第二部分 句法
考点二十一表语从句
[if !supportLists]一、[endif]定义
在句中作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
二、引导表语从句的关联词的种类
(1)从属连词that。在从句中不做成分。
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
The reason was that he was late for school.
(2)从属连词whether,as,as if。
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
The question is whether they will be able to help us.
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句。
注：能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look，sound等。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. (3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever在表语从句中做主语、宾语等。
The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
(4)连接副词where, when, how, why。
What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。
This is where they once lived. 这就是他们曾经住过的地方。 That is why he didn't come here.
The question is how he did it.
(5)连词because可引导表语从句。
That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我.(That's because...强调原因)
That's why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(That's why...强调结果)
(6)在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。
考点二十二同位语从句
一、同位语从句在句中的位置
1. 一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词（如news，idea，fact，promise，hope，message等）的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
I've come from Mr Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.
2. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.
The story goes that he failed in the College Entrance Examinations again.
二、同位语从句连接词的选用
在英语中，引导同位语从句的词通常有连词（that，who，whether），连接副词（how，when，where）等。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
【注意】在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
◆ that引导的同位语从句
有些名词的后面可以接that引导的同位语从句，这些名词有advice，announcement，argument，belief，claim，conclusion，decision，evidence，explanation，fact，feeling，hope，idea，impression，information，knowledge，message，news，opinion，order，probability，promise，proposal，remark，reply，report，saying，statement，suggestion，thought，treat，warning，wish，word。
We came to the decision that we must act at once.
He made a proposal that the meeting be postpone.
◆ whether引导的同位语从句（不可用if）
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there.
I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.
考点二十三定语从句
一、定语从句的定义
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词who(宾格whom,所有格whose),that, which 和关系副词where, when, why 等。
[if !supportLists]二、[endif]定语从句的种类
定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
1.限定性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。
The man that wears a red hat is my uncle.
2.非限定性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导，而且不可以省略关系词。
The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.
Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.
[if !supportLists]三、[endif]关系代词的用法
在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
（一）关系代词who, whom 的用法
1.who 可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom，但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”.
Jim is a person who always has novel ideas.
The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp.
The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp.
（二）关系代词whose 的用法
关系代词whose 是关系代词who 的所有格形式，它既可以代人，也可以代物。当whose 代物时，相当于of which。
Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company?
The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room . The room’s window faces south.
（三）关系代词that, which 的用法
（1）在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which 和that 一般可通用。
The new house that/which I has just bought is about six miles away.
（2）限定性定语从句中只用that 而不用which 的情况。
A）先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
B) 先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.
C)主句已有疑问词who 或which 时
Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?
D) 先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
E) 先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none 等不定代词时
It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.
四、关系副词的用法（where, when, why）
关系副词在从句中均做状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
（一）关系副词where 的用法
由关系副词where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building, city, room等，where 在从句中作地点状语。
The hotel where we stayed was very clean.= The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
（二）关系副词when 的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如 time, day, date,等，when 在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we first met in London .
=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met in London.
（三）关系副词why 的用法
由why 引导的定语从句，常用在先行词reason 后面，why 在句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.
五、关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的区别
如果关系词在从句中制作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中做状语，就是关系副词。例句比较：
This is the college (that/which) I visited.
This is the college where I studied three years ago.
考点二十四独立主格
一、独立主格结构的构成
（1）逻辑主语 +现在分词
The moon appearing，they decided to go on with their journey.
（2）逻辑主语 +过去分词
The job finished, we went home.
（3）逻辑主语 +不定式
His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
（4）逻辑主语+形容词或副词
He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.
The music on, I can’t focus my mind on the work.
（5）逻辑主语+ 名词
Many people come to visit the city, most of them foreigners.
（6）逻辑主语+介词短语
A girl came in, book in hand.
（7）There being +名词（代词）
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
（8）It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
（9）with/without复合结构
“with/without复合结构”是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. （with + 宾语 +形容词）
With her sister out, she had to stay at home alone. （with + 宾语 +副词）
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. （with + 宾语 +介词短语）
With his homework done, Peter went out to play. （with + 宾语 +过去分词）
二、独立主格结构的功能
①作时间状语（相当于一个时间状语从句）
My shoes removed, I entered the ancient temple.(=After my shoes were removed)
②作条件状语（相当于一个条件状语从句）
Weather permitting, we are going to have a picnic tomorrow. (If weather permits)
③作原因状语（相当于一个原因状语从句）
All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.(=As all our savings were gone)
④作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (= and his hands were crossed under his head)
⑤作补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold. (= and his face was red with cold)