动词不定式(infinitive)的用法

动词不定式(infinitive),为非谓语动词。在英语语法中,动词不定式是指动词中的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的一种形式。它之所以被称做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词性变化所局限。

在英语学习的课程中,动词不定式的一般现在时被称作词典用词,因为它一般被用作词典中该动词的词头。

动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。

动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者(动词的使用者)发出。这一使动者(动词的使用者)我们称之为逻辑主语

目录

定义

形式

否定式

作宾语

作补语

"to"不定式

Find 特殊用法

不定式的时态

 

定义

(语态)动词和参与此动作的主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时,称为主动语态;

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:

It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请)

It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语

I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语

Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)

My work is to clean the room every day.(不定式作表语)

There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)

 

形式

1) 一般式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。一般为:动词+ to do something

He seems to know this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。

2) 完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

3)进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

He seems to be eating something.

4)完成进行式:

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

一般在表示情绪的动词后加to do也表将来

 

否定式

Not to do,如:

Tell him not to shut the window…

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。

 

作宾语

1) 以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语

afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到)appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)

举例:

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2 动词+疑问词不定式

decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数

The question is how to put it into practice.

问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

3)复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.

He feels it his duty to help the poor.

I find it difficult to learn English well.

作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

常见动词:adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompeldeclareencourageforbidforce, findhireinduceinstructinvitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge

例句:

a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.

父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b. We believe him to be guilty.

我们相信他是有罪的。

2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。

常见动词:Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

3) to be +形容词

常见动词:Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4) there be+不定式

常见动词:believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

5)秃头不定式作补语

秃头不定式, 即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语宾语补足语)。

用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:

口诀:五看、三使役两听、一感要记住,若是宾补主补,主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明:

五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at;三使役-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listen to;一感-----feel

例句:I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)

 

"to"不定式

在英语中不定式最常用于"to"之后, 例如在 "to walk", "to cry", "to eat", "to fear"中这种用法叫做to-infinitive莎士比亚在著作哈姆雷特的独白时就大量采用了这类不定式动词。

  • To be or not to be ...
  • To sleep, perchance to dream ...

经常跟在to后形成不定式的动词包括:

例如:

  • I arranged to stay the night. ("我已安定好今晚留在这里。")
  • We intend to go skiing this weekend. ("我们打算这个周末去滑雪。")
  • I swear to honour you. ("我发誓为你增光。")
  • He sought to notify them of this new occurrence.

这些有宾词,然后加上有to的不定式的动词包括 (连同以上带有星号的动词): advise, allow, challenge, command, compel, condemn, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, induce, inspire, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, program, remind, teach, tell, train, urge, warn.

有些动词之后加 for + 宾词to-然后不定式. 通常这些动词包含渴望的意思,不能单单在后面加上宾词和不定式 (though an infinitive alone may work). 这些动词包括 apply, arrange, ask, call, clamour, long, opt, plead, press, vote, wait, wish, yearn.

例如:

  • I have arranged for the neighbour to water the plants. 我已安排好邻居给植物给水。
  • I pleaded for him to accompany me to the theatre. 我恳求他陪我去看戏。
  •  

Find 特殊用法

Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有gethave

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

 

不定式的时态

Infinitives in English exist in many aspects. Here is a table showing these different tenses for the verb to cook.

 

主动式

被动式

一般时

(to) cook

(to) be cooked

进行时

(to) be cooking

/

完成时

(to) have cooked

(to) have been cooked

完成进行式

(to) have been cooking

/

 

参考自百度百科,只摘录了部分自己需要的,全部用法请见:

https://baike.baidu.com/item/动词不定式/504666?fr=aladdin#1_13

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