巴瑶族——最后的海上吉普赛人

原作者：
来源Unsustainable sea-farers: the last Bajau sea nomads  | Environment | guardiancouk
译者Lineker

As the Malay Bajau people risk destroying the reefs that sustain them, photographer James Morgan captures a centuries-old culture close to extinction

当马来西亚的巴瑶人（Malay Bajau）正在破坏其赖以生存的珊瑚礁时，摄影师詹姆斯·摩根（James Morgan）却通过自己的镜头记录下这个古老部落濒临灭绝的悠久文化。

Now in her 50s, Ibu Diana Botutihe is one of the few remaining Bajau to have lived her entire life on a boat, visiting land only briefly in order to trade fish for rice, water and other staples. What makes Diana's life at sea all the more remarkable is the fact that her traditional lepa-lepa boat measures just 5m long and 1.5m wide

50岁的伊布·戴安娜·波图提赫（Ibu Diana Botutihe）是巴瑶部落硕果仅存的几位原住民之一，她几乎在船上度过了自己的一生，平时上岸也只是为了卖鱼，同时换来大米、淡水和其他一些生活必需品。戴安娜在海上的家就是一条5米长，1.5米宽的“莱帕-莱帕”小船，她如此简陋的海上生活简直让人感到不可思议。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

As one of the world's last surviving sea nomads, Diana's cramped boat is filled with the accoutrements of everyday living – jerry cans, blackened stockpots, plastic utensils, a kerosene lamp and a pair of pot plants. Malay people have lived at sea for centuries, plying a tract of ocean between the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia

作为世界上仅存的海上牧民，戴安娜狭促的小船挤满了各式各样的日常生活用品——简便油桶，熏黑的汤锅，塑料餐具，一盏煤油灯和一对盆栽植物。巴瑶人在海洋上生活了好几个世纪，他们经常来往于菲律宾、马来西亚和印度尼西亚之间的海域。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Ibu Ane looks on as her son Ramdan forages the reef for clams. Since Ane's husband died of the bends as a result of diving, she has relied on her son to support her during their six-month-long stints at sea

伊布·阿耐（Ibu Ane）看着自己的儿子拉姆丹（Ramdan）在珊瑚礁里搜寻蛤蚌。阿耐的丈夫死于长期潜水而导致的减压病，因此在长达六个月的海洋采摘期中，她必须得依赖自己的儿子。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Marine nomads such as Imran in Sulawesi, Indonesia, are highly skilled. To avoid a painful bite, Imran will catch this box fish by placing his thumb and forefinger in its eye sockets. Once the fish is essentially blindfolded, Imran will lead it back to his boat

作为常年与海洋打交道的海上牧民，住在印尼苏拉威西岛（Sulawesi）的伊姆兰（Imran）潜水技术非常高超。为了避免被咬到，伊姆兰将自己的拇指和食指放在这只箱鲀的眼窝上，一旦鱼眼被蒙上，伊姆兰会带着它游到自己的船边。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Jatmin, an octopus specialist, swims back to his boat carrying a freshly speared cephalod mollusc

加特敏（Jatmin）是一位捕章鱼的好手，他带着一只刚捕获的章鱼正游回自己的船上。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Since diving is the main occupation for the Bajau people, they deliberately rupture their eardrums at an early age. Unsurprisingly, most older Bajau are hard of hearing. They hunt with spear guns fashioned from boat timber, tyre rubber and scrap metal

潜水是巴瑶人最主要的生存技巧，在年幼的时候他们就故意弄破了自己的耳膜，因此大多数的巴瑶老者听力都不好。他们用船骨、轮胎橡胶和废金属制成梭标枪来捕鱼。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Bada Ipus lays out a square kilometre of net. He says that when he was young his nets were much smaller – but his catches were much bigger

巴达·伊普斯（Bada Ipus）正在起一张大网，他说自己年轻时候用的网要小很多，但收获却不少。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Moen Lanke, wearing his hand-made wooden goggles seconds after freediving for clams with a tyre iron. The weight of the iron holds him down on the ocean floor, allowing him to run along the reefs and hunt for pearls and sea cucumbers

戴着自制木头眼镜的摩恩·兰科刚潜完水，他用一根拆轮胎的铁棒去搜寻蛤蚌，铁棒的重量会让他沉入海底，他可以在暗礁中到处游动，寻找珍珠和海参。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

While few young children are now born on boats, the ocean is still very much their playground – as demonstrated by Enal, photographed playing with his pet shark in Wangi Wangi, Indonesia

虽然出生在船上的孩子越来越少了，但海洋依然是他们最好的游乐园，照片中的恩纳尔（Enal）正在和自己的宠物鲨Wangi Wangi玩得不亦乐乎。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Pak Siding Salihing improvises a song. Traditional Bajau cosmology is a combination of animism and Islam that reveals a complex relationship with the ocean

帕克·斯丁·萨利（Pak Siding Salihing）正在即兴演奏。传统的巴瑶宇宙论将万物有灵论和伊斯兰教合为一体，揭示了人与海洋之间的复杂关系。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

Charities such as WWF and Conservation International are helping create marine management programmes that encourage sustainability through no-fish zones and a return to traditional fishing methods. It is often the Bajau who pass on such programmes to local communities

诸如世界自然基金会（WWF）和保护国际基金会（Conservation International）这样的慈善组织正在帮助原住民建立海洋管理规划，通过设立禁渔区和回归传统捕鱼方式来保持海洋渔业的可持续性。这样的规划倘若要在当地基层铺开实施，重任自然落到了巴瑶人的肩上。

Photograph: James Morgan

摄影：James Morgan

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