人称代词
(1)人称代词做主语用主格,做宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下情况:
在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。
如:He is taller than me.但在下列句子中有区别。
I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.
I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him,too.
(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:
①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二三一(人称)。宾格me也一样。
You,she and I will be in charge of the case.
Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.
②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。He and she still don't agree to the plan.
用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived,John went straight to the bank.
约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I saw her with them,at least,I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
人称代词可用作主语,表语,宾语以及介词宾语。
I am a worker,I work in the factory.我是一个工人,我在工厂工作。
You are a good teacher.你是一位优秀教师。
She is a little girl.她是一个小女孩。
It's a heavy box,I can't carry it.这是一个重盒子,我搬不动。
It's me. Open the door quickly.是我,快开门。
Don't tell him about it.不要告诉他这件事情。
She is always ready to help us.她随时都在准备帮助我们。
Our teacher is very strict with us.我们的老师对我们很严格。
物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构,例如:
Jack's cap [形容词性物主代词] 意为 The cap is Jack's. [名词性物主代词]
His cap [形容词性物主代词] 意为 The cap is his.[名词性物主代词]
名词性物主代词
句法功能
a. 作主语,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c. 作介词宾语,例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d. 作主语补语,例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
疑问代词
1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指 人:who,whom,whose
指 物:what
既可指人又可指物:which
2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。
反身代词
反身代词指主语与宾语为同一人或物,或表示一个动作回到该动作执行者身上时,要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词),反身代词也可以放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可以放在句尾)起强调作用。
1) 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2)做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词, get up,sit-down,stand up,wake up等。
Please sit down. 请坐。
3) 作表语; 同位语
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4) 在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意:
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drive the car.
(对) I myself drive the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
关系代词
关系代词同时起两个作用。像其他代词一样,他们用作主语、表语、宾语和定语;同时像连词一样,它把定语从句与主句连接起来。
关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
He said he saw me there,which was a lie.
他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
不定代词
1)不定代词有
all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no 以及some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone.等。
2) 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。
I have no idea about it.
b. all 都,指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way
3) both 都,指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both,all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。
She can't sing,neither (can) he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。
If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
5) some 某些,一些,某个
不定代词some可以代替名词和形容词,常用在肯定句中作主语、宾语、定语等。作定语时,它可以修饰可数名词(单、复数皆可)和不可数名词。例如:
some are doctors,some are nurses.有些人是医生,有些人是护士。(作主语)
6) any一些,任何
不定代词any可以代替名词和形容词,常用在否定句或疑问句中作主语、宾语、定语等。作定语时,它可以修饰可数名词(多为复数)和不可数名词。例如:
there isn’t any ink in my pen.我的钢笔没有墨水。(作定语)
不定代词any有时也可以用在肯定句中,表示"任何的"。例如:
you may come at any time;i’ll be home the whole day.你任何时候来都行,我整天都将呆在家里。
不定代词any也可以用作副词,做状语,表示程度。例如:
is he any better today?他今天好一点了吗?
7)all 全体,所有(指三者以上)
不定代词all在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语或同位语。它可以代表或修饰可数名词和不可数名词。代表或修饰可数名词时,指两个以上的人或物。作先行词时,引导词用that。例如:
all were present at the meeting.全都到会了。(作主语,代表可数名词)
8)none 无人或无
不定代词none的含义和all物相反,和no one,not any同义,但其用法相当于名词,在句子中一般作主语或宾语。它代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单、复数皆可。例如:
none of the problems is /are easy to solve.这些问题没有一个是容易解决的。(作主语, 代替可数名词)
9) either 两者之中的任何一个,这个或那个。
不定代词 either 可以作主语、宾语和定语。例如:
either of them will agree to this arrangent.他们两人中会有人同意这样的安排的。(作主语)
10) each 每个,各自的
不定代词each指每一个人或事物的个别情况,甚至指这些个别情况各不相同。它在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。例如:
she gave the children two apples each.她给了每个小孩两个苹果。(作the children的同位语。)
Each of 作主语谓语动词用单数 ,例如
11) every 每个,每一的,一切的
不定代词every有"全体"的意思,和all的意义相近,但只能作定语.
none few little some
指示代词
指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,this和these一般用来指在时间或空间较近的事物或人,that和those则指时间或空间上较远的事物或人。例如:
单数 复数
限定词:This girl is Mary. These men are my
teachers.
代词: This is Mary. These are my
teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能;
a. 作主语
This is the way to do it.
这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语
I like this better than that.
我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语
My point is this.
我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语
I don't say no to that.
我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that.
那并不可怕。
说明1:
指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。( that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
说明2:
That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beauti
相互代词
句法功能:
a. 作动词宾语;
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark,cocks crow,frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。
3)反身代词表示强调。
I went to see the president myself.
I went to see the president himself.
4)反身代词不能作主语:I myself can do the work.