- 模式是用于匹配的规则,比如
switch
的case
、捕捉错误的catch
、if
gurad
while
for
语句的条件等 -
Swfit
中的模式有:
1. 通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
2. 标识符模式(Identifier Pattern)
3. 值绑定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
4. 元组模式(Tuple Pattern)
5. 枚举Case
模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
6. 可选模式(Optional Pattern)
7. 类型转换模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
8. 表达式模式(Expression Pattern)
通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
-
_
匹配任何值 -
_?
匹配非nil
值
enum Life {
case human(name: String, age: Int?)
case animal(name: String, age: Int?)
}
func check(_ life: Life) {
switch life {
case .human(let name, _): //满足human,age可以为nil
print("human", name)
case .animal(let name, _?): //满足animal且age不可以为nil
print("animal", name)
default:
print("other")
}
}
check(.human(name: "Rose", age: 20)) // human Rose
check(.human(name: "Jacl", age: nil)) // human Jacl
check(.animal(name: "Dog", age: 3)) // animal Dog
check(.animal(name: "Cat", age: nil)) // other
标识符模式(Identifier Pattern)
给对应的变量、常量名赋值
var age = 10
let name = "jack"
值绑定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
let point = (3, 2)
switch point {
case let (x, y):
print("The point is at (\(x), \(y)")
}
这里就是把元组中的3
赋值绑定给x
,把2
赋值绑定给y
元组模式(Tuple Pattern)
将数组内部元素通过元组进行遍历
let points = [(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)]
for (x, _) in points {
print(x)
}
将3个变量通过元组来进行匹配:
let name: String? = "jack"
let age = 18
let info: Any = [1, 3]
switch (name, age, info) {
case (_?, _, _ as String):
print("case")
default:
print("default")
} // default
一个字典通过元组进行遍历匹配
let scores = ["jack": 98, "rose": 100, "kate": 86]
for (name, score) in scores {
print(name, score)
}
枚举Case模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
if case
语句等价于只有1
个case
的switch
语句
let age = 2
//原来的写法
if age >= 0 && age <= 0 {
print("[0, 9]")
}
//枚举case模式
if case 0...9 = age {
print("[0, 9]")
}
//等价于只有1个case的这样写法
switch age {
case 0...9:
print("[0, 9]")
default: break
}
匹配数组里面是否有nil
值
let ages: [Int?] = [2, 3, nil, 5]
for case nil in ages {
print("有nil值")
break
} // 有nil
可选模式(Optional Pattern)
let age: Int? = 42
if case .some(let x) = age {
print(x)
}
if case let x? = age {
print(x)
}
取出数组中的元素进行匹配,要求非空
let ages: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
for case let age? in ages {
print(age)
} // 2 3 5
func check(_ num: Int?) {
switch num {
case 2?: print("2")
case 4?: print("4")
case 6?: print("6")
case _?: print("other")
case _: print("nil")
}
}
check(4) // 4
check(8) // other
check(nil) // nil
类型转换模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
let num: Any = 6
switch num {
case is Int:
print("is Int", num)
default:
break
} // is Int 6 (这时候编译器仍然认为num是Any类型,并不会强转)
上面代码中编译器仍然认为num
是Any
类型,并不会强转。
let num: Any = 6
switch num {
case let n as Int:
print("is Int", n)
default:
break
} // is Int 6
上面代码中的n
此时是Int
类型,但是num
依然是Any
类型
is
和as
并不影响switch
原本类型
class Animal {
func eat() { print(type(of: self),"eat") }
}
class Dog: Animal {
func run() { print(type(of: self),"run") }
}
class Cat: Animal {
func run() { print(type(of: self),"jump") }
}
func check(_ animal: Animal) {
switch animal {
case let dog as Dog:
dog.eat()
dog.run()
case is Cat:
animal.eat()
default:
break
}
}
check(Dog()) // Dog eat , Dog run
check(Cat()) // Cat eat
表达式模式(Expression Pattern)
- 表达式模式用在
case
中,case
后面的写的东西称之为表达式
let point = (1, 2)
switch point {
case (0, 0):
print("(0, 0) is at the origin")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
print("(\(point.0), \(point.1) is near the origin")
default:
break
} // (1, 2) is near the origin
- 通过重载运算符,自定义表达式模式的匹配规则
上面的代码case (-2...2, -2...2):
通过断点查看汇编,可以看出编译器调用了~=
运算符进行匹配。
struct Student {
var score = 0, name = ""
}
var stu = Student(score: 75, name: "jack")
switch stu {
case 100: print(">= 100") // Expression pattern of type 'Int' cannot match values of type 'Student'
case 90: print(">= 90") // Expression pattern of type 'Range' cannot match values of type 'Student'
case 80..<90: print("[80, 90]") // Expression pattern of type 'Range' cannot match values of type 'Student'
case 60...79: print("[60, 79]") // Expression pattern of type 'ClosedRange' cannot match values of type 'Student'
case 0: print(">= 0") // Expression pattern of type 'Int' cannot match values of type 'Student'
default:
break
}
上面的代码中,对Student
变量进行匹配会报错,默认情况下,编译器无法对stu
进行switch
操作,因为匹配的条件类型不符合。
因此需要对Student
类进行重载~=
运算符:
struct Student {
var score = 0, name = ""
///pattern:case后面的内容
///value:switch后面的内容
static func ~=(pattern: Int, value: Student) -> Bool {
value.score >= pattern
}
static func ~=(pattern: Range, value: Student) -> Bool {
pattern.contains(value.score)
}
static func ~=(pattern: ClosedRange, value: Student) -> Bool {
pattern.contains(value.score)
}
}
还可以写成下面的样子:
if case 60 = stu {
print("yes")
}
更多例子:Student
的score
如果大于等于60
,就匹配成功,输出text
var info = (Student(score: 65, name: "jack"), "及格")
switch info {
case let (60, text):
print(text)
default:
break
} // 及格
给String
增加一个匹配条件,符合switch
匹配方式:
extension String {
static func ~=(pattern: (String) -> Bool, value: String) -> Bool {
pattern(value)
}
}
func hasPrefix(_ prefix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) {
{ $0.hasPrefix(prefix) }
}
func hasSuffix(_ suffix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) {
{ $0.hasSuffix(suffix) }
}
var str = "123456"
switch str {
case hasPrefix("123"): print("123开头")
case hasSuffix("456"): print("456结尾")
default:
break
}