关于MySQL-HA,目前有多种解决方案,比如heartbeat、drbd、mmm、共享存储,但是它们各有优缺点。heartbeat、drbd配置较为复杂,需要自己写脚本才能实现MySQL自动切换,对于不会脚本语言的人来说,这无疑是一种脑裂问题;对于mmm,生产环境中很少有人用,且mmm 管理端需要单独运行一台服务器上,要是想实现高可用,就得对mmm管理端做HA,这样无疑又增加了硬件开支;对于共享存储,个人觉得MySQL数据还是放在本地较为安全,存储设备毕竟存在单点隐患。
使用MySQL双master+keepalived是一种非常好的解决方案,在MySQL-HA环境中,MySQL互为主从关系,这样就保证了两台MySQL数据的一致性,然后用keepalived实现虚拟IP,通过keepalived自带的服务监控功能来实现MySQL故障时自动切换。
下面,我把即将上线的一个生产环境中的架构与大家分享一下,看一下这个架构中,MySQL-HA是如何实现的,环境拓扑如下
1
. MySQL
-
VIP:
192.168
.
1.200
2
. MySQL
-
master1:
192.168
.
1.201
3
. MySQL
-
master2:
192.168
.
1.202
4
.
5
. OS版本:CentOS
5.4
6
. MySQL版本:
5.0
.
89
7
. Keepalived版本:
1.1
.
20
一、MySQL master-master配置
1、修改MySQL配置文件
两台MySQL均如要开启binlog日志功能,开启方法:在MySQL配置文件[MySQLd]段中加上log-bin=MySQL-bin选项
两台MySQL的server-ID不能一样,默认情况下两台MySQL的serverID都是1,需将其中一台修改为2即可
2、将192.168.1.201设为192.168.1.202的主服务器
在192.168.1.201上新建授权用户
1
. MySQL
>
grant
replication
slave
on
*
.
*
to
'
replication
'
@
'
%
'
identified
by
'
replication
'
;
2
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.00
sec)
3
.
4
. MySQL
>
show master status;
5
.
+
--
----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
6
.
|
File
|
Position
|
Binlog_Do_DB
|
Binlog_Ignore_DB
|
7
.
+
--
----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
8
.
|
MySQL
-
bin.
000003
|
374
|
|
|
9
.
+
--
----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
10
.
1
row
in
set
(
0.00
sec)
在192.168.1.202上将192.168.1.201设为自己的主服务器
1
. MySQL
>
change master
to
master_host
=
'
192.168.1.201
'
,master_user
=
'
replication
'
,master_password
=
'
replication
'
,master_log_file
=
'
MySQL-bin.000003
'
,master_log_pos
=
374
;
2
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.05
sec)
3
.
4
. MySQL
>
start slave;
5
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.00
sec)
6
.
7
. MySQL
>
show slave status\G
8
.
***************************
1
. row
***************************
9
. Slave_IO_State: Waiting
for
master
to
send event
10
. Master_Host:
192.168
.
1.201
11
. Master_User:
replication
12
. Master_Port:
3306
13
. Connect_Retry:
60
14
. Master_Log_File: MySQL
-
bin.
000003
15
. Read_Master_Log_Pos:
374
16
. Relay_Log_File: MySQL
-
master2
-
relay
-
bin.
000002
17
. Relay_Log_Pos:
235
18
. Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL
-
bin.
000003
19
. Slave_IO_Running: Yes
20
. Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
21
. Replicate_Do_DB:
22
. Replicate_Ignore_DB:
23
. Replicate_Do_Table:
24
. Replicate_Ignore_Table:
25
. Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
26
. Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
27
. Last_Errno:
0
28
. Last_Error:
29
. Skip_Counter:
0
30
. Exec_Master_Log_Pos:
374
31
. Relay_Log_Space:
235
32
. Until_Condition: None
33
. Until_Log_File:
34
. Until_Log_Pos:
0
35
. Master_SSL_Allowed: No
36
. Master_SSL_CA_File:
37
. Master_SSL_CA_Path:
38
. Master_SSL_Cert:
39
. Master_SSL_Cipher:
40
. Master_SSL_Key:
41
. Seconds_Behind_Master:
0
42
.
1
row
in
set
(
0.00
sec)
3、将192.168.1.202设为192.168.1.201的主服务器
在192.168.1.202上新建授权用户
1
. MySQL
>
grant
replication
slave
on
*
.
*
to
'
replication
'
@
'
%
'
identified
by
'
replication
'
;
2
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.00
sec)
3
.
4
. MySQL
>
show master status;
5
.
+
--
----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
6
.
|
File
|
Position
|
Binlog_Do_DB
|
Binlog_Ignore_DB
|
7
.
+
--
----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
8
.
|
MySQL
-
bin.
000003
|
374
|
|
|
9
.
+
--
----------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
10
.
1
row
in
set
(
0.00
sec)
在192.168.1.201上,将192.168.1.202设为自己的主服务器
1
. MySQL
>
change master
to
master_host
=
'
192.168.1.202
'
,master_user
=
'
replication
'
,master_password
=
'
replication
'
,master_log_file
=
'
MySQL-bin.000003
'
,master_log_pos
=
374
;
2
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.05
sec)
3
.
4
. MySQL
>
start slave;
5
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.00
sec)
6
.
7
. MySQL
>
show slave status\G
8
.
***************************
1
. row
***************************
9
. Slave_IO_State: Waiting
for
master
to
send event
10
. Master_Host:
192.168
.
1.202
11
. Master_User:
replication
12
. Master_Port:
3306
13
. Connect_Retry:
60
14
. Master_Log_File: MySQL
-
bin.
000003
15
. Read_Master_Log_Pos:
374
16
. Relay_Log_File: MySQL
-
master1
-
relay
-
bin.
000002
17
. Relay_Log_Pos:
235
18
. Relay_Master_Log_File: MySQL
-
bin.
000003
19
. Slave_IO_Running: Yes
20
. Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
21
. Replicate_Do_DB:
22
. Replicate_Ignore_DB:
23
. Replicate_Do_Table:
24
. Replicate_Ignore_Table:
25
. Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
26
. Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
27
. Last_Errno:
0
28
. Last_Error:
29
. Skip_Counter:
0
30
. Exec_Master_Log_Pos:
374
31
. Relay_Log_Space:
235
32
. Until_Condition: None
33
. Until_Log_File:
34
. Until_Log_Pos:
0
35
. Master_SSL_Allowed: No
36
. Master_SSL_CA_File:
37
. Master_SSL_CA_Path:
38
. Master_SSL_Cert:
39
. Master_SSL_Cipher:
40
. Master_SSL_Key:
41
. Seconds_Behind_Master:
0
42
.
1
row
in
set
(
0.00
sec)
4、MySQL同步测试
如上述均正确配置,现在任何一台MySQL上更新数据都会同步到另一台MySQL,MySQL同步在此不再演示
二、keepalived安装及配置
1、192.168.1.201服务器上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived
1
. #tar zxvf keepalived
-
1.1
.
20
.tar.gz
2
. #cd keepalived
-
1.1
.
20
3
. #.
/
configure
--
prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-164.el5-i686
4
. #make
&&
make install
配置keepalived
我们自己在新建一个配置文件,默认情况下keepalived启动时会去/etc/keepalived目录下找配置文件
1
. #mkdir
/
etc
/
keepalived
2
. #vi
/
etc
/
keepalived
/
keepalived.conf
3
. ! Configuration
File
for
keepalived
4
. global_defs {
5
. notification_email {
6
. luwenju
@live
.cn
7
. }
8
. notification_email_from luwenju
@live
.cn
9
. smtp_server
127.0
.
0.1
10
. smtp_connect_timeout
30
11
. router_id MySQL
-
ha
12
. }
13
.
14
. vrrp_instance VI_1 {
15
. state
BACKUP
#两台配置此处均是BACKUP
16
. interface eth0
17
. virtual_router_id
51
18
. priority
100
#优先级,另一台改为90
19
. advert_int
1
20
. nopreempt #不抢占,只在优先级高的机器上设置即可,优先级低的机器不设置
21
. authentication {
22
. auth_type PASS
23
. auth_pass
1111
24
. }
25
. virtual_ipaddress {
26
.
192.168
.
1.200
27
. }
28
. }
29
.
30
. virtual_server
192.168
.
1.200
3306
{
31
. delay_loop
2
#每个2秒检查一次real_server状态
32
. lb_algo wrr #LVS算法
33
. lb_kind DR #LVS模式
34
. persistence_timeout
60
#会话保持时间
35
. protocol TCP
36
. real_server
192.168
.
1.201
3306
{
37
. weight
3
38
. notify_down
/
usr
/
local
/
MySQL
/
bin
/
MySQL.sh #检测到服务down后执行的脚本
39
. TCP_CHECK {
40
. connect_timeout
10
#连接超时时间
41
. nb_get_retry
3
#重连次数
42
. delay_before_retry
3
#重连间隔时间
43
. connect_port
3306
#健康检查端口
44
. }
45
. }
编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
#vi
/
usr
/
local
/
MySQL
/
bin
/
MySQL.sh
#!
/
bin
/
sh
pkill keepalived
#chmod
+
x
/
usr
/
local
/
MySQL
/
bin
/
MySQL.sh
注:此脚本是上面配置文件notify_down选项所用到的,keepalived使用notify_down选项来检查real_server的服务状态,当发现real_server服务故障时,便触发此脚本;我们可以看到,脚本就一个命令,通过pkill keepalived强制杀死keepalived进程,从而实现了MySQL故障自动转移。另外,我们不用担心两个MySQL会同时提供数据更新操作,因为每台MySQL上的keepalived的配置里面只有本机MySQL的IP+VIP,而不是两台MySQL的IP+VIP
启动keepalived
1
. #
/
usr
/
local
/
keepalived
/
sbin
/
keepalived –D
2
. #ps
-
aux
|
grep keepalived
测试
找一台局域网PC,然后去ping MySQL的VIP,这时候MySQL的VIP是可以ping的通的
停止MySQL服务,看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
2、192.168.1.202上keepalived安装及配置
安装keepalived
1
. #tar zxvf keepalived
-
1.1
.
20
.tar.gz
2
. #cd keepalived
-
1.1
.
20
3
. #.
/
configure
--
prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.18-164.el5-i686
4
. #make
&&
make install
配置keepalived
这台配置和上面基本一样,但有三个地方不同:优先级为90、无抢占设置、real_server为本机IP
1
. #mkdir
/
etc
/
keepalived
2
. #vi
/
etc
/
keepalived
/
keepalived.conf
3
. ! Configuration
File
for
keepalived
4
. global_defs {
5
. notification_email {
6
. luwenju
@live
.cn
7
. }
8
. notification_email_from luwenju
@live
.cn
9
. smtp_server
127.0
.
0.1
10
. smtp_connect_timeout
30
11
. router_id MySQL
-
ha
12
. }
13
.
14
. vrrp_instance VI_1 {
15
. state
BACKUP
16
. interface eth0
17
. virtual_router_id
51
18
. priority
90
19
. advert_int
1
20
. authentication {
21
. auth_type PASS
22
. auth_pass
1111
23
. }
24
. virtual_ipaddress {
25
.
192.168
.
1.200
26
. }
27
. }
28
.
29
. virtual_server
192.168
.
1.200
3306
{
30
. delay_loop
2
31
. lb_algo wrr
32
. lb_kind DR
33
. persistence_timeout
60
34
. protocol TCP
35
. real_server
192.168
.
1.202
3306
{
36
. weight
3
37
. notify_down
/
usr
/
local
/
MySQL
/
bin
/
MySQL.sh
38
. TCP_CHECK {
39
. connect_timeout
10
40
. nb_get_retry
3
41
. delay_before_retry
3
42
. connect_port
3306
43
. }
44
. }
编写检测服务down后所要执行的脚本
1
. #vi
/
usr
/
local
/
MySQL
/
bin
/
MySQL.sh
2
. #!
/
bin
/
sh
3
. pkill keepalived
4
. #chmod
+
x
/
usr
/
local
/
MySQL
/
bin
/
MySQL.sh
5
.
6
. 启动keepalived
7
. #
/
usr
/
local
/
keepalived
/
sbin
/
keepalived –D
8
. #ps
-
aux
|
grep keepalived
测试
停止MySQL服务,看keepalived健康检查程序是否会触发我们编写的脚本
三、测试
MySQL远程登录测试
我们找一台安装有MySQL客户端的windows,然后登录VIP,看是否能登录,在登录之两台MySQL服务器都要授权允许从远程登录
1
. MySQL
>
grant
all
privileges
on
*
.
*
to
'
root
'
@
'
%
'
identified
by
'
123456
'
;
2
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.00
sec)
3
.
4
. MySQL
>
flush
privileges
;
5
. Query OK,
0
rows affected (
0.00
sec)
使用客户端登录VIP测试
1
. C:\MySQL\bin
>
MySQL.exe
-
uroot
-
p123456
-
h192.
168.1
.
200
-
P3306
2
. Welcome
to
the MySQL monitor. Commands
end
with
;
or
\g.
3
. Your MySQL connection id
is
224
4
. Server version:
5.0
.
89
-
log
Source distribution
5
.
6
. Type
'
help;
'
or
'
\h
'
for
help. Type
'
\c
'
to
clear the
current
input statement.
7
.
8
. MySQL
>
● keepalived故障转移测试
※在windows客户端一直去ping VIP,然后关闭192.168.1.201上的keepalived,正常情况下VIP就会切换到192.168.1.202上面去
※开启192.168.1.201上的keepalived,关闭192.168.1.202上的keepalived,看是否能自动切换,正常情况下VIP又会属于192.168.1.201
注:keepalived切换速度还是非常块的,整个切换过程只需1-3秒
● MySQL故障转移测试
※在192.168.1.201上关闭MySQL服务,看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.202上
※开启192.168.1.201上的MySQL和keepalived,然后关闭192.168.1.202上的MySQL,看VIP是否会切换到192.168.1.201上
下面是用windows客户端连接的MySQL的VIP,在切换时我执行了一个MySQL查询命令,从执行show databases到显示出结果时间为3-5秒(大家可以看到上面有个错误提示,不过不用担心,因为我们的keepalived切换大概为3秒左右,这3秒左右VIP是谁都不属于的)
1
. MySQL
>
show databases;
2
. ERROR
2006
(HY000): MySQL server has gone away
3
. No connection. Trying
to
reconnect...
4
. Connection id:
592
5
.
Current
database
:
***
NONE
***
6
.
7
.
+
--
------------------+
8
.
|
Database
|
9
.
+
--
------------------+
10
.
|
information_schema
|
11
.
|
MySQL
|
12
.
|
test
|
13
.
+
--
------------------+
14
.
3
rows
in
set
(
9.01
sec)
后话:世间万事万物,都不具备绝对的完美,就像上面的MySQL-HA一样,keepalived只能做到对3306的健康检查,但是做不到比如像MySQL复制中的slave-SQL、slave-IO进程的检查。所以要想做到一些细致的健康检查,还得需要借助额外的监控工具,比如nagios,然后用nagios实现短信、邮件报警,从而能够有效地解决问题。