为了使GNU/Linux桌面环境下加载的程序较少以节省内存资源和提高启动时间，我目前并不使用重量级的桌面环境KDE和Gnome，甚至连登录窗界面gdm或xdm都不用，而是直接启动到控制台，登录后调用startx进入X视窗环境。所使用的工具组合列举如下：
- X视窗环境启动：startx
- 窗口管理器：Sawfish
- amixer：系统音量设置
- 键盘与鼠标配置：xmodmap
- 网络管理器：wicd（需删除NetworkManager）
- xscreensaver：屏幕保护程序
- 类似于Windows的底部工具栏：perlpanel
- shutter：截屏工具
- amor：屏幕宠物玩具
- workrave：定时休息、活动提醒工具，用于缓解视疲劳，身体疲劳
- xclock：桌面模拟或数字时钟
- knotes：桌面即时贴
在~/.bashrc中设置音频
首先介绍登录到控制台时，在~/.bashrc中定义的一些环境变量，它们会在启动X Window后，由amixer命令使用，用于系统音量控制。
# Default sound device export DEFAULT_SOUND=numid=3,iface=MIXER,name="'Master Playback Volume'" # Max sound for the two channels supported by the sound card declare -i MAX_SOUND_VOLUME export MAX_SOUND_VOLUME=65536 # Default sound volume percentage for the two channels when starting X window declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40 export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40 # Default sound volume for the two channels when starting X window declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100)) export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100)) # Whether play init sound when starting X window export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1
# Aliases for starting X with or without sound
alias xs="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1; startx"
alias xq="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=0; startx"
针对以上代码解释如下：
1. DEFAULT_SOUND变量包含了指定操作系统ALSA声卡驱动调音器设备的编号与名称。amixer以该值为参数，可以控制相应音频的音量。该设备信息可以在命令行执行amixer contents显示出来，如下所示。可以看出，默认音频设备音量的最小值为0，最大值为65536（2字节），最小调整量为1，当前左、右声道音量值均为17790。
numid=4,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Switch' ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1 : values=on numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume' ; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1 : values=17790,17790 numid=2,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Switch' ; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1 : values=on numid=1,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Volume' ; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1 : values=28174,28174
2. MAX_SOUND_VOLUME变量存储了最大音量值65536。
3. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE与DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE分别为左、右声道的默认音量百分比，目前设为40%。
4. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME与DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME分别为左、右声道的默认音量整数值。
5. STARTX_INIT_SOUND变量为1时，在调用startx进入X Window时，会自动播放欢迎音乐；为0时则不播放。播放命令在~/.xinitrc中设置。
6. 创建了两个aliases，xs为调用startx时播放欢迎音乐，xq则不播放。
设置~/.xinitrc
在控制台登录后，有了~/.bashrc中的设置，就可以调用xs或xq来启动startx进入X Window视窗环境。启动过程中的相关配置与必要程序加载是在~/.xinitrc中设置的。其内容如下：
# Export ibus environment variables export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus # Load NVIDIA configurations nvidia-settings --load-config-only # Load keyboard and mouse configurations xmodmap ~/.xmodmaprc & # Load X server resources xrdb ~/.Xresources & # Load image(s) as desktop wallpaper # set_wallpaper.sh -r 0 -w 1920 -h 1080 -x 1280 -y 0 $picture/wallpapers/sunflower.jpg & set_multi_wallpapers.sh -t 300 & # Set the default sound volume amixer cset numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume' $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME,$DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME & # Play welcome sound: Steve Jobs' speech if [ "$STARTX_INIT_SOUND" = 1 ]; then mplayer $music/speech/steve\ jobs\ in\ harvard\ clip.mp3 < /dev/null > /dev/null & fi # Adjust touchpad pressure sensitivity if [ "$cur_host_name" = "QuantumBoy" ]; then synclient PressureMotionMinZ=8 synclient PressureMotionMaxZ=80 fi # Start window manager sawfish --display=:0
针对以上代码解释如下：
1. 导出ibus输入法相关的环境变量。
2. 执行nvidia-settings加载NVIDIA配置。
3. 使用xmodmap加载键盘与鼠标配置，主要是交换Caps Lock与左Control键，交换鼠标左右键。具体内容参见这里。
4. 使用xrdb加载视窗资源文件~/.Xresources，其中针对不同的程序设置X显示参数，设置光标主题。其内容如下：
Xcursor.theme: oxy-green XClock.Clock.hourColor: red XClock.Clock.minuteColor: green XClock.Clock.minorColor: blue XClock.Clock.majorColor: black
5. 启动set_multi_wallpapers.sh脚本加载动态壁纸，或调用set_wallpaper.sh加载单张壁纸。具体内容参见这里。
6. 使用amixer设置系统默认音量。左右声道的音量值来自环境变量DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME和DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME。
7. 根据环境变量STARTX_INIT_SOUND的值判断是否加播放启动音频。目前，我播放的是乔布斯说的stay hungray、stay foolish那段话。
8. 根据电脑的主机名判断，如果使用的是自己的笔记本电脑ZaReason Ultralap 440的话，则执行synclient命令设置触摸板压力阈值。
9. 最后，启动Sawfish窗口管理器。
Sawfish设置：~/.sawfishrc
Sawfish是一款轻量级的窗口管理器，基于librep库支持使用Lisp语言对其进行配置：包括窗口显示属性，快捷键绑定等。所以，所谓的轻量级实际上是高性能、省资源，但其功能可以通过编程配置得极为强大。下面介绍我在~/.sawfishrc文件对其的配置。其中主要实现的功能有：
1. 将常用程序绑定到指定的快捷上。按下快捷键后，若与其关联的程序未启动，则将其启动并放到前端；若已启动，则将其提升到前端。该功能的实现依赖于jump-or-exec模块。有了这个功能，则无需频繁地使用鼠标在不同的窗口间切换了，非常方便。目前，我绑定的快捷键如下：
- Win+1：命令行终端程序Konsole；
- Win+2：文件管理器Dolphin；
- Win+3：文本编辑器Emacs；
- Win+4：多国语言电子词典Stardict或Goldendict；
- Win+5：网页浏览器Iceweasel，它是Mozilla Firefox在Debian下的名称；
- Win+6：邮件客户端（亦是RSS阅读器、日历、任务管理，类似于微软的Outlook）Icedove，它是Mozilla Thunderbird在Debian下的名称；
- Win+7：办公软件LibreOffice；
- Win+8：图片、照片浏览器Gwenview。该软件比Windows下的图片查看器好很多：可以看GIF动画，亦可以直接看视频；
- Win+9：音频播放器Audacious，播放无损音乐ape、flac的不二之选；
- Win+0：调用tv_nomen.sh脚本程序播放有线电视，参见这里。
以上功能与设置的代码如下。其中的display-close-message函数用于在屏幕上显示已启动程序的名称，给用户以信息反馈，并在指定时间后自动关闭。
;; Load jump-or-exec module
(require 'jump-or-exec)
;; Display a message which can automatically disappear
(defun display-close-message (message seconds &optional attributes)
"display MESSAGE for SECONDS seconds and make the message disappeared.
The default display-message don't close the message window automatically"
(interactive)
(display-message message attributes)
(make-timer
(lambda ()
(display-message)) seconds))
;; KDE terminal konsole
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-1" `(jump-or-exec "^Konsole@"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start KDE terminal..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "konsole &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Dolphin file manager
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-2" `(jump-or-exec "Dolphin$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Dolphin file manager..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "dolphin &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Emacs text editor
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-3" `(jump-or-exec "^Emacs@"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Emacs text editor..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "emacs &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Stardict
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-4" `(jump-or-exec "^StarDict$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Stardict electronic dictionary..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "stardict &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Iceweasel
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-5" `(jump-or-exec "Iceweasel$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Iceweasel web browser..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "iceweasel &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Icedove
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-6" `(jump-or-exec "(Mozilla Thunderbird)|(Icedove)"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Icedove mail and news..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "icedove &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; LibreOffice
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-7" `(jump-or-exec "LibreOffice"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start LibreOffice..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "libreoffice &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Gwenview
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-8" `(jump-or-exec "Gwenview$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Gwenview image viewer..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "gwenview &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Audacious
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-9" `(jump-or-exec "Audacious"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Audacious music player..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "audacious &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; TV
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-0" `(jump-or-exec "MPlayer TV"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start TV..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "tv_nomen.sh &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
2. 在进入X Window时自动加载指定程序，相当于Windows中的自启动项目。目前我加载的程序有：
- ibus输入法；
- 网络管理器wicd-gtk；
- 允许触摸板点击脚本enable_tapbutton.sh（仅在我的ZaReason Ultralap 440笔记本电脑上有效）；
- xscreensaver屏幕保护程序，其中包含了非常酷的屏保特效，我目前使用的是3D骇客帝国；
- 类似于Windows的底部工具栏：perlpanel
- shutter：截屏工具
- amor：屏幕宠物玩具
- workrave：定时休息、活动提醒工具，用于缓解视疲劳，身体疲劳
- xclock：桌面模拟或数字时钟
- knotes：桌面即时贴
相关配置代码如下：
;; Define startup programs
(setq startup-programs
'(
;; Start ibus input method: -x option starts ibus XIM server, -r option
;; replaces existing daemon. In addition, the following environment
;; variables should be set, otherwise, KDE programs cannot use ibus input
;; method.
("ibus-daemon" "-xrd")
;; Start wicd network manager
("wicd-gtk" "-t")
;; Enable touchpad tapping
("enable_tapbutton.sh")
;; Start screensaver
("xscreensaver" "-no-splash")
;; Start panel
("perlpanel")
;; Start Shutter for taking snapshots
("shutter")
;; Start amor toy: white kitty
("amor")
;; Start xclock
("xclock")
;; Start knotes
("knotes")
;; Start workrave
("workrave")))
;; Execute startup programs one by one
(mapc (lambda (program)
(apply start-process (make-process standard-output) program))
startup-programs)
;; Make sure active processes are killed before sawfish exits
(add-hook 'before-exit-hook
(lambda ()
(mapc stop-process (active-processes))))
3. 音量控制：目前音量控制绑定的快捷键如下
- Win+]：运行volume-up-by-ratio，增加音量1%
- Win+[：运行volume-down-by-ratio，减小音量1%
- Win+\：运行toggle-volume-mute，在当静音与当前音量间切换
其所关联的Sawfish函数会调用amixer命令来完成指定的操作。具体可以查阅amixer相关帮助。Sawfish代码如下：
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; System sound volume related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq max-volume (string->number (getenv "MAX_SOUND_VOLUME")))
(setq min-volume 0)
(setq current-left-volume 0)
(setq current-right-volume 0)
(setq left-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq right-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq volume-adjust-ratio-step 0.01)
(setq toggle-mute-flag nil)
;; Get volume for both left and right channels and store them into variables
(defun get-volume()
"Get the volume string"
(interactive)
(let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))
(proc (make-process res-stream))
(res-str)
(res-str-splitted))
(call-process proc nil "/usr/local/bin/scripts/get_volume.sh")
(setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))
(setq res-str-splitted (string-split "," (substring res-str 0 (- (length res-str) 1))))
(setq current-left-volume (string->number (nth 0 res-str-splitted)))
(setq current-right-volume (string->number (nth 1 res-str-splitted)))))
(get-volume)
;; Get volume percentage string
(defun get-volume-percentage-str (vol)
"Get the percentage of the specified volume quantity in string format"
(interactive)
(concat (number->string (round (* (/ vol max-volume) 100))) "%"))
;; Set volume by ratio
(defun set-volume-by-ratio (lft-vol rt-vol)
"Set volume by percentage"
(interactive)
(system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string (* max-volume lft-vol)) "," (number->string (* max-volume rt-vol)) " &"))
(get-volume))
;; Set volume by value
(defun set-volume-by-value (lft-vol rt-vol)
"Set volume by value"
(interactive)
(system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string lft-vol) "," (number->string rt-vol) " &"))
(get-volume))
;; Increase volume by ratio
(defun volume-up-by-ratio (vol)
"Increase volume by ratio"
(interactive)
(let ((tmp-lft-vol)
(tmp-rt-vol))
(get-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol (+ current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))
(setq tmp-rt-vol (+ current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)))
;; Detect if the volume is larger than max-volume
(if (> tmp-lft-vol max-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol max-volume))
(if (> tmp-rt-vol max-volume)
(setq tmp-rt-vol max-volume))
(set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)))
;; Decrease volume by ratio
(defun volume-down-by-ratio (vol)
"Decrease volume by ratio"
(interactive)
(let ((tmp-lft-vol)
(tmp-rt-vol))
(get-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol (- current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))
(setq tmp-rt-vol (- current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)))
;; Detect if the volume is smaller than min-volume
(if (< tmp-lft-vol min-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol min-volume))
(if (< tmp-rt-vol min-volume)
(setq tmp-rt-vol min-volume))
(set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)))
;; Mute volume
(defun volume-mute ()
"Mute system sound"
(interactive)
(set-volume-by-value min-volume min-volume))
;; Unmute volume
(defun volume-unmute ()
"Unmute system sound"
(interactive)
(set-volume-by-value left-volume-before-mute right-volume-before-mute))
;; Full volume
(defun volume-max ()
"Set to max sound volume"
(interactive)
(set-volume-by-value max-volume max-volume))
;; Toggle mute
(defun toggle-volume-mute ()
"Toggle between current sound volume and mute"
(interactive)
(get-volume)
(if (and (= current-left-volume min-volume) (= current-right-volume min-volume))
(if toggle-mute-flag
(progn
(volume-unmute)
(setq toggle-mute-flag nil)
(display-close-message (concat "Sound restored to L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))
(progn
(setq left-volume-before-mute current-left-volume)
(setq right-volume-before-mute current-right-volume)
(volume-mute)
(setq toggle-mute-flag t)
(display-close-message "Mute" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))
;; Increase sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-]" `(progn
(volume-up-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)
(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))
;; Decrease sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-[" `(progn
(volume-down-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)
(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))
;; Toggle sound mute and unmute
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-\\" `(toggle-volume-mute))
以上代码中还用到了自己编写的脚本get_volume.sh用于获取系统当前音量，具体如下：
#!/bin/bash amixer cget $DEFAULT_SOUND | gawk '{if(match($0, /values=([[:digit:]]+,[[:digit:]]+)/, res) != 0) print res[1];}'
4. 关闭与激活屏幕保护程序：看电影的时候就不要启动屏保了，所以需要这样的功能。绑定的快捷键为Win+p。相关配置如下。
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; xscreensaver related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq xscreensaver-enabled t)
(defun enable-xscreensaver ()
"Enable xscreensaver"
(interactive)
(system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver -no-splash &")
(setq xscreensaver-enabled t))
(defun disable-xscreensaver ()
"Disable xscreensaver"
(interactive)
(system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver-command -exit &")
(setq xscreensaver-enabled nil))
(defun toggle-xscreensaver-activation ()
"Activate/deactivate xscreensaver"
(interactive)
(if xscreensaver-enabled
(disable-xscreensaver)
(enable-xscreensaver)))
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-p" `(progn
(toggle-xscreensaver-activation)
(if xscreensaver-enabled
(display-close-message "Screensaver enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)
(display-close-message "Screensaver disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))
5. 关闭与激活触控板按钮（仅对笔记本电脑有效），快捷键为Win+z。相关配置如下：
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Touchpad operation ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; (setq tapbutton-enabled t) ;; Toggle tap button function of the touchpad (bind-keys global-keymap "Super-z" `(progn (system "toggle_tapbutton.sh &") (setq tapbutton-enabled (not tapbutton-enabled)) (if tapbutton-enabled (display-close-message "Tap button enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib) (display-close-message "Tap button disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))
其中调用了自己编写的脚本程序toggle_tapbutton.sh与enable_tapbutton.sh，其内容分别为：
#!/bin/bash script_name="toggle_tapbutton.sh" script_usage=$(cat <<EOF $script_name EOF ) script_function=$(cat <<EOF This script is used to disable/enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad. EOF ) script_doc=$(cat <<EOF -h Display this help. EOF ) script_examples=$(cat <<EOF EOF ) state_prefix="===" warning_prefix="***" error_prefix="!!!" function display_help() { if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; then echo -e "Usage: $script_usage" fi if [ -n "$script_function" ]; then echo -e "$script_function" fi if [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; then echo -e "\n$script_doc" fi if [ -n "$script_examples" ]; then echo -e "\nExamples" echo -e "$script_examples" fi } # Process command options while getopts ":h" opt; do case $opt in h ) display_help exit 0 ;; \? ) display_help exit 1 ;; esac done shift $(($OPTIND - 1)) # Start execute the command if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; then tap1=`synclient -l | grep TapButton1 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]` tap2=`synclient -l | grep TapButton2 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]` tap3=`synclient -l | grep TapButton3 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]` if [ "$tap1" = "0" ] && [ "$tap2" = "0" ] && [ "$tap3" = "0" ]; then enable_tapbutton.sh else disable_tapbutton.sh fi exit 0 fi echo "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"
#!/bin/bash script_name="enable_tapbutton.sh" script_usage=$(cat <<EOF $script_name EOF ) script_function=$(cat <<EOF This script is used to enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad. EOF ) script_doc=$(cat <<EOF -h Display this help. EOF ) script_examples=$(cat <<EOF EOF ) state_prefix="===" warning_prefix="***" error_prefix="!!!" function display_help() { if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; then echo -e "Usage: $script_usage" fi if [ -n "$script_function" ]; then echo -e "$script_function" fi if [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; then echo -e "\n$script_doc" fi if [ -n "$script_examples" ]; then echo -e "\nExamples" echo -e "$script_examples" fi } # Process command options while getopts ":h" opt; do case $opt in h ) display_help exit 0 ;; \? ) display_help exit 1 ;; esac done shift $(($OPTIND - 1)) # Start execute the command if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; then synclient TapButton1=3 synclient TapButton2=1 synclient TapButton3=2 echo "$state_prefix Finger tapping on touchpad has been enabled!" exit 0 fi echo "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"
6. 窗口与桌面操作函数与快捷键：其中一些功能是Sawfish自带的，直接在设置对话窗口中绑定即可。
- Win+e：显示当前窗口信息，包括名称、大小、位置、组编号
;; Display window position and dimension
(defun display-window-paras ()
"Display the position, dimension and group ID of the current window."
(interactive)
(let* ((cur-win (input-focus))
(win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))
(win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))))
(display-message
(concat "Name: " (window-name cur-win) "\n"
"Dimension: " (number->string win-width) "x" (number->string win-height) "\n"
"Position: " (number->string win-x) "x" (number->string win-y) "\n"
"Group ID: " (number->string (window-actual-group-id cur-win)))
alert-msg-attrib)))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-e" `(display-window-paras))
- Win+c：将窗口放置于屏幕（Screen）中心。其中调用了current-head-dimension与current-head-offset，所以可以支持多个显示器。
;; Center to screen
(defun center-to-screen (cur-win)
"Center the current window to the current screen"
(interactive "%f")
(let* ((screen-width (car (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))
(screen-height (cdr (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))
(screen-x (car (current-head-offset cur-win)))
(screen-y (cdr (current-head-offset cur-win)))
(win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))
(win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))))
;; Adjust x position
(if (>= win-width screen-width)
(setq win-x screen-x)
(setq win-x (round (+ (/ (- screen-width win-width) 2) screen-x))))
;; Adjust y position
(if (>= win-height screen-height)
(setq win-y screen-y)
(setq win-y (round (+ (/ (- screen-height win-height) 2) screen-y))))
;; Modify window position
(move-window-to cur-win win-x win-y)))
- Win+f：显示与隐藏窗口边框。在一些电影上可以看到黑客用的电脑程序没有窗口边框。
;; Toggle window type between default and unframed
(defun toggle-window-frame (cur-win)
"Toggle window type between default and unframed"
(interactive)
(if (= (window-type cur-win) 'unframed)
(set-window-type cur-win 'default)
(set-window-type cur-win 'unframed)))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-f" `(toggle-window-frame (input-focus)))
- Win+Ctrl+1~9：将窗口添加到指定组，这就像是在玩星际编队。
;; Window group related functions (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-1" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 1)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-2" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 2)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-3" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 3)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-4" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 4)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-5" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 5)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-6" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 6)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-7" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 7)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-8" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 8)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)))) (bind-keys window-keymap "Super-C-9" `(progn (let ((cur-win (input-focus))) (add-window-to-group cur-win 1) (display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 9)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
- Win+i：最小化窗口
(defun iconify-current-group (cur-win) "Iconify current window group" (interactive "%f") (iconify-group cur-win))
- Win+m：在最大化与窗口当前大小间切换
- Win+Shift+v：将窗口在垂直方向上放大
- Win+Shift+h：将窗口在水平方向上放大
- Win+k：杀掉当前窗口
- Win+t：在窗口提升一层与下降一层间切换
- Win+d：显示桌面
- Win+s：在窗口正常状态与收起状态间切换。所谓的收起即将窗口内容隐藏，只剩下标题栏
- Ctrl+Alt+left, right, up, down：在四个桌面间切换
- Win+left, right, up, down：让当前窗口向不同方向移动直至碰到屏幕边界或另一个窗口的边界
- Win+w：显示所有桌面菜单
- Win+SPC：显示当前窗口菜单
- Win+r：显示Sawfish桌面右键菜单
- Win+a：显示系统应用菜单
- Win+TAB：在窗口间循环
- Win+Ctrl+TAB：在窗口间反向循环
- Win+l：显示窗口列表菜单
- Win+`：执行Sawfish函数
- Ctrl+Alt+r：重启Sawfish
- Ctrl+Alt+q：退出Sawfish
7. 显示笔记本电池信息：调用了acpi命令，快捷键为Win+b，代码如下：
;; Display batter information by calling acpi
(defun display-batter-info ()
"Display batter information by calling acpi"
(interactive)
(let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))
(proc (make-process res-stream))
(res-str))
(call-process proc nil "acpi" "-i" "-b")
(setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))
(display-message res-str alert-msg-attrib)))
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-b" `(display-batter-info))
8. 添加窗口hook（before-add-window-hook）对符合匹配条件的窗口赋以特殊属性，如令其不显示在窗口循环列表中、自启动后保持最大化、指定窗口初始大小、将窗口固定显示在桌面某个位置等。需要用到正则表达式模块rep.regexp匹配字符串，以及sawfish.wm.commands.groups和sawfish.wm.frames模块获取窗口属性。相关配置如下：
(require 'rep.regexp) (require 'sawfish.wm.commands.groups) (require 'sawfish.wm.frames) (defun get-wm-window-type (win) "Get the _NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE property of a window" (interactive) (aref (nth 2 (get-x-property win '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE)) 0)) (defun get-wm-property (win prop) "Get the x window property of a window" (interactive) (nth 2 (get-x-property win prop))) ;; Set LibreOffice Impress window property ;; Remove window frame of LibreOffice Impress window when it is in fullscreen ;; presentation. (add-hook 'before-add-window-hook (lambda (w) (if (and (string-match "^soffice" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (= (get-wm-window-type w) '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_NORMAL)) (set-window-type w 'unframed))) t) ;; Set FreeRDP window property (add-hook 'before-add-window-hook (lambda (w) (if (string-match "^FreeRDP" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)) (progn (set-window-type w 'unframed)))) t) ;; Set xclock window property (add-hook 'before-add-window-hook (lambda (w) (if (string-match "^xclock$" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)) (progn (mark-window-as-dock w) (window-put w 'task-list-skip t) (set-window-type w 'unframed)))) t) ;; Set Audacious window property (add-hook 'before-add-window-hook (lambda (w) (if (string-match "[aA]udacious" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)) (progn (mark-window-as-desktop w) (window-put w 'task-list-skip t)))) t) ;; Set Workrave window property (add-hook 'before-add-window-hook (lambda (w) (if (and (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))) (progn (mark-window-as-dock w) (window-put w 'task-list-skip t)))) t) ;; Set full-window online video window property (played in Iceweasel) (add-hook 'before-add-window-hook (lambda (w) (if (string-match "plugin-container" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)) (progn (maximize-window-fullscreen w))))) ;; Set Wesnoth full-window property (add-hook 'before-add-window-hook (lambda (w) (if (string-match "The Battle for Wesnoth" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)) (progn (set-window-type w 'unframed) (move-window-to w 1280 0)))))
总结
由本文介绍可以看出，通过将GNU/Linux下不同的工具组合起来，如startx、Sawfish、xmodmap、amixer等，便可以实现节省系统资源、高效、方便的桌面操作环境。