英语长难句

I used to be an adventurer like you, then I took an arrow in the knee.
这句话来自《上古卷轴5：天际》,这句话是两句话，使用了then进行连接。

She thought I was talking about her, however, in fact, I was talking about weather.

When he got there, he found, however, that the weather was too bad.

Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to effect.
这一类情况一般都是并列句加插入语

一般会造成好多逗号，并且让一个句子非常复杂的情况：
1：非限制性定语从句
2：同位语从句
3：插入语
4：并列句
5：并列词组
6：状语从句
7：独立主格结构

---

定语后置：
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 在初中阶段我们常见的几种后置定语如下：

　　一、 形容词作复合不定代词的后置定语

　　当被修饰词为复合不定代词something， anything， nothing， everything; somebody， anybody， nobody， everybody; someone， anyone， everyone， no one时，修饰语常位于被修饰的不定代词之后。

　　（1） Do you have anything else to say about it？

　　关于这件事，你还有什么要说的吗？

　　（2） I have something important to tell you.

　　我有些重要的事情要告诉你。

　　（3） Someone important will give the students a lecture on how to learn English well.

　　今天下午，一位重要的人物将给学生们做一场有关如何学好英语的报告。

　　二、 形容词作疑问词的后置定语

　　修饰疑问词what， which， who， whose， whom， when， where， why， how时，修饰语要后置。

　　（1） What important would you like to talk about？

　　你想谈论什么重要的事情？

　　（2） What else would you like to eat？ 你还想吃什么？

　　（3） Where new have they decided to visit？

　　他们决定到哪些没有去过的地方参观？

　　三、 enough作后置定语

　　enough（a.）修饰名词时既可以在名词前，也可以在名词后。

　　（1） We have not enough time （time enough） to do the job.

　　我们没有足够的时间做该工作。

　　（2） They have enough people（people enough）to do the experiment.

　　他们有足够多的人手做这个实验。

　　但enough（adv.）修饰形容词或副词时，须位于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。例如：good enough （足够好的），big enough（够大的），fast enough（够快），carefully enough（足够仔细）。

　　四、 介词短语作后置定语

　　the map on the wall 墙上的地图

　　the bird in the tree 树上的那只小鸟

　　the development of China 中国的发展

　　the way to the school 去学校的路

　　the life in the future 未来的生活

　　五、 动词不定式作后置定语

　　1.在某些名词结构中可用动词不定式作后置定语。

　　（1） He has lots of things to do.他有很多事情要做。

　　（2） Jack needed someone to carry the box.

　　杰克需要人来搬这个箱子。

　　（3） She always the first one to arrive at the school.

　　她总是第一个到达学校。

　　（4） There are a lot of things to do. 有许多事情要做。

　　2. 在某些名词后可用动词不定式作定语。

　　例如： ability， decision， chance， courage， right，

　　determination， promise， ambition， drive， effort， eagerness， failure， movement， need， opportunity， plan， reason， struggle， time， way， wish，等等。

　　（1） I don’t have the courage to tell you the truth.

　　我没有勇气告诉你事实。

　　（2） Does he have the ability to do the work？

　　他有能力干这项工作吗？

　　（3） You have no right to do such a thing！

　　你没有权利做这样的事！

　　（4） I’ll show you my determination to stop smoking.

　　我将向你们表明我戒烟的决心。

　　六、 分词短语作后置定语

　　1. 现在分词短语作后置定语。

　　（1） There is a dog lying on the ground.

　　有只小狗躺在地上。

　　（2） The girl sitting by my side is my sister.

　　坐在我旁边的是我妹妹。

　　（3） Here is a map showing you how to get to the railway station.

　　这儿有一张地图，告诉你怎样去火车站。

　　2. 过去分词短语作后置定语。

　　（1） This is a film directed by Feng Xiaogang.

　　这是一部由冯小刚导演的电影。

　　（2） She is a nurse trained by ourselves.

　　她是我们自己培养的护士。

　　（3） What is the language spoken in Spain？

　　西班牙使用的是什么语言？

　　3. 部分过去分词也可以作后置定语。

　　例如：left， gained， used， offered， discussed， ordered， wounded， injured， concerned， conducted， done， held， arranged， planned， suggested， finished， completed， arrested， given， fallen， constructed， missed，等等。

　　（1） Is there anybody injured？有人负伤吗？

　　（2） The money left is not enough for so many people to live through.

　　剩余的钱不够这么多人用的。

　　（3） She liked all the courses offered.

　　她对所开的课程都很喜欢。

　　（4） The experience gained will be of great value to us.

　　取得的经验将对我们很有价值。

　　七、定语从句作后置定语

　　1. 定语从句作后置定语的构成是：

　　先行词+关系代词/副词+从句。引导定语从句的关联词包括关系代词和关系副词，关系代词有：that，which，whose，who，whom，as，等等。关系副词有：when，where，why，等等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分（可充当主语，宾语，标语等句子成分）。

　　注意：关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时一般可以省略。

　　（1） The student who answered the question was Jack.

　　回答问题的这个学生是杰克。

　　（2） The boy （whom） you are talking to is my brother.

　　在跟你交谈的那个男孩是我的哥哥。

　　2. 关系代词的选用比较复杂，受下列条件的制约：

　　① 要看先行词是指人还是指物。

　　People who take physical exercise live longer.

　　进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。

　　② 要看关系代词在从句中句法功能。

　　I still remember the day when/on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）

　　我仍然记得我哥哥参军的那一天。

　　I still remember the days which/that we spent together.（作宾语）

　　我仍然记得我们在一起度过的日子。

　　I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.（作定语）

　　我想要一间窗户朝向大海的房间。

---

定语从句中that 可以省略的情况
一、关系代词that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
二、当that在从句中作补语时可以省略。
三、在there be 结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be 时，用作主语的关系代词也可省略。
四、当先行词是reason，way，time做状语时可以省略。

---

A dash (—) is not the same as a hyphen.The dash,or a pair of dashes,lets you interrupt a sentence to add emphasis with additional information.Use dashes lightly or you risk creating a breathless,overly informal style.
破折号不同于连字号.使用破折号或成对破折,能够让你通过补充信息来重点解释一个句子.使用破折号可以避免句子过长,让人喘不过气来,也可以避免句子过于通俗化.
Use a dash to emphasize an example,a definition,or a contrast.
使用破折号来强调一个范例,一个定义或者一个对比.
Two of the strongest animals in the jungle—the elephant and gorilla—are vegetarians.
森林里的两种最大的动物—大象和大猩猩—都是素食动物.
Two of the strongest animals in the jungle are vegetarians—the elephant and gorilla.
森林里的两种最大的动物都是素食动物—大象和大猩猩.

---

十句就足够了，多了没有意义

第一句

---

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——even while building materials have changed dramatically.

(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support【that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them】—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )

拆分：
各种修饰：

In order for the structure
介词短语
to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose
achieve是非谓语动词，to achieve引导定语从句
because they are based on physical laws
插入语
that have changed little since people first discovered them
定语从句
even while building materials have changed dramatically
状语从句
主干
architecture employs methods of support
建筑师采用的支持建筑的建造方法
翻译：
为了让建筑的结构达到需要的大小和强度，建筑师使用基于物理定律的建造方法，这些方法自从被发现之后就几乎没有改变，即使建筑材料都已经有了巨大的变换。

type this sentence by myself
In order for structure to achieve the size and strength to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they obey the physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them.

分析，句子结构基本正确，几个单词记不清楚。
architecture
structure

第二句

---

Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes.

　【Fuller devised a type of dance 】[that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies (she wore)], [which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, (sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes)].
　主干
　Fuller devised a type of dance
　富乐设计了一种舞蹈
　定语从句
　that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore
　(舞蹈)专注于所穿的宽松的裙子或者布料灯光以及颜色变化
　先行词 that
　修饰词 dance
　she wore
　修饰词
　skirts or draperies
　非限制性定语从句
　which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms
　主要通过手的动作来保持（裙子或者布料）运动
　先行词
　which
　修饰词
　skirts or draperies
　过去分词做定语
　extended with wands
　（手）有时候会通过藏在衣服里的棍子来达到伸长的效果。
总体翻译：
富乐发明了一种专注于灯光和所穿裙子和布料灯光以及颜色变化的舞蹈，在这种舞蹈中，她主要通过手的运动来保持裙子和布料的移动，有时候手可以通过藏在衣服中的棍子来延长。
这句话的时态问题：
第一个动词是devised 也就是一般过去式，这个词奠定了整句话的时态基调是过去
如果是一般现在时devise 那么整句话就是
Fuller devise a type of dance that focus on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wear, which she keep in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes.
最后连个动词是被动语态， 都省略which are不是过去式，是过去分词做定语，和时态无关。

type this sentence by myself.
Fuller devised a new type of dance which focus on the shifting of lights and color on shirts and clothes she wore, which principally moments controled by her arms, sometimes extended by wands concealed under her costumes.

错误一，color,color可以是复数
其他句式不同但是语法上没有出入

第三句

---

Her dancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts to synthesize form and content.

【Her dancing also attracted the attention】( of French poets and painters of the period), for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, [a nineteenth-century idea (that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit)], and their efforts to synthesize form and content.

主干：
这是两句话
Her dancing also attracted the attention
It(her dancing) appealed to

修饰部分：
(attention) of French poets and painters of the period

后面是三个并列部分
their liking for mystery
their belief in art for art’s sake
and their effort to synthesize form and content
还有一个插入语
a nineteenth-century idea (that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit)
插入语是同位语从句

翻译；
她的舞蹈也吸引了当时的法国诗人和画家的目光，因为他们被这种舞蹈的神秘感吸引，被他们本身对艺术的信仰所吸引（这是一种19世纪的观点：艺术的本身比它的道德或者是教育意义更有价值），还有他们对于综合形式和内容作出的努力所吸引。
评价，充分分析没有问题，翻译很有问题

第四句

---

The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.

The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.

主干：
The ice shelf cores were long enough

修饰：
插入语
with a total length of 215 meters(705 feet)

to penetrate through glacial ice

which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles
and to continue into the clear bubble-free ice
formed from seawater
that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.

也就是说
稍微复杂一点的版本就是
The ice shelf cores were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice and to continue into the clear bubble-free ice

然后再复杂一点
The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters, were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice and to continue into the clear bubble-free ice.
然后再复杂一点
The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters, were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice.
and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to
此时也可以写成：
and continue into the clear bubble-free ice.
第五句

---

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.

Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.
评价，完全没有分析出来，我一开始居然以为这是两个句子。

try again
主干：
(从句)it seems reasonable
修饰：
Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift,
这里的contrary to…是形容词短语做伴随状语
伴随状语
Contrary to the argument (of some )
that (much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians (accidentally marooned (after being lost and adrift)))

this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions (that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals).

第六句

---

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

主干：
两句话
1 early societies ceased to consider certain rites
修饰部分：
essential to their well-being and abandoned them
连词：
nevertheless
2: they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths
修饰部分
that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than their religious usefulness.

第七句

---

For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified–as during wartime–are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively

For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified–as during wartime–are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively
主干：
people are likely to act aggressively, whereas people are less likely to behave aggressively.
修饰：
who believe that aggression is necessary and justified –as during wartime–
定语从句：
其中还包括一个宾语从句和一个插入语
who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified
两个并列定语从句：
其中每个还都包括一个宾语从句

第八句

---

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
分析：
主干：
两句话
Estimates indicate that
but
rates are minimal

修饰部分：
the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron,
宾语从句,从句中包括一个动词不定式表目的状语
unfortunately
插入语
under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in
the region
介词短语做状语，其中还有一个定语从句修饰conditions
of addition to the aquifer
介词短语做定语修饰rates
amounting to about half a centimeter a year
现在分词做伴随状语逻辑主语是rates

第九句

---

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

主干：
the animals were assigned to animals groups
but
paleontologists agree that

修饰部分：
At one time
插入语
present in these fossil beds
限制性定语从句，省略了that,修饰 animals
various modern
形容词词组做定语
all Tommotian fossil represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animals groups.
宾语从句
all Tommotian fossil represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animals groups.
其中在句尾也有一个现在分词做状语，应该是结果状语
逻辑主语是fossil
这里和上一句话一样

第十句

---

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.

Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.
主干：
Hulmut Buechner says that
修饰部分：
Wild life zoologist定语，
in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded timed
插入语，表示状态
“since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.
直接引语
Since the early 1940s
介词短语做状语，而且是插入语
the state has had more deer
这里是现在完成时，has表示时态，动词是had
the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer)
这是独立主格结构
没有谓语，只有动词的分词或者不定式形式
which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period”.
非限制性定语从句，修饰deer

托福原文
原文
无论是什么种类的英语考试，让同学们头痛的事有两个，一个是单词不认识，另一个就是单词都认识，但句子却看不懂。相信只要这两个问题解决了，那所有的英语考试的难度就降低了一大半。
首先就考研的阅读理解来看，我做过很多调查，同学们存在的问题不是找不到题目答案的定位点，而是能找到答案所在的句子，句子的单词也认识，但是这句话却怎么也读不懂，导致费了很大的劲，最终还是功亏一篑，失败在最后一步。其次，长难句分析在翻译中的作用就更毋庸置疑了。考研翻译评分标准就是分段给分，微观扣分。也就是说考生在做考研翻译之前就要做一个句子切分的工作，拆分的依据就是长难句分析的依据。最后，考研作文和长难句也是息息相关的，如果你能准确把握长难句难的原因，那作文何愁写不来长句子呢？
基于此，笔者一直在思考用什么更直白的语言来让学生更快准地把握、分析长难句呢？
一、为什么英语会存在长难句？
这时同学们会思考，汉语为什么不存在读起来就想让人自杀的句子？这要从英语的基本句型开始。
1、名词惹的祸
有名词就会存在修饰成分。名词后可能是of 短语、介词短语、形容词短语、分词、不定式或从句，不管其后是哪种成分，一般情况下，名词后面有一堆东西，这一堆东西一定是修饰或解释这个名词的。
我们最常用的句型就是主谓宾结构。比如说 I love you. 这句话每个人都能读懂，巨简单无比，但是在考研英语中这种句子如果能存在，就说明出题人今年一定是更年期了。
首先，英语中只要存在名词，就会存在修饰名词或解释名词的东西。所以，I 后面可能跟有这些成分.比如 liuxiaoyan，这个东西也是名词，名词后面还可能有修饰或限定成分，比如 who comes from chongqing university. 这个句子中最后一个成分还是名词，又可能存在着修饰限定成分，于是又可能来对chongqing university 做解释，which is the most important universities in china; 这时同学们已经可以自己推出来了，china后面还可能有修饰限定成分。同样的道理，you 后面也可以跟修饰限定成分。这样，一个所谓的长难句就诞生了。
I, liuxiaoyan, who comes from chongqing university, which is the most important universities in china, who is my motherland, love you ，who can make everybody stop to look at you in the street in which there are so many people who …
在这个句子当中，你还能找出I love you 吗？ 所以有了名词的存在就有了这么复杂的限定成分。

2、动词惹的祸
说到动词，首先要明白动词能做什么成份？动词只能做谓语，谓语只能是动词，并且一个句子中谓语不能多，只能有一个，所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成不是动词，如何把一个动词变成不是动词呢？三种变法：A、变成to do（不定式）；B、变成v-ing（现在分词）；C、变成done（过去分词）。

比如说“他来看我”，不能翻译成“he comes see me”；因为这个句子中只有comes 是谓语，所以see，变成了 to see，这就是动词不定式了。再如这句话，beat you is my fault. 显然is 是句子的谓语，所以beat 这个动词就不能作为动词出现了，要把它变成beating或者是to beat。也就是说，由于以上原因，英语中就存在了分词或动词不定式了。也就是说分词和不定式可以做英语句子的任何成分，除了不能作谓语。这也就是英语长难句存在的依据之二。

3、逗号惹的祸
这就要从标点来说起了.在汉语中，逗号完全可以连接两个并列完整的句子。比若说，“我爱你，你爱那条狗”。显然，写到作文中，是没有任何问题的。但是，译成英语：I love you, you love that dog. 是显然存在问题的，因为逗号不能连接两个完全并列的句子。
所以正确说法如下：
A、用连词连接两个并列的句子
I love you ,but you love that dog. 这样就有了英语的并列句，在考研英语中，并列句是个难点也是重点。因为一般来说，有并列的句子，就会考到代词指代或省略。
比如：2002年65题Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 主句是有一个连词and 连接的两个并列的句子，后面的句子就省略了will continue to be rejected.
B、用主从句来解决
逗号不能连接两个并列的句子，那把两个句子变得不并列就可以了，所以两个句子中的一个变成从句也是解决办法。即是：although I love you, you love that dog. (状语从句) 或I love you ,who loves that dog. (定语从句)
C、用分词做状语来解决
逗号不能连接两个并列的句子，那只需要把其中的一个句子变成不是句子就行了。如何把句子变成不是句子？如上所述，只需要把谓语动词变成不是动词就可以了。于是，把前面句子中的love 变成loving 就搞定了。即是：my loving you , you love that dog.
综上所述，由于逗号的原因，我们就有了并列句、从句和分词或动词不定式作状语。

二、如何分析长难句？
知道了为什么会有长难句，那么我们就要知道如何分析这些句子的成分。首先，纠正一下同学们分析长难句的误区。那就是拿到一个句子时不要上来就开始读，读完就开始一个一个词地来翻译，这不叫句子分析，而是字字对译。
根据上面第一部分的分析和总结，分析长难句首先需要寻找下面几个点：

1、寻找谓语动词
找到了谓语动词，就说明有句子存在。首先，如何寻找谓语动词呢？很简单，有时态的动词就一定是谓语。然后，顺着谓语动词往前找，如果有引导词存在，说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句，再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句：
A、如果引导词前是个名词，那就根据情况区别是定语从句还是同位语从句；
B、如果引导词前是实意动词，那就说明这个从句是宾语从句；
C、如果引导词前面是系动词，那就说明这个从句是表语从句；
D、如果其前面是状语从句的引导词，那就说明这是个状语从句；
如果顺着谓语动词往前找，却没有引导词存在，那说明这是主句的谓语动词，那它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语。
例如：2005年48题 This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
该句中的谓语动词已经用蓝色体标出来。Demonstrates 前面没有引导词，它就是主句的谓语动词；is 前有引导词that，且that 前是实意动词，所以这是宾语从句；show前有引导词that，其前是名词fact，且that在从句中显然做主语，所以这里有一个that引导的定语从句；最后一个动词是took，其前也存在着that，且that前是实意动词，所以took 所在的句子是宾语从句。综上，本题主句是一个主谓宾结构，并且宾语中又有一个定语从句和宾语从句。

2、寻找并列连词
常见的并列连词有and, but, yet, or, so, for ,not only…but also… 看到这批单词，一般就有并列结构存在，并且很可能存在着省略问题。
Eg：2002年64题They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
并列连词如上已经标出，显然第一个and 前后的两个句子是完全并列的；后面的and 前后两句话也应该是并列的，并且其前的谓语动词前有引导词in which，in which 前又是个名词，所以这是由and 引导的两个定语从句。因为存在并列，所以第二个定从和第一个相比，少了in which a person is .
综上，本句话是由第一个and 连接的两个并列的句子，并且两个句子都是主谓表结构。且and 后面的句子中还有一个and引导的两个并列定语从句，共同修饰practices.

3、寻找引导词
什么是从句？从句就是句子前面有一个引导词。所以找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句（前面已做过讲解此处不再讲述）
Eg：2005年65题Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
如上，引导词已经标注出来，which 前面是名词determinism 名词，并且which在从句中做主语，显然这是个定语从句，修饰其前的名词。第二个引导词that 前面是实意动词 state，所以这是个宾语从句。最后的引导词that 前有并列连词and，显然后两个that 从句是完全并列的宾语从句。 所以该句是个简单的主谓宾结构，宾语的最后一个单词是名词，存在一个定语从句，定语从句中又有两个并列的宾语从句。

4、寻找名词
一般的长句子中，名词后只要不是谓语动词，一般都有修饰限定成分，即定语或同位语。也就是说，我们只要能寻找到名词，其后的东西就确定是修饰或解释前面的名词的。
Eg：2001年73题 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
如上，分析各个名词，第一个名词pearson 后显然是谓语动词；第二个名词work 后面of短语显是然修饰work 的；第三个名词后也有修饰成分；calendar 后从句也是修饰该名词的； 最后，两个并列的名词后仍然是修饰名词的。那如果把所有修饰名词的动词划去，句子的主干就显示出来了：Pearson has pieced together the work to produce a calendar. 除了以上四个主要分析长难句的切入点以外，其实我们还应当注意两点。

5、寻找动词不定式和分词
如上所述，动词只能做谓语，不做谓语的动词要变成不是动词，即分词和不定式；那就意味着分词和不定式虽然表达的意义不同，但是其在句子中所做的成分是完全一样的。也就是说，分词和不定式除了不能做谓语以外，任何成分都可以充当。

6、寻找介词
有介词一般都会有介词短语，在句子中充当表语、定语、状语等。
三、小结
当同学们看到长难句时，一定按照我们的讲解寻找相应的提示线索，不要不分主次地翻译。当然，长难句的解决不但要有好的方法，更要注意自己单词量的积累和基本英语语法问题的解决，这是个基础加方法的长期练习和背诵的过程，希望大家在学习长难句时擅长总结和复习，才会有很快的提高。