American politics has seen words rapidly changing in their valency after being coined by adherents of one party and then being adopted and flipped by the other. In 2016 “fake news” meant news that was fake; Donald Trump seized on that and distorted it to mean true news he didn’t like. Hillary Clinton ill-advisedly referred to “deplorables” among Mr Trump’s supporters during their presidential contest; his fans eagerly adopted the name. American conservatives taunt left-wing youth as “snowflakes”, a name they have in turn reappropriated with Twitter handles like “Iron Snowflake”. Those who voted for Remain in Brexit have done the same with “Remoaner”.
段落翻译：美国政治见证了词语的飞速变化，他们在被一个政党的遗民创造，接着被其他政党接受、使用。2016年的热词“Fake news”意为虚假的新闻，特朗普利用了“Fake news”这个词语，将词语的含义歪曲成了“他不喜欢的真实新闻消息”。在大选竞争中，希拉里不加考虑地用“deplorables”形容特朗普的支持者们，他们狂热地接受了这个名字。美国保守者们嘲笑左翼青年们是“snowflakes”（雪花一族），这个名字很快被年轻人们通过推特重新使用，比如表述为：Iron Snowflake铁雪花一族。那些投“留欧”票的人们同样发明了“Remoaner”。
词语赏析：
1、valency: a measurement of the power of an atom to combine with others, by the number of hydrogen atoms it can combine with or displace/ the number of grammatical elements that a word, especially a verb, combines with in a sentence.显然是后者的意思。
2、coin:(v.) to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use.
The term 'cardboard city' was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes.
3、adherent: a person who supports a political party or set of ideas.
4、seize: to take sb/sth in your hand suddenly and using force/ to take control of a place or situation, often suddenly and violently./to arrest or capture sb/ to take illegal or stolen goods away from sb/ to be quick make use of a chance, an opportunity, etc./ to affect sb suddenly and deeply. 应为标粗的意思。这里的用法可以学起来，很有动态、画面感，仿佛就是特朗普从纷繁词汇短语中抓住了、用上了Fake news这个词语。
5、distort: to change the shape, appearance or sound of sth so that it's strange or not clear/ to twist or change facts, ideas,etc. so that they are no longer correct or true.
ex:Newspaper are often guilty of distorting the truth.
这里是后一个意思。
6、taunt: to try to make sb angry or upset by saying unkind things about them, laughing at their failures.etc. 奚落；嘲笑；讽刺；辱骂。
ex: The other kids continually taunted him about his size.
（也可以作名词： an insulting or unkind remark that is intended to make sb angry or upset）
7、reappopriate：
appropriate：to take sth, sb's ideas, etc. for your use, especially illegally or without permission./ to take or give sth, especially money for a particular purpose. reappopriate显然是re 重复 appropriate 占用（第一个意思）。
ex: He was accused of appropriating club funds.
Some of the opposition party's policies have been appropriated by the government.
段落赏析：
此段用政治事件串起了热词，介绍了和美国大选、英国脱欧相关的词语。本段信息量巨大，几乎一句一个热词地轰炸，熟悉英美年度政治好戏的朋友阅读起来会很轻松。
“热词”介绍：
1、fake news
关注总统大选的朋友一定对该词语并不陌生。特朗普一直以来控诉美国主流媒体对其形象、政策的诋毁。而主流媒体们也相应地持续报道特朗普，予以回击。
相关事件新闻指路：（中文）特朗普和主流媒体们的过招
2、deplorables：very bad in a way that causes shock, fear, or disgust。
这是希拉里在选举时对特朗普支持者使用的一个引起网络热烈反响的词语。她称呼特朗普的支持者为：a blasket of deplorables——直白的来讲就是：一筐子渣滓。事实上，希拉里直接攻击了voters，而不是她的rivals，并且在deplorable这个词后面还加了一大堆负面的词汇，"racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, Islamaphobic，you name it".（种族歧视，性别歧视，恐同，排外，恐绿）
特朗普的支持者们自然以各种形式回击希拉里，例如下图：
这一极具侮辱性的词语反而成为了一个群体的口号，每一个网络上宣称自己试deplorables的人就有了集体的归属感。
事实上，deplorable是一个形容词：very bad and unacceptable, often in a way that shocks people.
ex: a deplorable incident 令人愤慨的事件。
Live in the most deplorable conditions 生活在最糟糕的环境里。
新闻指路：deplorables的新闻报道
3、snowflake：
flake: a small, very thing layer or piece of sth, especially one that has broken off from sth larger.
snowflake:易怒的人。
以下资料是立里帮我搜到的，感谢她。ღ( ´･ᴗ･` )比心
BBC英语对此的解释是:
A word which has taken on a new meaning in recent years. These days it's used as an insult. It's used to critise people or groups that are seen to be very easily offended or upset by things that others say. And it's usually a political side to it. Something that is offensive is rude, insulting and makes people feel hurt and upset.
Davis goes on to say that groups that do suffer from discrimination may get some feelings of unity when they call out discrimination. They feel more together when they publicise and highlight the discrimination they have experienced. The so-called snowflakes surely have a point in this.
90后被打上“雪花一族”的标签：
Snowflake generation refers to the young adults of the 2010s, who are viewed as being less resilient and more prone to taking offence than previous generations.
千禧一代也曾打上这样的标签：
Some sources attribute the characteristics ascribed to Snowflake Generation to parenting methods, particularly those that focus on boosting self-esteem.
也很感谢Elle 最早指路，给出线索。Thanks♪(･ω･)ﾉ
4、Remain in Brexit & Remoaner
Brexit是British&exit的合体，自然指的是轰轰烈烈的英国脱欧了。
Remoaner中含有remain的前半部分，指的是支持留欧者。外媒报道已经多次使用该词语描述留欧群体。
So if there is any good news in the cascade of abuse it is that, like so much slang in circulation today, any word popular enough to sum up the mood of a year will saturate social media so quickly that it will soon lose its bite. Or it might be ironically appropriated by the very people it was meant to insult—an old phenomenon, but now manifest at breakneck speed. Social-media tastemakers prize playfulness, ironic detachment— and novelty. In other words, if you are depressed by the vituperations of 2018, be consoled. Most will seem old in 2019, and be history by 2020.
段落翻译：所以，如果在一连串的词语——比如现在循环出现的俚语——的狂轰乱炸中，有什么好消息，那就是那些足够热门以概括一年的情绪的词语了，它使社交媒体饱和得太快，以至于最终会过时。或者它可能会被讽刺地运用于会认为是侮辱的词语的人们——一个老现象了。但是现在它以令人惊叹的速度显现。社交媒体的时尚创造者们珍视这份戏谑的乐趣、尖刻讽刺的拆解——和创新。换句话说，如果你因为2018年的辱骂而低落沮丧，安慰自己：他们中的大多数在2019年被视作老词，在2010年会成为历史。
（abuse 这里做滥用，应该形容的是网络新词诞生快、满天飞的情况）
词语赏析：
1、cascade: a small water, especially one of several falling down a steep slope with rocks/ a large amount of water falling or pouring down/ (formal) a large amount of sth hanging down/ (formal) a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time.
ex: a cascade of rainwater 如注的雨水
ex: Her hair tumbled in a cascade down her back. 长发如瀑布般倾泻。
ex: He crashed to the ground in a cascade of oil cans. 他随着一连串的油桶跌落坠地。
后面的意思其实都是从第一个出来的。对于后面意思的理解，要联想到向下倾泻的瀑布，那种动势、动态。
2、saturate: to make sth completely wet/ to fill sth/sb completely with sth so that it's impossible or useless to add any more.
ex: The company had saturated the market for personal organizers(so that no new buyers could be found).
3、manifest: (v.) to show sth clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality.
ex: Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.
to appear or become noticeable:
ex: The symptoms of the disease manifested themselvess ten days later.
4、playfulness:
ex: Perhaps. Yet, for all his playfulness, Mr Tesson is in earnest. (from TE)
5、detachment: the state of not being involved in sth in an emotional or personal way/ the state of not being influenced by other people or by your own feelings.（都是不可数名词）
ex: He answered with an air of detachment.
ex: In judging these issues a degree of critical detachment is required.
6、vituperation: cruel and angry criticism.
即 Abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will.
7、console: to give comfort or sympathy to sb who is unhappy or disappointed.
ex: Nothing could console him when his wife died.
段落赏析：
最后一段总结了这些热词们的特点：迅速火爆，很快过时。文末也幽默地安慰那些被热词冒犯了的人们：不要沮丧了，热词死得快快的，很快就是历史了。相信读到最后，每个读者都会会心一笑。