HashTable继承关系如下：
HashTable是一个线程安全的【键-值对】存储结构。其存储结构和HashMap相同，参考这里。
1. HashTable定义了一个类型为Entry
/**
* The hash table data.
*/
private transient Entry[] table; 类型Entry
/**
* Hashtable bucket collision list entry
*/
private static class Entry implements Map.Entry {
int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Entry next;
} 由Entry
key表示键，即存入map的键值
value表示值，即存入map的值
next表示下一个Entry节点
hash表示key的哈希值。
那么，table的图示为：
2. HashTable定义了count值来表示HashTable中元素的个数
/**
* The total number of entries in the hash table.
*/
private transient int count;
由于所有对count值进行操作的方法都是线程安全的，所以count可以精确表示HashTable中元素的个数。（在HashMap中，size()方法是不精确的）
有了精确的count值，求size() / isEmpty() 就比较简单了。
/**
* Returns the number of keys in this hashtable.
*
* @return the number of keys in this hashtable.
*/
public synchronized int size() {
return count;
}
/**
* Tests if this hashtable maps no keys to values.
*
* @return true if this hashtable maps no keys to values;
* false otherwise.
*/
public synchronized boolean isEmpty() {
return count == 0;
}
注意： 这些方法都带有synchronized关键字。
3. HashTable同样定义了
threshold: hashtable的重新扩容的阈值，一般值为(int)(capacity * loadFactor)。二般情况下是什么值呢？就是当HashTable的table数组的大小已经超过Integer最大值-8时，rehash的时候不在扩大table数组的大小，而是将threshold值放到最大。
loadFactor: 负载因子，默认是0.75f
modCount: 修改次数
代码如下：
/**
* The table is rehashed when its size exceeds this threshold. (The
* value of this field is (int)(capacity * loadFactor).)
*
* @serial
*/
private int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hashtable.
*
* @serial
*/
private float loadFactor;
/**
* The number of times this Hashtable has been structurally modified
* Structural modifications are those that change the number of entries in
* the Hashtable or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
* rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
* the Hashtable fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).
*/
private transient int modCount = 0;
3. HashTable默认构造函数为
/**
* Constructs a new, empty hashtable with a default initial capacity (11)
* and load factor (0.75).
*/
public Hashtable() {
this(11, 0.75f);
}
为什么初始容量为11 ？？
其中， this()调用了
/**
* Constructs a new, empty hashtable with the specified initial
* capacity and the specified load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity of the hashtable.
* @param loadFactor the load factor of the hashtable.
* @exception IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is less
* than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositive.
*/
public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor);
if (initialCapacity==0)
initialCapacity = 1;
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
// 初始化table数组变量
table = new Entry[initialCapacity];
// 求threshold的值
threshold = (int)Math.min(initialCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
initHashSeedAsNeeded(initialCapacity);
}
4. hash()方法
private int hash(Object k) {
// hashSeed will be zero if alternative hashing is disabled.
return hashSeed ^ k.hashCode();
}
5. put()方法，使用了synchronized方法修饰
/**
* Maps the specified key to the specified
* value in this hashtable. Neither the key nor the
* value can be null.
*
* The value can be retrieved by calling the get method
* with a key that is equal to the original key.
*
* @param key the hashtable key
* @param value the value
* @return the previous value of the specified key in this hashtable,
* or null if it did not have one
* @exception NullPointerException if the key or value is
* null
* @see Object#equals(Object)
* @see #get(Object)
*/
public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
// Make sure the value is not null
if (value == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
// Makes sure the key is not already in the hashtable.
Entry tab[] = table;
int hash = hash(key);
// 在HashMap中，求一个key的索引位置是只用的hash & (tab.length-1)
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
// 如果已经包含了该key，更新value，并返回旧的value
for (Entry e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
V old = e.value;
e.value = value;
return old;
}
}
modCount++;
// 如果HashTable中元素的个数已经超过了阈值threshold，需要对HashTable扩容，从新hash
if (count >= threshold) {
// Rehash the table if the threshold is exceeded
rehash();
tab = table;
hash = hash(key);
index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
}
// Creates the new entry. 这里同样是在链表头部插入元素，将当前链表的第一个节点作为新节点的下一个元素
Entry e = tab[index];
tab[index] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
// 元素个数加1
count++;
return null;
}
6. rehash()，HashTable是如何进行rehash的呢？
/**
* Increases the capacity of and internally reorganizes this
* hashtable, in order to accommodate and access its entries more
* efficiently. This method is called automatically when the
* number of keys in the hashtable exceeds this hashtable's capacity
* and load factor.
*/
protected void rehash() {
int oldCapacity = table.length;
Entry[] oldMap = table;
// overflow-conscious code
// oldCapacity左移1位，扩大2倍，可能会溢出
int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) {
if (oldCapacity == MAX_ARRAY_SIZE)
// Keep running with MAX_ARRAY_SIZE buckets
return;
newCapacity = MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
// 创建新的table，大小为newCapacity
Entry[] newMap = new Entry[newCapacity];
modCount++;
threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
boolean rehash = initHashSeedAsNeeded(newCapacity);
// 更新table数组，为新的newMap
table = newMap;
// 遍历oldMap，迁移到新的newMap中
// oldMap数组的长度为oldCapacity
for (int i = oldCapacity ; i-- > 0 ;) {
for (Entry old = oldMap[i] ; old != null ; ) {
Entry e = old;
old = old.next;
if (rehash) {
e.hash = hash(e.key);
}
int index = (e.hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % newCapacity;
e.next = newMap[index];
newMap[index] = e;
}
}
}
7. get()方法比较简单
(a). 根据key，求出hash值
(b). 根据hash值求出key所在的table的索引index，可以定位到链表的第一个元素
(c). 遍历链表娶老婆（元素）， 娶不到返回null
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*
* More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
* {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key.equals(k))},
* then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns
* {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.)
*
* @param key the key whose associated value is to be returned
* @return the value to which the specified key is mapped, or
* {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified key is null
* @see #put(Object, Object)
*/
public synchronized V get(Object key) {
Entry tab[] = table;
int hash = hash(key);
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
for (Entry e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
return e.value;
}
}
return null;
}
8. remove()，最后再来学习下remove()方法
/**
* Removes the key (and its corresponding value) from this
* hashtable. This method does nothing if the key is not in the hashtable.
*
* @param key the key that needs to be removed
* @return the value to which the key had been mapped in this hashtable,
* or null if the key did not have a mapping
* @throws NullPointerException if the key is null
*/
public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
Entry tab[] = table;
int hash = hash(key);
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
// 和get方法类似，同样是先获取到key对应的链表tab[index]
// 然后遍历链表，移除元素
for (Entry e = tab[index], prev = null ; e != null ; prev = e, e = e.next) {
// prev -> e ，prev是e的下一个元素，e就是要删除的元素
if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
modCount++;
if (prev != null) {
prev.next = e.next;
} else {
tab[index] = e.next;
}
// count个数减1
count--;
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = null;
return oldValue;
}
}
return null;
}
HashTable的线程安全是使用synchronized关键字实现的，因此效率不高，所以在多线程环境下，推荐使用ConcurrentHashMap。