create database [if not exists] 库名;
drop databases [if exists] 库名;
drop database if exists 旧库名;
create database 新库名;
mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018';
+-------------------------+
| Database (javacode2018) |
+-------------------------+
| javacode2018 |
+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> drop database if exists javacode2018;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create database javacode2018;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
show databases like ‘javacode2018’;列出javacode2018库信息。
create table 表名(
字段名1 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'],
字段名2 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'],
字段名3 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明']
)[表的一些设置];
注意:
在同一张表中,字段名不能相同
宽度和约束条件为可选参数,字段名和类型是必须的
最后一个字段后不能加逗号
类型是用来限制 字段 必须以何种数据类型来存储记录
类型其实也是对字段的约束(约束字段下的记录必须为XX类型)
类型后写的 约束条件 是在类型之外的 额外添加的约束
约束说明
not null:标识该字段不能为空
mysql> create table test1(a int not null comment '字段a');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test1 values (null);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null
mysql> insert into test1 values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1;
+---+
| a |
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
**default value:**为该字段设置默认值,默认值为value
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test2;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> create table test2(
-> a int not null comment '字段a',
-> b int not null default 0 comment '字段b'
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into test2(a) values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select *from test2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 0 |
+---+---+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面插入时未设置b的值,自动取默认值0
**primary key:**标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录,插入重复的会报错
两种写法,如下:
方式1:跟在列后,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table test3(
-> a int not null comment '字段a' primary key
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'
方式2:在所有列定义之后定义,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table test4(
-> a int not null comment '字段a',
-> b int not null default 0 comment '字段b',
-> primary key(a)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,2);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'
插入重复的值,会报违法主键约束
方式2支持多字段作为主键,多个之间用逗号隔开,语法:primary key(字段1,字段2,字段n),示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test7;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test7(
-> a int not null comment '字段a',
-> b int not null comment '字段b',
-> PRIMARY KEY (a,b)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql>
mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'PRIMARY'
foreign key:为表中的字段设置外键
语法:foreign key(当前表的列名) references 引用的外键表(外键表中字段名称)
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test6;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test5(
-> a int not null comment '字段a' primary key
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test6(
-> b int not null comment '字段b',
-> ts5_a int not null,
-> foreign key(ts5_a) references test5(a)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test5 (a) values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (2,2);
ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`javacode2018`.`test6`, CONSTRAINT `test6_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`ts5_a`) REFERENCES `test5` (`a`))
说明:表示test6中ts5_a字段的值来源于表test5中的字段a。
注意几点:
两张表中需要建立外键关系的字段类型需要一致
要设置外键的字段不能为主键
被引用的字段需要为主键
被插入的值在外键表必须存在,如上面向test6中插入ts5_a为2的时候报错了,原因:2的值在test5表中不存在
unique key(uq):标识该字段的值是唯一的
支持一个到多个字段,插入重复的值会报违反唯一约束,会插入失败。
定义有2种方式。
方式1:跟在字段后,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test8(
-> a int not null comment '字段a' unique key
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a'
方式2:所有列定义之后定义,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test9;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test9(
-> a int not null comment '字段a',
-> unique key(a)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a'
方式2支持多字段,多个之间用逗号隔开,语法:primary key(字段1,字段2,字段n),示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test10;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test10(
-> a int not null comment '字段a',
-> b int not null comment '字段b',
-> unique key(a,b)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'a'
auto_increment:标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test11;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test11(
-> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '字段a',
-> b int not null comment '字段b'
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test11;
+---+----+
| a | b |
+---+----+
| 1 | 10 |
| 2 | 20 |
+---+----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
字段a为自动增长,默认值从1开始,每次+1
关于自动增长字段的初始值、步长可以在mysql中进行设置,比如设置初始值为1万,每次增长10
注意:
自增长列当前值存储在内存中,数据库每次重启之后,会查询当前表中自增列的最大值作为当前值,如果表数据被清空之后,数据库重启了,自增列的值将从初始值开始
我们来演示一下:
mysql> delete from test11;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test11;
+---+----+
| a | b |
+---+----+
| 3 | 10 |
+---+----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面删除了test11数据,然后插入了一条,a的值为3,执行下面操作:
删除test11数据,重启mysql,插入数据,然后看a的值是不是被初始化了?如下:
mysql> delete from test11;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test11;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
C:\Windows\system32>net stop mysql
mysql 服务正在停止..
mysql 服务已成功停止。
C:\Windows\system32>net start mysql
mysql 服务正在启动 .
mysql 服务已经启动成功。
C:\Windows\system32>mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: *******
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.25-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use javacode2018;
Database changed
mysql> select * from test11;
Empty set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test11 (b) value (100);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test11;
+---+-----+
| a | b |
+---+-----+
| 1 | 100 |
+---+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
drop table [if exists] 表名;
alter table 表名 rename [to] 新表名;
alter table 表名 comment '备注信息';
create table 表名 like 被复制的表名;
如:
mysql> create table test12 like test11;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from test12;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create table test12;
+--------+-------+
| Table | Create Table
+--------+-------+
| test12 | CREATE TABLE `test12` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段b',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
create table 表名 [as] select 字段,... from 被复制的表 [where 条件];
如:
mysql> create table test13 as select * from test11;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from test13;
+---+-----+
| a | b |
+---+-----+
| 1 | 100 |
+---+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
表结构和数据都过来了。
alter table 表名 add column 列名 类型 [列约束];
示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test14;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> create table test14(
-> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '字段a'
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> alter table test14 add column b int not null default 0 comment '字段b';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table test14 add column c int not null default 0 comment '字段c';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into test14(b) values (10);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test14; c
+---+----+---+
| a | b | c |
+---+----+---+
| 1 | 10 | 0 |
+---+----+---+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
alter table 表名 modify column 列名 新类型 [约束];
或者
alter table 表名 change column 列名 新列名 新类型 [约束];
2种方式区别:modify不能修改列名,change可以修改列名
我们看一下test14的表结构:
mysql> show create table test14;
+--------+--------+
| Table | Create Table |
+--------+--------+
| test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b',
`c` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段c',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
我们将字段c名字及类型修改一下,如下:
mysql> alter table test14 change column c d varchar(10) not null default '' comment '字段d';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show create table test14; ;;
+--------+--------+
| Table | Create Table |
+--------+--------+
| test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b',
`d` varchar(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '字段d',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
alter table 表名 drop column 列名;
示例:
mysql> alter table test14 drop column d;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show create table test14;
+--------+--------+
| Table | Create Table |
+--------+--------+
| test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a',
`b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b',
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+--------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)