科学问题
技术路线
构建一个基于电子病历可扩展的医疗知识图谱,可以提高临床辅助诊断的质量。
未提及或未找到。
该医疗知识图谱达到了0.837的准确率和0.719的召回率,该结果优于四种传统的机器学习方法,并且证明外部医学知识和潜在医学知识均有助于医学知识图谱的扩展和疾病辅助诊断。
未提及
大多数智能辅助决策系统大量依赖电子病历数据,而且模型对外表现为黑盒,这导致结果不能令患者和医生信服。而本研究使用医学知识进行诊断,减少了对于训练数据的依赖。
[53] Holzinger A, Biemann C, Pattichis CS, Kell DB. What do we need to build explainable AI systems for the medical domain? 2017. p. 1–28http://arxiv.org/abs/1712.09923.
过去的工作仅关注于从新的资料中提取新的知识。而本文的工作不仅关注于提取新知识,也考虑利用新的资料对原有知识进行更新(如权重)。
[41] Lenert Matthew C, Walsh Colin G, Miller Randolph A. Discovering hidden knowledge through auditing clinical diagnostic knowledge bases. J Biomed Inform
目前的知识识别及抽取模型依赖于拥有大量特征的文本信息和大量的训练数据,但特征离散的文本信息导致模型训练非常困难。除此之外,训练好的模型会受限于训练数据,难以应对新的词语和知识。所以本研究希望设计一个可扩展的医学知识图谱。
[8] Yang J-F, Yu Q-B, Guan Y, Jiang Z-P. An overview of research on electronic medical record oriented named entity recognition and entity relation extraction. Zidonghua Xuebao/Acta Automatica Sinica 2014;40(no. 8). https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1004.2014.01537.
[41] Lenert Matthew C, Walsh Colin G, Miller Randolph A. Discovering hidden knowledge through auditing clinical diagnostic knowledge bases. J Biomed Inform.
[44] Zhang Y, Lin H, Yang Z, Wang J, Zhang S, Sun Y, et al. A hybrid model based on neural networks for biomedical relation extraction. J Biomed Inform 2018;81:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2018.03.011.
[54] Wang Y, Wang L, Rastegar-Mojarad M, et al. Clinical information extraction applications: a literature review. J Biomed Inform 2018;77:34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2017.11.011.
Lenert et al. discover hidden knowledge in disease profile through auditing clinical diagnostic knowledge bases with the usage of the heuristic algorithm, to enhance differential diagnosis, patient case simulation and other applications [41]. Rotmensch et al. use probabilistic models to learn complex relationships rather than purely associative relationships between symptoms and diseases to build a health knowledge graph from EMRs, which is proved feasible [18]. Such recognition and extraction
models relied on rich features of context information, requiring sufficient training data. However, considering the heterogeneity of different medical resources, the features distribution is diverse. This leads to that the models need to be retrained in new labeling data, which is expensive and time-consuming.
如何阐述他人工作:discover 成果 through 平台/数据 with the usage of 模型/方法
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔use 方法/模型/技术 to learn 成果
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上图中矩形代表数据实体,圆角矩形表示对数据进行的操作。
输入(特征):中国人电子病历(CEMRs),马尔科夫逻辑网(MLN)
输出(预测):可扩展的医学知识图谱,知识图谱完整度,疾病诊断召回率、准确率、 F 1 F_1 F1 Score等
在结构部分的图中,圆角矩形代表对应的模型,直角矩形表示使用的数据,中间有竖线的矩形代表具体的核心方法,有曲线边的图形代表对应模型的作用。
1. 量化推理关系的表达(马尔可夫逻辑网)
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Z = ∑ s i ∈ s , d j ∈ d e x p ( ∑ π i j ∈ M K ω ( π i j ) n ( S i , D j ) ) (2) Z=\sum_{s_i\in s,d_j\in d}exp(\sum_{\pi_{ij}\in MK}\omega(\pi_{ij})n(S_i,D_j))\tag{2} Z=si∈s,dj∈d∑exp(πij∈MK∑ω(πij)n(Si,Dj))(2)
上述公式中, S S S表示症状(symptom), D D D表示疾病(diease), π ( i j ) \pi(ij) π(ij)表示症状 S i S_i Si与疾病 D j D_j Dj的对应关系(即知识), ω ( π i j ) \omega(\pi_{ij}) ω(πij)表示关系的权重(初始值通过 m a x max max- m a r g i n m e t h o d margin\quad method marginmethod求得,在随后两步进行更新), n ( π i j ) n(\pi_{ij}) n(πij)表示关系 π i j \pi_{ij} πij的特征值(当存在 S i ⇒ D j S_{i}\Rightarrow D_j Si⇒Dj时为1,否则为0), M K MK MK表示所有医学知识的集合。
由公式(1)和公式(2)可以得到某位患者患病概率如下:
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公式(3)中, M B j MB_j MBj表示所有症状节点的集合,这些症状节点均与疾病 D j D_j Dj相连,并且它们的邻居也包括其中。
外部知识融合
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相似度函数:利用 L e v e n s h t e i n d i s t a n c e Levenshtein\quad distance Levenshteindistance进行计算;
余弦相似度: φ ( S i , D j ) = V ( S i ) ⋅ V ( D j ) ∣ V ( S j ) ∣ × ∣ V ( D j ) ∣ \varphi(S_i,D_j)=\frac{\pmb{V}(S_i)\cdot\pmb{V}(D_j)}{\vert\pmb{V}(S_j)\vert\times\vert\pmb{V}(D_j)\vert} φ(Si,Dj)=∣VVV(Sj)∣×∣VVV(Dj)∣VVV(Si)⋅VVV(Dj),其中 V ( S i ) \pmb{V}(S_i) VVV(Si)是症状 S i S_i Si在临床指南中的向量表示,例如在第 k k k 个指南中出现该症状,则症状向量的第 k k k 维表示为“1”。
Noisy-or gate: w ( π i j ) = 1 − ∏ k = 1 n M S k = 1 − ( 1 − φ ( S i , D j ) ( 1 − w ∗ ( π i j ) ) w(\pi_{ij})=1-\prod_{k=1}^nMS_k=1-(1-\varphi(S_i,D_j)(1-w^*(\pi_{ij})) w(πij)=1−∏k=1nMSk=1−(1−φ(Si,Dj)(1−w∗(πij)),原理有些类似于异或门。
潜在知识挖掘
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Katz指数: w ( π i j ) = ∑ p a t h i ∈ p a t h ∑ D ε d w ( π p a t h i d ) w(\pi_{ij})=\sum_{path_i \in path}\sum_D\varepsilon^dw(\pi_{path_i}^d) w(πij)=∑pathi∈path∑Dεdw(πpathid),其中 p a t h i path_i pathi表示连接两个节点且长度为 i i i 的通路,而 p a t h path path表示连接两个节点的所有通路,D表示通路 p a t h i path_i pathi的路径长度, ε \varepsilon ε 表示衰减系数, w ( π p a t h i d ) w(\pi_{path_i}^d) w(πpathid) 表示通路 p a t h i path_i pathi中第 d d d 段关系的权重。 ε d w ( π p a t h i d ) \varepsilon^dw(\pi_{path_i}^d) εdw(πpathid)蕴含了Katz指标的内涵,即距离起点越远的关系其权重在计算新关系权重时占比越小。
误差表达:
e r r o r ( D j = d j , S = s ) = 1 2 ( d j − P ( D j = d j , S = s ∣ M B ( D j ) ) ) 2 (4) error(D_j=d_j,S=s)=\frac{1}{2}(d_j-P(D_j=d_j,S=s|MB(D_j)))^2\tag{4} error(Dj=dj,S=s)=21(dj−P(Dj=dj,S=s∣MB(Dj)))2(4)
d j d_j dj为“1”时表示该诊断正确,模型目标在于降低误差值。
梯度下降:
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公式(5)为误差关于权重的梯度,其中 N d = n ( S i , D j = d j ) − n ( S i , D j ≠ d j ) \pmb{N}_d= n(S_i,D_j=d_j)-n(S_i,D_j\ne d_j) NNNd=n(Si,Dj=dj)−n(Si,Dj=dj),当关系 π i j \pi_{ij} πij为真时, N d \pmb{N}_d NNNd为正数,则公式(6)的值为正,公式(5)的值为负,即误差随权重增加而减少,由此此可得权重的更新公式如下:
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公式(7)表示 t t t时刻的权重 w ( π i j ) t w(\pi_{ij})_t w(πij)t为 t − 1 t-1 t−1时刻的权重 w ( π i j ) t − 1 w(\pi_{ij})_{t-1} w(πij)t−1减去误差对权重的偏导。
Motivation
相关工作中的第三点。
医学知识图谱表现评价
多种机器学习方法的比较
潜在知识挖掘的作用
After the Original-MKN was expanded with external knowledge and potential knowledge, some new
diseases can be diagnosed, as with the case of “diffuse brain injury,” and accuracy increases, as with the case of “hypertension.” However,the accuracy for some diseases is reduced; for example, “systemic lupus
erythematosus,” and some diseases could not be diagnosed yet, such as chronic renal failure." The knowledge amount of most diseases is increasing while some amounts are reducing such as “systemic lupus er-
ythematosus.” The average accuracy of Original-MKN is “0.352” and the expandable MKN is “0.414”. Furthermore, there is 13.6 % diseases that can be diagnosed in the expandable MKN, while these diseases are hardly diagnosed in Original-MKN because they do not have enough knowledge.
”例如“表达:as with the case of
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔such as
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔for example
。
表达数据变化:and accuracy increase, as case of "diffuse brain injury." However, the accruracy for some diseases is reduced.
表述结果反应出的现象:Furthermore, there is 13.6 % diseases that can be diagnosed in the expandable MKN, while these diseases are hardly diagnosed in Original-MKN because they do not have enough knowledge.
意义/价值/优势:
该研究构建的可扩展医学知识图谱更加完整,拥有更多的疾病、症状实体以及它们之间的关系;
该研究得到的可扩展医学知识图谱和传统诊断模型相比,拥有更高的准确性;
不足/工作展望:
重复优点的不同表达:
Additionally, the MKN is expanded in an incremental manner, because the knowledge amount is increasing when new CEMRs join in, and new type of diseases can be diagnosed.
Our MKN contains more disease types and symptom types, as well as their relationships.
Expandable MKN has a better diagnosis performance that achieves a precision of 0.837 and a recall of 0.719.
Furthermore, our MKN performs better than traditional diagnosis models, which has both higher precision and better interpretation with its network structure.
数量增加:sth amount is increasing
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔contains more sth
;
表现更好:has a better diagnosis performance which 具体描述多好
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔perfrom better than sth, which 具体描述多好
不足/未来展望的表达:
Despite no disease-disease links in our network, two disease entities can be indirectly connected through symptom entities.
Our potential knowledge mined by Katz index has utilized the prior "indication" relationships, which ensure the precision of the new knowledge. But at the same time, we also lost some hidden relationships in traning CEMRs.
In this work, we just diagnosed the coarse-grained diseases (the ICD code length is 4). In the future, we can introduce much complex knowledge such as how physical examinations indicate the diagnosis, whether the order of symptoms indicates different diseases and the interactions between diseases.
不足:Despite 不足
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔But at the same time, 不足
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔But 不足
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔We just 不足
;
展望:In the furture, we can introduce 完善之处
↔ \leftrightarrow ↔For the future expansion, 完善之处
;
论文链接_1 | 论文(原版)链接 提取码:t7sc |
论文链接_2 | 论文(有笔记)链接 提取码:ob3e |
下期预告 | |
题目 | Rapid training data creation with weak supervision |
关键词 | Snorkel, Weak supervision |
作者 | A l e x a n d e r R a t n e r 1 ⋅ S t e p h e n H . B a c h 1 , 2 ⋅ H e n r y E h r e n b e r g 1 ⋅ J a s o n F r i e s 1 ⋅ S e n W u 1 ⋅ C h r i s t o p h e r R e 1 Alexander Ratner^1 \cdot Stephen H.Bach^{1,2} \cdot Henry Ehrenberg^1 \cdot Jason Fries^1 \cdot Sen Wu^1 \cdot Christopher Re^1 AlexanderRatner1⋅StephenH.Bach1,2⋅HenryEhrenberg1⋅JasonFries1⋅SenWu1⋅ChristopherRe1 |
期刊 | The VLDB Journal |
发表时间 | 2019/06/15 |