django 微信公众号开发 - 获取授权绑定用户微信 openid

流程稍微有点复杂，但是这个比较重要，通过授权获得用户 openid 才能进行给用户主动推送消息等功能。

特别注意：这个必须要微信公众号（个人的订阅号不能用这个功能）进行了微信认证才能使用。还有回调域名需要是 https 的，现在有地方可以申请到免费 https 证书，可以参考我的这篇文章百度智能云免费 SSL 证书的申请与部署（nginx HTTPS 配置，http 请求重定向）

数据库（Model）建立保存用户 openid 的字段

因为我们让用户授权的目的就是得到 openid，获得 openid 后要存到数据库中，并和用户建立对应关系。

我用的是 django 自带的用户系统，官方推荐建立一个自定义的 UserProfile 之类的 Model 保存用户相关信息。

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User


class UserProfile(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True, default=None)
    openid = models.CharField("微信 openid", max_length=32)

openid 的长度貌似是 28 位，这里定义的最大长度 32 应该够用。

参考

跳转到用户授权页面

这个页面是微信的页面，需要我们加上参数，让用户跳转过去，url 是

https://open.weixin.qq.com/connect/oauth2/authorize?appid=APPID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&response_type=code&scope=SCOPE&state=STATE#wechat_redirect

appid 去公众号平台 - > 开发 -> 基本配置里找。

redirect_uri 是成功以后的回调地址，是你自己的一个 url，要通过 urlEncode 进行编码

response_type 写 code

scope 可选填 snsapi_base 或 snsapi_userinfo

state 非必填，所以直接不加这个参数了

关于 python 的 urlEncode 可以使用：

import urllib.parse
s='https://xxx.com/api/weixin_bind_callback/'
urllib.parse.quote(s)

结果是：'https%3A//xxx.com/api/weixin_bind_callback/'

它没有处理斜杠，添加一个 safe 参数就可以处理斜杠了

import urllib.parse
s='https://xxx.com/api/wexin_bind_callback/'
urllib.parse.quote(s, safe='')

结果是：'https%3A%2F%2Fxxx.com%2Fapi%2Fwexin_bind_callback%2F'

我的这个 url 的最终结果是：

https://open.weixin.qq.com/connect/oauth2/authorize?appid=XXXX&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2FXXXX.com%2Fweixin%2Fbind%2Fcallback%2F&response_type=code&scope=snsapi_userinfo#wechat_redirect

用户授权后通过 code 获取 access_token

下面的逻辑要写在上面给用户访问的 url 里的回调的页面里。

请求 url 是：

https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth2/access_token?appid=APPID&secret=SECRET&code=CODE&grant_type=authorization_code

APPID 和 secret 去公众号平台 - > 开发 -> 基本配置里找。

code 是返回的 code

grant_type 就写 authorization_code

这里需要使用 http 客户端库，例如 python3 的 requests 或者 python2 的 urllib2，请求微信的接口

python3 的例子：

import requests
APPID = ''
secret = ''

r = requests.get('https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth2/access_token?appid=APPID&secret=SECRET&code=CODE&grant_type=authorization_code')

请求结果是：

{
  "access_token":"ACCESS_TOKEN",
  "expires_in":7200,
  "refresh_token":"REFRESH_TOKEN",
  "openid":"OPENID",
  "scope":"SCOPE" 
}

这时候需要再发起一次请求才能得到用户的信息。

这次的请求 url：

https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/userinfo?access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN&openid=OPENID&lang=zh_CN

这个返回的结果是：

{   
  "openid":" OPENID",
  "nickname": NICKNAME,
  "sex":"1",
  "province":"PROVINCE",
  "city":"CITY",
  "country":"COUNTRY",
  "headimgurl":       "http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/g3MonUZtNHkdmzicIlibx6iaFqAc56vxLSUfpb6n5WKSYVY0ChQKkiaJSgQ1dZuTOgvLLrhJbERQQ4eMsv84eavHiaiceqxibJxCfHe/46",
  "privilege":[ "PRIVILEGE1" "PRIVILEGE2"     ],
  "unionid": "o6_bmasdasdsad6_2sgVt7hMZOPfL"
}

最终的 view 是：

def weixinbind_callback(request):
    code = request.GET.get('code')
    state = request.GET.get('state')
    # print(code, state)
    APPID = 'xxxxxx'
    secret = 'xxxxx'
    r = requests.get(
        'https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth2/access_token?appid=%s&secret=%s&code=%s&grant_type=authorization_code' % (APPID, secret, code)
    )
    print(r.text)
    d = json.loads(r.text)
    # {
    #   "access_token":"ACCESS_TOKEN",
    #   "expires_in":7200,
    #   "refresh_token":"REFRESH_TOKEN",
    #   "openid":"OPENID",
    #   "scope":"SCOPE"
    # }
    r = request.get(
        'https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/userinfo?access_token=%s&openid=%s&lang=zh_CN' % (d['access_token'], d['openid'])
    )
    # print(r.text)
    dd = json.load(r.text)
    # {
    #   "openid":" OPENID",
    #   "nickname": NICKNAME,
    #   "sex":"1",
    #   "province":"PROVINCE",
    #   "city":"CITY",
    #   "country":"COUNTRY",
    #   "headimgurl":       "http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/g3MonUZtNHkdmzicIlibx6iaFqAc56vxLSUfpb6n5WKSYVY0ChQKkiaJSgQ1dZuTOgvLLrhJbERQQ4eMsv84eavHiaiceqxibJxCfHe/46",
    #   "privilege":[ "PRIVILEGE1" "PRIVILEGE2"     ],
    #   "unionid": "o6_bmasdasdsad6_2sgVt7hMZOPfL"
    # }
    request.user.userprofile.openid = dd['openid']
    request.user.userprofile.nickname = dd['nickname']
    request.user.userprofile.wsex = dd['sex']
    request.user.userprofile.province = dd['province']
    request.user.userprofile.city = dd['city']
    request.user.userprofile.country = dd['country']
    request.user.userprofile.headimgurl = dd['headimgurl']
    request.user.userprofile.privilege = dd['privilege']
    request.user.userprofile.unionid = dd['unionid']
    request.user.userprofile.save()
    return HttpResponseRedirect('/weixin/')

添加回调域名

到公众号平台设置-> 公众号设置 -> 功能设置 -> 网页授权域名的配置选项中，把刚刚的回调的 url 的域名添加上，有一个认证文件。

他说要把文件传到服务器上，但是这个对于 django 不太方便，可以直接写一个 view 返回这个文件内容就可以了，我直接放到 urls 文件里了。

from django.urls import path
from django.http import HttpResponse

def weixin_verify(request):
    return HttpResponse('PJRLUusp1NXyuD70')



urlpatterns = [
    # 微信开发
    path('weixin/', account.views.weixin_page),
    path('weixin/bind/', account.views.weixinbind),
    path('weixin/bind/callback/', account.views.weixinbind_callback),
    path('MP_verify_PJRLUusp1NXyuD70.txt', weixin_verify),


]

最终代码总览

urls.py

from django.urls import path
from django.http import HttpResponse

def weixin_verify(request):
    return HttpResponse('PJRLUusp1NXyuD70')

urlpatterns = [
    # 微信开发
    path('weixin/', account.views.weixin_page),
    path('weixin/bind/', account.views.weixinbind),
    path('weixin/bind/callback/', account.views.weixinbind_callback),
    path('MP_verify_PJRLUusp1NXyuD70.txt', weixin_verify),


]

views.py

import requests
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
import time
import json


def weixin_page(request):
    return render(request, 'weixin_index.html')


def weixinbind(request):
    return HttpResponseRedirect('https://open.weixin.qq.com/connect/oauth2/authorize?appid=XXXXX&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2FXXXXX.com%2Fweixin%2Fbind%2Fcallback%2F&response_type=code&scope=snsapi_userinfo#wechat_redirect')


def weixinbind_callback(request):
    code = request.GET.get('code')
    state = request.GET.get('state')
    print(code, state)
    APPID = 'xxxxx'
    secret = 'xxxxx'
    r = requests.get(
        'https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth2/access_token?appid=%s&secret=%s&code=%s&grant_type=authorization_code' % (APPID, secret, code)
    )
    print(r.text)
    d = json.loads(r.text)
    # {
    #   "access_token":"ACCESS_TOKEN",
    #   "expires_in":7200,
    #   "refresh_token":"REFRESH_TOKEN",
    #   "openid":"OPENID",
    #   "scope":"SCOPE"
    # }
    r = requests.get(
        'https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/userinfo?access_token=%s&openid=%s&lang=zh_CN' % (d['access_token'], d['openid'])
    )
    print(r.content)
    dd = json.loads(r.content.decode('utf8'))
    # {
    #   "openid":" OPENID",
    #   "nickname": NICKNAME,
    #   "sex":"1",
    #   "province":"PROVINCE",
    #   "city":"CITY",
    #   "country":"COUNTRY",
    #   "headimgurl":       "http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/g3MonUZtNHkdmzicIlibx6iaFqAc56vxLSUfpb6n5WKSYVY0ChQKkiaJSgQ1dZuTOgvLLrhJbERQQ4eMsv84eavHiaiceqxibJxCfHe/46",
    #   "privilege":[ "PRIVILEGE1" "PRIVILEGE2"     ],
    #   "unionid": "o6_bmasdasdsad6_2sgVt7hMZOPfL"
    # }
    request.user.userprofile.openid = dd['openid']
    request.user.userprofile.nickname = dd['nickname']
    request.user.userprofile.wsex = dd['sex']
    request.user.userprofile.province = dd['province']
    request.user.userprofile.city = dd['city']
    request.user.userprofile.country = dd['country']
    request.user.userprofile.headimgurl = dd['headimgurl']
    request.user.userprofile.privilege = json.dumps(dd['privilege'])
    #request.user.userprofile.unionid = dd['unionid']
    request.user.userprofile.refresh_token_time = time.time()
    request.user.userprofile.save()
    return HttpResponseRedirect('/weixin/')

models.py

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

class UserProfile(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True, default=None)
    # 微信开发
    openid = models.CharField("微信 openid", max_length=32, default='')
    nickname = models.CharField("微信昵称", max_length=256, default='')
    wsex = models.CharField("微信性别", max_length=3, default='')
    province = models.CharField("微信省份", max_length=50, default='')
    city = models.CharField("微信城市", max_length=50, default='')
    country = models.CharField("微信国家", max_length=50, default='')
    headimgurl = models.CharField("微信头像", max_length=200, default='')
    privilege = models.CharField("微信权限", max_length=3, default='')
    unionid = models.CharField("微信 unionid", max_length=32, default='')
    refresh_token = models.CharField("微信 refresh_token", max_length=512, default='')
    refresh_token_time = models.IntegerField(default=0)

html 部分省略了

错误解决

微信登录失败 redirect_uri域名与后台配置不一致，错误码10003

到公众号平台设置-> 公众号设置 -> 功能设置 -> 网页授权域名的配置选项中，修改授权回调域名。

见上文添加回调域名。

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django 微信公众号开发 - 获取授权 绑定用户微信 openid