
sub搜索并替换
待整理
sprintf()
这个函数与C语言的函数类似。
sprintf("2+3=%d", 2+3)
[1] "2+3=5"
sprintf("today: %s", date())
[1] "today: Wed Nov 05 14:05:47 2014"
regexpr()
> regexpr("def", "abcdefghi") #def从第4个字符位置上出现
[1] 4
attr(,"match.length")
[1] 3
attr(,"useBytes")
[1] TRUE
gregexpr()
这个与上面类似,但查找所有匹配的位置。
gregexpr("def", "abcdefghijabcdef") #在第4和第14个字符上都出现了def
[[1]]
[1] 4 14
用R解决我的一个实际问题
现在要自动生成fitbit的10月的统计图,并保存为文件fitbit_month_10.jpg。
m <- 10
jpeg(paste0("fitbit_month_", m, ".jpg"))
monthData <- fitbit[as.double(format(fitbit$date, "%m"))==m, ]
plot(format(monthData$date,"%d"), monthData$step, type="l", xlab="date", ylab="steps", main=paste("2014年",m,"月步数统计图",sep=""))
dev.off()
其它内容还未整理,先把网上搜到的资料放到下面。
===============================================
grepl()函数与grep类似,但其后面的"l"则意味着返回的将是逻辑值。
字符串替代:gsub()负责搜索字符串的特定表达式,并用新的内容加以替代。sub()函数是类似的,但只替代第一个发现结果。
chartr(old, new, x)
casefold(x, upper = FALSE)
agrep() 字符不完全匹配
regexec("Adam", text)
## [[1]]
## [1] 9
## attr(,"match.length")
## [1] 4
## ## [[2]]
## [1] 5
## attr(,"match.length")
## [1] 4
## ## [[3]]
## [1] 14
## attr(,"match.length")
## [1] 4
rep和grepl函数:
这两个函数返回向量水平的匹配结果,不涉及匹配字符串的详细位置信息。
grep(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, value = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes =FALSE, invert = FALSE) grepl(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, perl = FALSE, fixed = FALSE, useBytes = FALSE)
虽然参数看起差不多,但是返回的结果不一样。下来例子列出C:\windows目录下的所有文件,然后用grep和grepl查找exe文件:
files <- list.files("c:/windows") grep("\\.exe$", files)
## [1] 8 28 30 35 36 58 69 99 100 102 111 112 115 117
grepl("\\.exe$", files)
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [12] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [23] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [34] FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [45] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [56] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [67] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [78] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [89] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
## [100] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [111] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
grep仅返回匹配项的下标,而grepl返回所有的查询结果,并用逻辑向量表示有没有找到匹配。两者的结果用于提取数据子集的结果都一样:
files[grep("\\.exe$", files)]
## [1] "bfsvc.exe" "explorer.exe" "fveupdate.exe" "HelpPane.exe" ## [5] "hh.exe" "notepad.exe" "regedit.exe" "twunk_16.exe" ## [9] "twunk_32.exe" "uninst.exe" "winhelp.exe" "winhlp32.exe" ## [13] "write.exe" "xinstaller.exe"
files[grepl("\\.exe$", files)]
## [1] "bfsvc.exe" "explorer.exe" "fveupdate.exe" "HelpPane.exe" ## [5] "hh.exe" "notepad.exe" "regedit.exe" "twunk_16.exe" ## [9] "twunk_32.exe" "uninst.exe" "winhelp.exe" "winhlp32.exe" ## [13] "write.exe" "xinstaller.exe"
6 字符串替换
6.1 sub和gsub函数
虽然sub和gsub是用于字符串替换的函数,但严格地说R语言没有字符串替换的函数,因为R语言不管什么操作对参数都是传值不传址。
text
## [1] "Hellow, Adam!" "Hi, Adam!" "How are you, Adam."
sub(pattern = "Adam", replacement = "world", text)
## [1] "Hellow, world!" "Hi, world!" "How are you, world."
text
## [1] "Hellow, Adam!" "Hi, Adam!" "How are you, Adam."
可以看到:虽然说是“替换”,但原字符串并没有改变,要改变原变量我们只能通过再赋值的方式。 sub和gsub的区别是前者只做一次替换(不管有几次匹配),而gsub把满足条件的匹配都做替换:
sub(pattern = "Adam|Ava", replacement = "world", text)
## [1] "Hellow, world!" "Hi, world!" "How are you, world."
gsub(pattern = "Adam|Ava", replacement = "world", text)
## [1] "Hellow, world!" "Hi, world!" "How are you, world."
sub和gsub函数可以使用提取表达式(转义字符+数字)让部分变成全部:
sub(pattern = ".*(Adam).*", replacement = "\\1", text)
## [1] "Adam" "Adam" "Adam"
7 字符串提取 用regexpr、gregexpr或regexec函数获得位置信息后再进行字符串提取的操作可以自己试试看。
8 其他:
8.1 strtrim函数
用于将字符串修剪到特定的显示宽度,其用法为strtrim(x, width),返回字符串向量的长度等于x的长度。因为是“修剪”,所以只能去掉多余的字符不能增加其他额外的字符:如果字符串本身的长度小于 width,得到的是原字符串,别指望它会用空格或其他什么字符补齐:
strtrim(c("abcdef", "abcdef", "abcdef"), c(1, 5, 10))
## [1] "a" "abcde" "abcdef"
strtrim(c(1, 123, 1234567), 4)
## [1] "1" "123" "1234"
8.2 strwrap函数
该函数把一个字符串当成一个段落的文字(不管字符串中是否有换行符),按照段落的格式(缩进和长度)和断字方式进行分行,每一行是结果中的一个字符串。例如:
str1 <- "Each character string in the input is first split into paragraphs\n(or lines containing whitespace only). The paragraphs are then\nformatted by breaking lines at word boundaries. The target\ncolumns for wrapping lines and the indentation of the first and\nall subsequent lines of a paragraph can be controlled\nindependently." str2 <- rep(str1, 2)strwrap(str2, width = 80, indent = 2)
## [1] " Each character string in the input is first split into paragraphs (or lines"
## [2] "containing whitespace only). The paragraphs are then formatted by breaking"
## [3] "lines at word boundaries. The target columns for wrapping lines and the"
## [4] "indentation of the first and all subsequent lines of a paragraph can be"
## [5] "controlled independently."
## [6] " Each character string in the input is first split into paragraphs (or lines"
## [7] "containing whitespace only). The paragraphs are then formatted by breaking"
## [8] "lines at word boundaries. The target columns for wrapping lines and the"
## [9] "indentation of the first and all subsequent lines of a paragraph can be"
## [10] "controlled independently."
simplify参数用于指定结果的返回样式,默认为TRUE,即结果中所有的字符串都按顺序放在一个字符串向量中(如上);如果为FALSE,那么结果将是列表。另外一个参数exdent用于指定除第一行以外的行缩进:
strwrap(str1, width = 80, indent = 0, exdent = 2)
## [1] "Each character string in the input is first split into paragraphs (or lines"
## [2] " containing whitespace only). The paragraphs are then formatted by breaking"
## [3] " lines at word boundaries. The target columns for wrapping lines and the"
## [4] " indentation of the first and all subsequent lines of a paragraph can be"
## [5] " controlled independently."
8.3 match和charmatch
match("xx", c("abc", "xx", "xxx", "xx"))
## [1] 2
match(2, c(3, 1, 2, 4))
## [1] 3
charmatch("xx", "xx")
## [1] 1
charmatch("xx", "xxa")
## [1] 1
charmatch("xx", "axx")
## [1] NA
match按向量进行运算,返回第一次匹配的元素的位置(如果有),非字符向量也可用。charmatch函数真坑爹。其他不看了,其实有正则表达式就足够。
=================================
据说还有一个stringr包,将原本的字符处理函数进行了打包,统一了函数名和参数。在增强功能基础上,还能处理向量化数据并兼容非字符数据。stringr包号称能让处理字符的时间减少95%。下面将其中的一些主要函数罗列一下。
library(stringr)
# 合并字符串
fruit <- c("apple","banana","pear","pinapple")
res <- str_c(1:4,fruit,sep=' ',collapse=' ')
str_c('I want to buy ',res,collapse=' ')
# 计算字符串长度
str_length(c("i","like","programming R",123,res))
# 按位置取子字符串
str_sub(fruit,1,3)
# 子字符串重新赋值
capital <-toupper(str_sub(fruit,1,1))
str_sub(fruit,rep(1,4),rep(1,4))<- capital
# 重复字符串
str_dup(fruit,c(1,2,3,4))
# 加空白
str_pad(fruit,10,"both")
# 去除空白
str_trim(fruit)
# 根据正则表达式检验是否匹配
str_detect(fruit,"a$")
str_detect(fruit,"[aeiou]")
# 找出匹配的字符串位置
str_locate(fruit,"a")
# 提取匹配的部分
str_extract(fruit,"[a-z]+")
str_match(fruit,"[a-z]+")
# 替换匹配的部分
str_replace(fruit,"[aeiou]","-")
# 分割
str_split(res," ")