原文链接:嵌入式状态机编程-QP状态机框架与常见状态机方法
如图,是一个定时计数器,计数器存在两种状态,一种为设置状态,一种为计时状态
设置状态
计时状态
/***************************************
1.列出所有的状态
***************************************/
typedef enum{
SETTING,
TIMING
}STATE_TYPE;
/***************************************
2.列出所有的事件
***************************************/
typedef enum{
UP_EVT,
DOWN_EVT,
ARM_EVT,
TICK_EVT
}EVENT_TYPE;
/***************************************
3.定义和状态机相关结构
***************************************/
struct bomb
{
uint8_t state;
uint8_t timeout;
uint8_t code;
uint8_t defuse_code;
}bomb1;
/***************************************
4.初始化状态机
***************************************/
void bomb1_init(void)
{
bomb1.state = SETTING;
bomb1.defuse_code = 6; //0110
}
/***************************************
5. 状态机事件派发
***************************************/
void bomb1_fsm_dispatch(EVENT_TYPE evt ,void* param)
{
switch(bomb1.state)
{
case SETTING:
{
switch(evt)
{
case UP_EVT: // "+" 按键按下事件
if(bomb1.timeout< 60) ++bomb1.timeout;
bsp_display(bomb1.timeout);
break;
case DOWN_EVT: // "-" 按键按下事件
if(bomb1.timeout > 0) --bomb1.timeout;
bsp_display(bomb1.timeout);
break;
case ARM_EVT: // "确认" 按键按下事件
bomb1.state = TIMING;
bomb1.code = 0;
break;
}
} break;
case TIMING:
{
switch(evt)
{
case UP_EVT: // "+" 按键按下事件
bomb1.code = (bomb1.code <<1) |0x01;
break;
case DOWN_EVT: // "-" 按键按下事件
bomb1.code = (bomb1.code <<1);
break;
case ARM_EVT: // "确认" 按键按下事件
if(bomb1.code == bomb1.defuse_code){
bomb1.state = SETTING;
}
else{
bsp_display("bomb!")
}
break;
case TICK_EVT:
if(bomb1.timeout)
{
--bomb1.timeout;
bsp_display(bomb1.timeout);
}
if(bomb1.timeout == 0)
{
bsp_display("bomb!")
}
break;
}
}break;
}
}
二维状态转换表
状态机可以分为状态和事件 ,状态的跃迁都是受事件驱动的,因此可以通过一个二维表格来表示状态的跃迁。
(*) 仅当( code == defuse_code) 时才发生到setting 的转换。
/*1.列出所有的状态*/
enum
{
SETTING,
TIMING,
MAX_STATE
};
/*2.列出所有的事件*/
enum
{
UP_EVT,
DOWN_EVT,
ARM_EVT,
TICK_EVT,
MAX_EVT
};
/*3.定义状态表*/
typedef void (*fp_state)(EVT_TYPE evt , void* param);
static const fp_state bomb2_table[MAX_STATE][MAX_EVENT] =
{
{setting_UP , setting_DOWN , setting_ARM , null},
{setting_UP , setting_DOWN , setting_ARM , timing_TICK}
};
struct bomb_t
{
const fp_state const *state_table; /* the State-Table */
uint8_t state; /* the current active state */
uint8_t timeout;
uint8_t code;
uint8_t defuse_code;
};
struct bomb bomb2=
{
.state_table = bomb2_table;
}
void bomb2_init(void)
{
bomb2.defuse_code = 6; // 0110
bomb2.state = SETTING;
}
void bomb2_dispatch(EVT_TYPE evt , void* param)
{
fp_state s = NULL;
if(evt > MAX_EVT)
{
LOG("EVT type error!");
return;
}
s = bomb2.state_table[bomb2.state * MAX_EVT + evt];
if(s != NULL)
{
s(evt , param);
}
}
/*列出所有的状态对应的事件处理函数*/
void setting_UP(EVT_TYPE evt, void* param)
{
if(bomb1.timeout< 60) ++bomb1.timeout;
bsp_display(bomb1.timeout);
}
各个状态面向用户相对独立,增加事件和状态不需要去修改先前已存在的状态事件函数。
可将状态机进行封装,有较好的移植性
函数指针的安全转换 , 利用下面的特性,用户可以扩展带有私有属性的状态机和事件而使用统一的基础状态机接口
typedef void (*Tran)(struct StateTableTag *me, Event const *e);
/
||
void Bomb2_setting_ARM (Bomb2 *me, Event const *e);
typedef struct Bomb
{
struct StateTableTag *me; //必须为第一个成员
uint8_t private;
}
实现原理:
typedef void (*fp_action)(EVT_TYPE evt,void* param);
/*转换表基础结构*/
struct tran_evt_t
{
EVT_TYPE evt;
uint8_t next_state;
};
/*状态的描述*/
struct fsm_state_t
{
fp_action enter_action; //进入动作
fp_action exit_action; //退出动作
fp_action action;
tran_evt_t* tran; //转换表
uint8_t tran_nb; //转换表的大小
const char* name;
}
/*状态表本体*/
#define ARRAY(x) x,sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0])
const struct fsm_state_t state_table[]=
{
{setting_enter , setting_exit , setting_action , ARRAY(set_tran_evt),"setting" },
{timing_enter , timing_exit , timing_action , ARRAY(time_tran_evt),"timing" }
};
/*构建一个状态机*/
struct fsm
{
const struct state_t * state_table; /* the State-Table */
uint8_t cur_state; /* the current active state */
uint8_t timeout;
uint8_t code;
uint8_t defuse_code;
}bomb3;
/*初始化状态机*/
void bomb3_init(void)
{
bomb3.state_table = state_table; //指向状态表
bomb3.cur_state = setting;
bomb3.defuse_code = 8; //1000
}
/*状态机事件派发*/
void fsm_dispatch(EVT_TYPE evt , void* param)
{
tran_evt_t* p_tran = NULL;
/*获取当前状态的转换表*/
p_tran = bomb3.state_table[bomb3.cur_state]->tran;
/*判断所有可能的转换是否与当前触发的事件匹配*/
for(uint8_t i=0;i<x;i++)
{
if(p_tran[i]->evt == evt)//事件会触发转换
{
if(NULL != bomb3.state_table[bomb3.cur_state].exit_action){
bomb3.state_table[bomb3.cur_state].exit_action(NULL); //执行退出动作
}
if(bomb3.state_table[_tran[i]->next_state].enter_action){
bomb3.state_table[_tran[i]->next_state].enter_action(NULL);//执行进入动作
}
/*更新当前状态*/
bomb3.cur_state = p_tran[i]->next_state;
}
else
{
bomb3.state_table[bomb3.cur_state].action(evt,param);
}
}
}
/*************************************************************************
setting状态相关
************************************************************************/
void setting_enter(EVT_TYPE evt , void* param)
{
}
void setting_exit(EVT_TYPE evt , void* param)
{
}
void setting_action(EVT_TYPE evt , void* param)
{
}
tran_evt_t set_tran_evt[]=
{
{ARM , timing},
}
/*timing 状态相关*/
特点
事件驱动型编程
面向对象
工具
QM :一个通过UML类图来描述状态机的软件,并且可以自动生成C代码
QS软件追踪工具
QEP实现有限状态机Fsm
/* qevent.h ----------------------------------------------------------------*/
typedef struct QEventTag
{
QSignal sig;
uint8_t dynamic_;
} QEvent;
/* qep.h -------------------------------------------------------------------*/
typedef uint8_t QState; /* status returned from a state-handler function */
typedef QState (*QStateHandler) (void *me, QEvent const *e); /* argument list */
typedef struct QFsmTag /* Finite State Machine */
{
QStateHandler state; /* current active state */
}QFsm;
#define QFsm_ctor(me_, initial_) ((me_)->state = (initial_))
void QFsm_init (QFsm *me, QEvent const *e);
void QFsm_dispatch(QFsm *me, QEvent const *e);
#define Q_RET_HANDLED ((QState)0)
#define Q_RET_IGNORED ((QState)1)
#define Q_RET_TRAN ((QState)2)
#define Q_HANDLED() (Q_RET_HANDLED)
#define Q_IGNORED() (Q_RET_IGNORED)
#define Q_TRAN(target_) (((QFsm *)me)->state = (QStateHandler) (target_),Q_RET_TRAN)
enum QReservedSignals
{
Q_ENTRY_SIG = 1,
Q_EXIT_SIG,
Q_INIT_SIG,
Q_USER_SIG
};
/* file qfsm_ini.c ---------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "qep_port.h" /* the port of the QEP event processor */
#include "qassert.h" /* embedded systems-friendly assertions */
void QFsm_init(QFsm *me, QEvent const *e)
{
(*me->state)(me, e); /* execute the top-most initial transition */
/* enter the target */
(void)(*me->state)(me , &QEP_reservedEvt_[Q_ENTRY_SIG]);
}
/* file qfsm_dis.c ---------------------------------------------------------*/
void QFsm_dispatch(QFsm *me, QEvent const *e)
{
QStateHandler s = me->state; /* save the current state */
QState r = (*s)(me, e); /* call the event handler */
if (r == Q_RET_TRAN) /* transition taken? */
{
(void)(*s)(me, &QEP_reservedEvt_[Q_EXIT_SIG]); /* exit the source */
(void)(*me->state)(me, &QEP_reservedEvt_[Q_ENTRY_SIG]);/*enter target*/
}
}
实现上面定时器例子
#include "qep_port.h" /* the port of the QEP event processor */
#include "bsp.h" /* board support package */
enum BombSignals /* all signals for the Bomb FSM */
{
UP_SIG = Q_USER_SIG,
DOWN_SIG,
ARM_SIG,
TICK_SIG
};
typedef struct TickEvtTag
{
QEvent super; /* derive from the QEvent structure */
uint8_t fine_time; /* the fine 1/10 s counter */
}TickEvt;
typedef struct Bomb4Tag
{
QFsm super; /* derive from QFsm */
uint8_t timeout; /* number of seconds till explosion */
uint8_t code; /* currently entered code to disarm the bomb */
uint8_t defuse; /* secret defuse code to disarm the bomb */
} Bomb4;
void Bomb4_ctor (Bomb4 *me, uint8_t defuse);
QState Bomb4_initial(Bomb4 *me, QEvent const *e);
QState Bomb4_setting(Bomb4 *me, QEvent const *e);
QState Bomb4_timing (Bomb4 *me, QEvent const *e);
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* the initial value of the timeout */
#define INIT_TIMEOUT 10
/*..........................................................................*/
void Bomb4_ctor(Bomb4 *me, uint8_t defuse) {
QFsm_ctor_(&me->super, (QStateHandler)&Bomb4_initial);
me->defuse = defuse; /* the defuse code is assigned at instantiation */
}
/*..........................................................................*/
QState Bomb4_initial(Bomb4 *me, QEvent const *e) {
(void)e;
me->timeout = INIT_TIMEOUT;
return Q_TRAN(&Bomb4_setting);
}
/*..........................................................................*/
QState Bomb4_setting(Bomb4 *me, QEvent const *e) {
switch (e->sig){
case UP_SIG:{
if (me->timeout < 60) {
++me->timeout;
BSP_display(me->timeout);
}
return Q_HANDLED();
}
case DOWN_SIG: {
if (me->timeout > 1) {
--me->timeout;
BSP_display(me->timeout);
}
return Q_HANDLED();
}
case ARM_SIG: {
return Q_TRAN(&Bomb4_timing); /* transition to "timing" */
}
}
return Q_IGNORED();
}
/*..........................................................................*/
void Bomb4_timing(Bomb4 *me, QEvent const *e) {
switch (e->sig) {
case Q_ENTRY_SIG: {
me->code = 0; /* clear the defuse code */
return Q_HANDLED();
}
case UP_SIG: {
me->code <<= 1;
me->code |= 1;
return Q_HANDLED();
}
case DOWN_SIG: {
me->code <<= 1;
return Q_HANDLED();
}
case ARM_SIG: {
if (me->code == me->defuse) {
return Q_TRAN(&Bomb4_setting);
}
return Q_HANDLED();
}
case TICK_SIG: {
if (((TickEvt const *)e)->fine_time == 0) {
--me->timeout;
BSP_display(me->timeout);
if (me->timeout == 0) {
BSP_boom(); /* destroy the bomb */
}
}
return Q_HANDLED();
}
}
return Q_IGNORED();
}
初始化
初始化层次状态机的实现:在初始化时,用户所选取的状态永远是最底层的状态,如上图,我们在计算器开机后,应该进入的是开始状态,这就涉及到一个问题,由最初top(顶状态)到begin 是有一条状态切换路径的,当我们设置状态为begin如何搜索这条路径成为关键(知道了路径才能正确的进入begin,要执行路径中过渡状态的进入和退出事件)
void QHsm_init(QHsm *me, QEvent const *e)
{
Q_ALLEGE((*me->state)(me, e) == Q_RET_TRAN);
t = (QStateHandler)&QHsm_top; /* HSM starts in the top state */
do { /* drill into the target... */
QStateHandler path[QEP_MAX_NEST_DEPTH_];
int8_t ip = (int8_t)0; /* transition entry path index */
path[0] = me->state; /* 这里的状态为begin */
/*通过执行空信号,从底层状态找到顶状态的路径*/
(void)QEP_TRIG_(me->state, QEP_EMPTY_SIG_);
while (me->state != t) {
path[++ip] = me->state;
(void)QEP_TRIG_(me->state, QEP_EMPTY_SIG_);
}
/*切换为begin*/
me->state = path[0]; /* restore the target of the initial tran. */
/* 钻到最底层的状态,执行路径中的所有进入事件 */
Q_ASSERT(ip < (int8_t)QEP_MAX_NEST_DEPTH_);
do { /* retrace the entry path in reverse (desired) order... */
QEP_ENTER_(path[ip]); /* enter path[ip] */
} while ((--ip) >= (int8_t)0);
t = path[0]; /* current state becomes the new source */
} while (QEP_TRIG_(t, Q_INIT_SIG) == Q_RET_TRAN);
me->state = t;
}
状态切换
/*.................................................................*/
QState result(Calc *me, QEvent const *e)
{
switch (e->sig)
{you
case ENTER_SIG:{
break;
}
case EXIT_SIG:{
break;
}
case C_SIG:
{
printf("clear");
return Q_HANDLED();
}
case B_SIG:
{
return Q_TRAN(&begin);
}
}
return Q_SUPER(&reday);
}
/*.ready为result和begin的超状态................................................*/
QState ready(Calc *me, QEvent const *e)
{
switch (e->sig)
{
case ENTER_SIG:{
break;
}
case EXIT_SIG:{
break;
}
case OPER_SIG:
{
return Q_TRAN(&opEntered);
}
}
return Q_SUPER(&on);
}
void QHsm_dispatch(QHsm *me, QEvent const *e)
{
QStateHandler path[QEP_MAX_NEST_DEPTH_];
QStateHandler s;
QStateHandler t;
QState r;
t = me->state; /* save the current state */
do { /* process the event hierarchically... */
s = me->state;
r = (*s)(me, e); /* invoke state handler s */
} while (r == Q_RET_SUPER); //当前状态不能处理事件 ,直到找到能处理事件的状态
if (r == Q_RET_TRAN) { /* transition taken? */
int8_t ip = (int8_t)(-1); /* transition entry path index */
int8_t iq; /* helper transition entry path index */
path[0] = me->state; /* save the target of the transition */
path[1] = t;
while (t != s) { /* exit current state to transition source s... */
if (QEP_TRIG_(t, Q_EXIT_SIG) == Q_RET_HANDLED) {/*exit handled? */
(void)QEP_TRIG_(t, QEP_EMPTY_SIG_); /* find superstate of t */
}
t = me->state; /* me->state holds the superstate */
}
. . .
}
me->state = t; /* set new state or restore the current state */
}
t = path[0]; /* target of the transition */
if (s == t) { /* (a) check source==target (transition to self) */
QEP_EXIT_(s) /* exit the source */
ip = (int8_t)0; /* enter the target */
}
else {
(void)QEP_TRIG_(t, QEP_EMPTY_SIG_); /* superstate of target */
t = me->state;
if (s == t) { /* (b) check source==target->super */
ip = (int8_t)0; /* enter the target */
}
else {
(void)QEP_TRIG_(s, QEP_EMPTY_SIG_); /* superstate of src */
/* (c) check source->super==target->super */
if(me->state == t) {
QEP_EXIT_(s) /* exit the source */
ip = (int8_t)0; /* enter the target */
}
else {
/* (d) check source->super==target */
if (me->state == path[0]) {
QEP_EXIT_(s) /* exit the source */
}
else { /* (e) check rest of source==target->super->super..
* and store the entry path along the way */
....
- 内存管理
使用内存池,对于低性能mcu,内存极为有限,引入内存管理主要是整个架构中,是以事件作为主要的任务通信手段,且事件是带参数的,可能相同类型的事件会多次触发,而事件处理完成后,需要清除事件,无法使用静态的事件,因此是有必要为不同事件创建内存池的。
对于不同块大小的内存池,需要考虑的是每个块的起始地址对齐问题。在进行内存池初始化时,我们是根据blocksize+header大小来进行划分内存池的。假设一个2字节的结构,如果以2来进行划分,假设mcu 4字节对齐,那么将有一半的结构起始地址无法对齐,这时需要为每个块预留空间,保证每个块的对齐。
- 事件队列
- 事件派发
- 定时事件
非有序链表
合作式调度器QV
可抢占式调度器QK
QP nano的简介
参考资料
链接:https://pan.baidu.com/s/18LQhr7qumRSQvHqQgE4UnA
提取码:qqqq
http://www.state-machine.com/ (QP官网)