[源码解析] TensorFlow 分布式环境(4) --- WorkerCache

[源码解析] TensorFlow 分布式环境(4) — WorkerCache

我们接下来介绍缓存机制。为什么要缓存？因为集群内部有众多 worker。在 Master 与 Worker 之间，Worker 和 Worker 之间都需要交互，所以有必要把 Worker 和其 Grpc 通道都缓存起来。可以说，在 TensorFlow 分布式环境下处处可见缓存的使用。

本系列其他文章是：

[翻译] TensorFlow 分布式之论文篇 “TensorFlow : Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Distributed Syst

[翻译] TensorFlow 分布式之论文篇 “Implementation of Control Flow in TensorFlow“

[源码解析] TensorFlow 分布式环境(1) — 总体架构

[源码解析] TensorFlow 分布式环境(2)—Master 静态逻辑

[源码解析] TensorFlow 分布式环境(3)— Worker 静态逻辑

1. WorkerCache

WorkerCache 的作用就是获取 WorkerInterface 实例，WorkerInterface 实例可以访问远端 WorkerSerivice 服务。WorkerInterface 实例的典型就是 GrpcRemoteWorker。

1.1 如何使用

前面初始化 MasterEnv 时，WorkerCacheFactory 被配置到 master_env_.worker_cache_factory 之中。

master_env_.worker_cache_factory =
    [this](const WorkerCacheFactoryOptions& options,
           WorkerCacheInterface** worker_cache) {
      return WorkerCacheFactory(options, worker_cache);
    };

后续在 Master::CreateSession 之中，有如下删减版代码，从中可以知道如何从工厂类之中获取 worker_cache（WorkerCacheInterface实例），以及后续如何使用 worker_cache 进行操作。

void Master::CreateSession(const CreateSessionRequest* req,
                           CreateSessionResponse* resp, MyClosure done) {
  SchedClosure([this, req, resp, done]() {
      // 配置option
      WorkerCacheFactoryOptions worker_cache_factory_options;
      worker_cache_factory_options.protocol = &grpc_protocol;
      worker_cache_factory_options.rpc_options = &req->config().rpc_options();
    
      // 建立 worker_cache
      // Create the worker cache from the computed server_def.
      status = env_->worker_cache_factory(worker_cache_factory_options,
                                          &worker_cache);

      // 使用 worker_cache 来完成后续操作
      status =
          DeviceFinder::GetRemoteDevices(req->config().device_filters(), env_,
                                         worker_cache, remote_devices.get());

  });
}

1.2 配置

WorkerCacheFactoryOptions 等价于 ServerDef，它包含 ClusterDef，job_name，task_index 等信息。

// Options passed to the worker_cache_factory function.
struct WorkerCacheFactoryOptions {
  const ClusterDef* cluster_def = nullptr;
  const string* job_name = nullptr;
  int task_index;
  const string* protocol = nullptr;
  const RPCOptions* rpc_options = nullptr;

  WorkerCacheFactoryOptions() {}

  // Construct from a ServerDef proto.
  //
  // Note: server_def must outlive WorkerCacheFactoryOptions!
  WorkerCacheFactoryOptions(const ServerDef& server_def) {
    if (server_def.has_cluster() && !server_def.job_name().empty()) {
      cluster_def = &server_def.cluster();
      job_name = &server_def.job_name();
      task_index = server_def.task_index();
      protocol = &server_def.protocol();
      rpc_options = &server_def.default_session_config().rpc_options();
    }
  }
};

1.3 工厂类

WorkerCacheFactory 是一个函数，其作用如下：

• 使用 ParseChannelSpec 来得到 GrpcChannelSpec 实例，GrpcChannelSpec 等价于 ClusterSpec，其包含集群基本配置信息。
• 使用 NewGrpcChannelCache 拿到一个GrpcChannelCache channel_cache。这里使用到了 GetChannelCreationFunction。
• 使用 NewGrpcWorkerCacheWithLocalWorker(channel_cache) 得到 worker_cache。

Status GrpcServer::WorkerCacheFactory(const WorkerCacheFactoryOptions& options,
                                      WorkerCacheInterface** worker_cache) {

  // 得到 GrpcChannelSpec
  GrpcChannelSpec channel_spec;
  TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(ParseChannelSpec(options, &channel_spec));

  // 得到 GrpcChannelCache
  std::shared_ptr<GrpcChannelCache> channel_cache(NewGrpcChannelCache(
      channel_spec, GetChannelCreationFunction(), *options.rpc_options));

  string name_prefix = strings::StrCat("/job:", *options.job_name, "/replica:0",
                                       "/task:", options.task_index);

  const string host_port = channel_cache->TranslateTask(name_prefix);
  int requested_port;

  auto colon_index = host_port.find_last_of(':');
  if (!strings::safe_strto32(host_port.substr(colon_index + 1),
                             &requested_port)) {
    return errors::Internal("Could not parse port for local server from \"",
                            host_port, "\".");
  }
  if (requested_port != bound_port_) {
    return errors::InvalidArgument("Requested port ", requested_port,
                                   " differs from expected port ", bound_port_);
  }
  // 得到 Worker Cache
  *worker_cache = NewGrpcWorkerCacheWithLocalWorker(
      channel_cache, grpc_worker_env(), worker_impl(), name_prefix);
  return Status::OK();
}

1.3.1 ParseChannelSpec

ParseChannelSpec 被用来得到 GrpcChannelSpec 实例，GrpcChannelSpec 等价于 ClusterSpec，其包含集群基本配置信息。

Status GrpcServer::ParseChannelSpec(const WorkerCacheFactoryOptions& options,
                                    GrpcChannelSpec* channel_spec) {
  for (const auto& job : options.cluster_def->job()) {
    std::map<int, string> host_ports;
    for (const auto& task : job.tasks()) {
      string& host_port = host_ports[task.first];
      if (!host_port.empty()) {
        return errors::InvalidArgument("JobDef for job \"", job.name(),
                                       "\" specified two addresses for task \"",
                                       task.first, "\": ", host_port, " and ",
                                       task.second);
      }
      if (job.name() == *options.job_name && task.first == options.task_index) {
        host_port = strings::StrCat(host_name_, ":", bound_port_);
      } else {
        host_port = task.second;
      }
    }
    TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(channel_spec->AddHostPortsJob(job.name(), host_ports));
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

1.3.2 NewGrpcChannelCache

NewGrpcChannelCache 用于创建 GrpcChannelCache 实例，可以看到，每个 Job 对应了一个 SparseGrpcChannelCache。如果只有一个 SparseGrpcChannelCache，则直接返回，否则把这些 SparseGrpcChannelCache 组合在一起构建一个 MultiGrpcChannelCache 返回。其中传入的channel_func 是 GetChannelCreationFunction。我们后续会介绍。

GrpcChannelCache* NewGrpcChannelCache(const GrpcChannelSpec& spec,
                                      ChannelCreationFunction channel_func,
                                      const RPCOptions& options) {
  const int num_jobs = spec.host_ports_jobs().size();
  if (!num_jobs) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  std::vector<GrpcChannelCache*> caches;
  caches.reserve(num_jobs);
  for (auto& job : spec.host_ports_jobs()) {
    caches.push_back(
        new SparseGrpcChannelCache(job.job_id, job.host_ports, channel_func,
                                   options.num_channels_per_target()));
  }
  return caches.size() == 1 ? caches[0]
                            : new MultiGrpcChannelCache(
                                  caches, options.num_channels_per_target());
}

1.3.3 NewGrpcWorkerCacheWithLocalWorker

NewGrpcWorkerCacheWithLocalWorker 方法创建 GrpcWorkerCache 实例。

WorkerCacheInterface* NewGrpcWorkerCacheWithLocalWorker(
    std::shared_ptr<GrpcChannelCache> cc, GrpcWorkerEnv* worker_env,
    WorkerInterface* local_worker, const string& local_target) {
  return new GrpcWorkerCache(cc, local_worker, local_target, worker_env);
}

local_worker 参数是通过 worker_impl() 得到并且传入的，其生成是在 GrpcServer::Init 之中，就是本地的 GrpcWorker。

GrpcWorker* worker_impl() const { return worker_impl_.get(); }

std::unique_ptr<GrpcWorker> NewGrpcWorker(WorkerEnv* env,
                                          const ConfigProto& config) {
  return std::unique_ptr<GrpcWorker>(new GrpcWorker(env, config));
}

Status GrpcServer::Init(const GrpcServerOptions& opts) {
  
    // 省略
  
    worker_impl_ = opts.worker_func ? opts.worker_func(&worker_env_, config)
                                  : NewGrpcWorker(&worker_env_, config);
  
  	// 省略
}  

我们梳理一下工厂类目前流程，可以看到，最开始输入是 WorkerCacheFactoryOptions，然后一步一步的通过各个函数的处理，最后生成了 GrpcWorkerCache。

图 1 工厂类流程

1.4 WorkerCacheInterface

1.4.1 接口

WorkerCacheInterface 是接口类，上面图之中 GrpcWorkerCache 就是这个接口的派生类。

class WorkerCacheInterface {
 public:
  virtual ~WorkerCacheInterface() {}

  // Updates *workers with strings naming the remote worker tasks to
  // which open channels have been established.
  virtual void ListWorkers(std::vector<string>* workers) const = 0;
  virtual void ListWorkersInJob(const string& job_name,
                                std::vector<string>* workers) const = 0;

  // If "target" names a remote task for which an RPC channel exists
  // or can be constructed, returns a pointer to a WorkerInterface object
  // wrapping that channel. The returned value must be destroyed by
  // calling `this->ReleaseWorker(target, ret)`
  virtual WorkerInterface* GetOrCreateWorker(const string& target) = 0;

  // Release a worker previously returned by this->GetOrCreateWorker(target).
  //
  // TODO(jeff,sanjay): Consider moving target into WorkerInterface.
  // TODO(jeff,sanjay): Unify all worker-cache impls and factor out a
  //                    per-rpc-subsystem WorkerInterface creator.
  virtual void ReleaseWorker(const string& target, WorkerInterface* worker) {
    // Subclasses may override to reuse worker objects.
    delete worker;
  }

  // Set *locality with the DeviceLocality of the specified remote device
  // within its local environment.  Returns true if *locality
  // was set, using only locally cached data.  Returns false
  // if status data for that device was not available.  Never blocks.
  virtual bool GetDeviceLocalityNonBlocking(const string& device,
                                            DeviceLocality* locality) = 0;

  // Set *locality with the DeviceLocality of the specified remote device
  // within its local environment.  Callback gets Status::OK if *locality
  // was set.
  virtual void GetDeviceLocalityAsync(const string& device,
                                      DeviceLocality* locality,
                                      StatusCallback done) = 0;

  // TODO(b/189159585): Define a general client cache maker function to
  // construct client cache of different types sharing the same underling RPC
  // channels, to replace the eager and coordination cache function.
  // Build and return a EagerClientCache object wrapping that channel.
  virtual Status GetEagerClientCache(
      std::unique_ptr<eager::EagerClientCache>* eager_client_cache) = 0;

  // Build and return a CoordinationClientCache object wrapping that channel.
  virtual Status GetCoordinationClientCache(
      std::unique_ptr<CoordinationClientCache>* coordination_client_cache) = 0;

  // Start/stop logging activity.
  virtual void SetLogging(bool active) {}

  // Discard any saved log data.
  virtual void ClearLogs() {}

  // Return logs for the identified step in *ss.  Any returned data will no
  // longer be stored.
  virtual bool RetrieveLogs(int64_t step_id, StepStats* ss) { return false; }
};

WorkerCachePartial 又继承了 WorkerCacheInterface。

// Implements the part of the interface that caches and returns remote
// device status attributes.
class WorkerCachePartial : public WorkerCacheInterface {
 public:
  bool GetDeviceLocalityNonBlocking(const string& device,
                                    DeviceLocality* locality) override;

  void GetDeviceLocalityAsync(const string& device, DeviceLocality* locality,
                              StatusCallback) override;

  ~WorkerCachePartial() override {}

  // Clear all entries from the DeviceStatus cache.
  void FlushStatusCache();

 private:
  mutex mu_;

  // Initiate a GetStatusAsync to the remote task named by "task", and
  // update the cache with all the DeviceAttributes reported.
  Status RefreshDeviceStatus(const string& device_name);

  typedef std::unordered_map<string, DeviceAttributes> StatusMap;
  StatusMap device_status_cache_ TF_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
};

1.4.2 GrpcWorkerCache

GrpcWorkerCache 则继承了 WorkerCachePartial。

class GrpcWorkerCache : public WorkerCachePartial {
 public:
  explicit GrpcWorkerCache(std::shared_ptr<GrpcChannelCache> channel_cache,
                           WorkerInterface* local_worker,
                           const string& local_target,
                           GrpcWorkerEnv* worker_env)
      : local_target_(local_target),
        local_worker_(local_worker),
        channel_cache_(channel_cache),
        worker_env_(worker_env),
        next_round_robin_assignment_(0) {}

  const string local_target_;
  WorkerInterface* const local_worker_;  // Not owned.
  std::shared_ptr<GrpcChannelCache> channel_cache_;
  WorkerCacheLogger logger_;
  GrpcWorkerEnv* worker_env_;  // Not owned

  mutex assignment_mu_;
  std::unordered_map<std::string, size_t> target_assignments_
      TF_GUARDED_BY(assignment_mu_);
  size_t next_round_robin_assignment_ TF_GUARDED_BY(assignment_mu_);
};

其主要功能是使用 ListWorkers 罗列出集群内所有 worker 的名字。

void ListWorkers(std::vector<string>* workers) const override {
  channel_cache_->ListWorkers(workers);
}

void ListWorkersInJob(const string& job_name,
                        std::vector<string>* workers) const override {
	channel_cache_->ListWorkersInJob(job_name, workers);
}

GetOrCreateWorker 会根据 Worker 的 RPC 通道建立 worker，如果是本地，则直接返回 local_worker_，就是我们前面设置的本地 GrpcWorker。

WorkerInterface* GetOrCreateWorker(const string& target) override {
  if (target == local_target_) {
    return local_worker_;
  } else {
    SharedGrpcChannelPtr channel = channel_cache_->FindWorkerChannel(target);
    if (!channel) {
      return nullptr;
    }
    size_t index = AssignWorkerToThread(target);
    return NewGrpcRemoteWorker(
        channel, worker_env_->GetCompletionQueue(index),
        worker_env_->GetThreadPool(), &logger_, target);
  }
}

2. RPC 通道

Worker 运行在 RPC 通道之上，所以我们接下来看看如何建立这个 RPC 通道。因为 Worker 有缓存，同样的，RPC 通道也有缓存。GrpcChannelCache 就是这个缓存，其被用来获取/创建集群之中远端 Worker 的 RPC 通道。

2.1 GrpcChannelCache 接口

GrpcChannelCache 是接口类，定义了一系列接口，比如：

• ListWorkers 可以返回集群之中的 Worker 名称。
• TranslateTask ：把 Worker 名字 转换为地址信息，格式是 host:port。
• FindWorkerChannel ：从缓存中查找 grpc::Channel 实例，如果缓存之中没有，就依据地址信息动态生成一个实例，再将其放入缓存。

class GrpcChannelCache {
 public:
  virtual ~GrpcChannelCache() {}

  // Populates *workers with names of all workers which this object
  // was created to handle.  Worker names are in the format
  //  /job:/task:
  // e.g. /job:mnist/task:2
  virtual void ListWorkers(std::vector<string>* workers) = 0;
  virtual void ListWorkersInJob(const string& job_name,
                                std::vector<string>* workers) = 0;

  // If found, returns a gRPC channel that is connected to the remote
  // worker named by 'target'. 'target' is of the following
  // format: /job:/task:
  // E.g., /job:mnist/task:2
  virtual SharedGrpcChannelPtr FindWorkerChannel(const string& target) = 0;

  // Translates a string in the form `/job:X/task:Z` into a host_port.
  virtual string TranslateTask(const string& task) = 0;
};

2.2 缓存机制

CachingGrpcChannelCache 是缓存类，可以避免每次创建 grpc::Channel 的开销。其定义如下，具体就是派生了 GrpcChannelCache 的 GenericCachingChannelCache。

// GrpcChannelCache that caches results to FindWorkerChannel() calls.
using CachingGrpcChannelCache = GenericCachingChannelCache<GrpcChannelCache>;

GenericCachingChannelCache，用于缓存FindWorkerChannel()调用的结果，首先从缓存中查找 grpc::Channel 实例，如果缓存之中没有，就依据地址信息调用 FindChannelOnce 动态生成一个实例，再将其放入缓存。

GenericCachingChannelCache 允许使用多个通道与同一目标通信以提高吞吐量。当同一目标存在多个通道时，每次调用FindWorkerChannel时，都会以 round robin 循环方式选择这些通道。

注意，因为有如下定义，所以 absl::flat_hash_map channels_ 就是 ::grpc::Channel 缓存 集合。

typedef std::shared_ptr<::grpc::Channel> SharedGrpcChannelPtr;

具体代码是：

template <typename ChannelCacheT>
class GenericCachingChannelCache : public ChannelCacheT {
 public:
  explicit GenericCachingChannelCache(int num_channels_per_target)
      : num_channels_per_target_(
            num_channels_per_target > 0 ? num_channels_per_target : 1) {}

  ~GenericCachingChannelCache() override {}

  SharedGrpcChannelPtr FindWorkerChannel(const string& target) override {
    {
      mutex_lock l(mu_);
      auto iter = channels_.find(target);
      if (iter != channels_.end()) {
        return GetNextChannelPtrAndUpdateState(iter->second);
      }
    }
    ChannelState new_chan_state;
    for (int indx = 0; indx < num_channels_per_target_; indx++) {
      auto ch = FindChannelOnce(target);
      if (!ch) return nullptr;
      new_chan_state.channels.push_back(ch);
    }
    new_chan_state.last_used = num_channels_per_target_ - 1;

    {
      mutex_lock l(mu_);
      typename absl::flat_hash_map<string, ChannelState>::iterator iter;
      bool was_inserted;
      std::tie(iter, was_inserted) = channels_.insert({target, new_chan_state});
      return GetNextChannelPtrAndUpdateState(iter->second);
    }
  }

 protected:
  // Find the ClientChannel for "target".  Only called when no channel was
  // found in the channels_ cache for "target".  A non nullptr result will be
  // cached in channels_.
  virtual SharedGrpcChannelPtr FindChannelOnce(const string& target) = 0;

 private:
  struct ChannelState {
    std::vector<SharedGrpcChannelPtr> channels; 
    int last_used;
  };

  // Should be called with mu_ held.
  SharedGrpcChannelPtr GetNextChannelPtrAndUpdateState(
      ChannelState& chan_state) {
    // Following statement is marked as Crash OK as this is an invariant of
    // code flow in this class.
    CHECK_EQ(chan_state.channels.size(), num_channels_per_target_);  // Crash OK
    chan_state.last_used =
        (chan_state.last_used + 1) % num_channels_per_target_;
    return chan_state.channels[chan_state.last_used];
  }

  const int num_channels_per_target_;
  // TODO(zhifengc): Eviction when the map becomes too big.
  mutex mu_;
  absl::flat_hash_map<string, ChannelState> channels_ TF_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
};

2.3 业务派生类

从 CachingGrpcChannelCache 又派生出了两个类，具体如下：

2.3.1 叶子节点

SparseGrpcChannelCache 是叶子结点，集群之中每个 Job 对应了一个 SparseGrpcChannelCache，SparseGrpcChannelCache 内部的 grpc::Channel 集合就是 Job 的 Task 对应的 grpc::Channel 集合，每个 Task 对应一个 grpc::Channel 。

SparseGrpcChannelCache 主要变量如下：

• const string job_id_ ：本类对应了哪一个 Job。
• const std::map host_ports_ ：本 Job 对应 Task 的 host:port 列表。
• const ChannelCreationFunction channel_func_ ：生成 grpc:Channel 的方法。

SparseGrpcChannelCache 主要功能如下：

• ListWorkers ：该方法返回本 Job 对应的 Task 名称列表。
• TranslateTask：依据某个 Task 名字来得到其地址信息（格式为host:port ），例如， /job:ps/replica:1/task:1 的地址可能就是 ps1:1111;
• FindChannelOnce ：依据某个 Task 名字来创建对应的 grpc::Channel。具体是先通过 TranslateTask 获取到 worker 对应的 task id，然后得到地址信息，最后用地址信息来构建 grpc::Channel。

class SparseGrpcChannelCache : public CachingGrpcChannelCache {
 public:
  SparseGrpcChannelCache(const string& job_id,
                         const std::map<int, string>& host_ports,
                         ChannelCreationFunction channel_func,
                         int num_channels_per_target)
      : CachingGrpcChannelCache(num_channels_per_target),
        job_id_(job_id),
        host_ports_(host_ports),
        channel_func_(std::move(channel_func)) {
  }
  ~SparseGrpcChannelCache() override {}

  void ListWorkers(std::vector<string>* workers) override {
    workers->reserve(workers->size() + host_ports_.size());
    for (const auto& id_host_port : host_ports_) {
      workers->emplace_back(MakeAddress(job_id_, id_host_port.first));
    }
  }

  void ListWorkersInJob(const string& job_name,
                        std::vector<string>* workers) override {
    if (job_name == job_id_) {
      ListWorkers(workers);
    }
  }

  string TranslateTask(const string& target) override {
    DeviceNameUtils::ParsedName parsed;
    if (!DeviceNameUtils::ParseFullName(target, &parsed)) {
      return "";
    }

    if (!parsed.has_job || parsed.job != job_id_) {
      return "";
    }
    if (!parsed.has_replica || parsed.replica != 0) {
      return "";
    }
    int32_t task = parsed.has_task ? parsed.task : -1;
    auto iter = host_ports_.find(task);
    if (iter == host_ports_.end()) {
      return "";
    }
    return iter->second;
  }

 protected:
  SharedGrpcChannelPtr FindChannelOnce(const string& target) override {
    const string host_port = TranslateTask(target);
    if (host_port.empty()) {
    if (host_port.empty()) {
      return nullptr;
    }
    auto chan_ptr = channel_func_(host_port);
    return chan_ptr;
  }

 private:

  const string job_id_;
  const std::map<int, string> host_ports_;
  const ChannelCreationFunction channel_func_;
  TF_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SparseGrpcChannelCache);
};

2.3.2 非叶子结点

为了提高 SparseGrpcChannelCache 查找过程以及对集群所有 Worker 节点 的组合管理，TF 把 集群内的 SparseGrpcChannelCache 组合起来，构建了 MultiGrpcChannelCache。MultiGrpcChannelCache 会把访问过的 SparseGrpcChannelCache 缓存起来。

// A ChannelCache that is the union of multiple ChannelCaches.
// Takes ownership of the caches passed to the constructor.
class MultiGrpcChannelCache : public CachingGrpcChannelCache {
 public:
  explicit MultiGrpcChannelCache(const std::vector<GrpcChannelCache*>& caches,
                                 int num_channels_per_target)
      : CachingGrpcChannelCache(num_channels_per_target), caches_(caches) {}

  ~MultiGrpcChannelCache() override {
    for (GrpcChannelCache* cache : caches_) {
      delete cache;
    }
  }

  void ListWorkers(std::vector<string>* workers) override {
    for (GrpcChannelCache* cache : caches_) {
      cache->ListWorkers(workers);
    }
  }

  void ListWorkersInJob(const string& job_name,
                        std::vector<string>* workers) override {
    for (GrpcChannelCache* cache : caches_) {
      cache->ListWorkersInJob(job_name, workers);
    }
  }

  string TranslateTask(const string& target) override {
    mutex_lock l(mu_);  // could use reader lock
    GrpcChannelCache* cache = gtl::FindPtrOrNull(target_caches_, target);
    if (cache == nullptr) {
      for (GrpcChannelCache* c : caches_) {
        string r = c->TranslateTask(target);
        if (!r.empty()) {
          target_caches_.insert({target, c});
          cache = c;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    return cache->TranslateTask(target);
  }

 protected:
  SharedGrpcChannelPtr FindChannelOnce(const string& target) override {
    for (GrpcChannelCache* cache : caches_) {
      SharedGrpcChannelPtr ch(cache->FindWorkerChannel(target));
      if (ch) {
        mutex_lock l(mu_);
        target_caches_.insert({target, cache});
        return ch;
      }
    }
    return nullptr;
  }

 private:
  // List of channels used by this MultiGrpcChannelCache.
  const std::vector<GrpcChannelCache*> caches_;

  mutex mu_;
  // Cache of channels keyed by the target they are handling.
  // The same GrpcChannelCache can appear multiple times in the cache.
  std::unordered_map<string, GrpcChannelCache*> target_caches_
      TF_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
};

目前结构如下：

图 2 缓存逻辑关系

2.4 生成 GrpcChannelCache

前面在生成 GrpcChannelCache 时候，传入了 GetChannelCreationFunction，当时没有介绍，我们现在梳理一下。

  // 得到 GrpcChannelCache
  std::shared_ptr<GrpcChannelCache> channel_cache(NewGrpcChannelCache(
      channel_spec, GetChannelCreationFunction(), *options.rpc_options));

2.4.1 目标&使用

我们首先看看如何使用或者说目标，就是通过 target（host:port类型的字符串）来生成一个 SharedGrpcChannelPtr，我们知道，SharedGrpcChannelPtr 就是 grpc::Channel。

SharedGrpcChannelPtr FindChannelOnce(const string& target) override {
  const string host_port = TranslateTask(target);
  if (host_port.empty()) {
  if (host_port.empty()) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  auto chan_ptr = channel_func_(host_port);
  VLOG(5) << "Channel created for: job: " << job_id_
          << " host_port: " << host_port << " target : " << target
          << " Ptr: " << chan_ptr.get();
  return chan_ptr;
}

2.4.2 NewHostPortGrpcChannel

首先要介绍 NewHostPortGrpcChannel，NewHostPortGrpcChannel 是 TF 现存的 API。其主要作用是调用 ::grpc::CreateCustomChannel（gRPC API）得到一个 grpc::Channel，配置到 SharedGrpcChannelPtr* channel_pointer 之上，然后返回 channel_pointer（也就是 grpc::Channel）。这个方法的返回结果是我们满意的，但是调用方法不对，需要封装或转换一下。

Status NewHostPortGrpcChannel(const string& target,
                              const RPCOptions* rpc_options,
                              SharedGrpcChannelPtr* channel_pointer) {
  // Minimally ensure that the target is valid
  TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(ValidateHostPortPair(target));

  ::grpc::ChannelArguments args = GetChannelArguments(rpc_options);
  *channel_pointer = ::grpc::CreateCustomChannel(
      "dns:///" + target, ::grpc::InsecureChannelCredentials(), args);
  return Status::OK();
}

2.4.3 ConvertToChannelCreationFunction

ConvertToChannelCreationFunction 方法是用来把传入的 new_channel_func_ptr 方法转换一下，把 new_channel_func_ptr 变成一个只需要传入 const string& target 就可以生成 SharedGrpcChannelPtr 的方法。

ChannelCreationFunction ConvertToChannelCreationFunction(
    const std::function<Status(string, const RPCOptions*,
                               SharedGrpcChannelPtr*)>& new_channel_func_ptr) {
  return [new_channel_func_ptr](const string& target) -> SharedGrpcChannelPtr {
    SharedGrpcChannelPtr channel_ptr;
    if (new_channel_func_ptr(target, /*rpc_options=*/nullptr, &channel_ptr)
            .ok()) {
      return channel_ptr;
    } else {
      return nullptr;
    }
  };
}

2.4.4 GetChannelCreationFunction

GetChannelCreationFunction 就是使用 NewHostPortGrpcChannel 作为传入参数，得到一个 ConvertToChannelCreationFunction 的方法，因为这个方法才是可以被 WorkerCache工厂类利用的方法。

ChannelCreationFunction GrpcServer::GetChannelCreationFunction() const {
  // We can do this because SparseGrpcChannelCache is robust to nullptr being
  // returned by the channel creation function
  return ConvertToChannelCreationFunction(NewHostPortGrpcChannel);
}

2.4.5 使用分析

回到我们的调用。channel_func_ 就是 GetChannelCreationFunction，于是直接调用就可以得到 grpc::Channel。

SharedGrpcChannelPtr FindChannelOnce(const string& target) override {
  const string host_port = TranslateTask(target);
  auto chan_ptr = channel_func_(host_port);
}

至此，我们拓展之前的逻辑如下，中间增加了一个步骤，通过传入 target 就可以得到 grpc::Channel：

图 3 如何转换

3. Cache 在系统中的位置

我们虽然总结了 Cache 如何初始化，如何使用，但是我们迷失了 Cache 在系统之中的位置，现在我们看看究竟在系统之中，Cache 处于什么位置。GrpcWorkerCache 内部的 GrpcChannelCache 指向了系统内部的 gRPC Channel Cache，用来获取缓存的 gRPC 通道。local_worker 存储了本地 Worker。

图 4 Cache 的位置

当调用 GrpcWorkerCache 的 GetOrCreateWorker 时候，如果 target 是本地，就直接返回 local_worker（就是我们前面设置的本地 GrpcWorker），否则根据 Worker 的 RPC 通道来生成一个远端 GrpcRemoteWorker。

图 5 生成 worker

在 Master，Worker，MasterSesision，WorkerSession 之中，处处可见 WorkerCacheInterface（也就是GrpcWorkerCache）的身影，很多类都有一个指向 WorkerCacheInterface 的成员变量，使用相当广泛。

4. 查找设备集

为了创建 WorkerSession，MasterSession 需要知道远端所有 Worker 之上的设备集合，所以 Master 会在创建 MasterSession 之前遍历所有 Worker，获取其上的设备信息，因为其利用了 GrpcWorkerCache 的功能，所以我们在这里一起讲解。基本逻辑如下：

• 根据 GrpcWorkerCache::ListWorkers 获取集群中所有 Worker 的名字。
• 依据 worker_name 调用 GetOrCreateWorker 在 worker_cache 内部查找 WorkerInterface 对象，如果有就获取，没有就构建。
• 然后构建 GetStatusRequest，发送给找到的 Worker，具体通过 GetStatusAsync 完成。
• Worker 返回 GetStatusResponse 之后，将调用回调函数 cb （WhenFound方法）之中的函数对象来获取 Worke 的设备信息。这里需要对获取到的设备信息进行处理，添加 worker_name。

图 6 获取设备

4.1 DeviceFinder

4.1.1 定义

DeviceFinder 是一个函数对象，实现了查找远端worker设备的算法，我们先给出成员变量如下：

class DeviceFinder {
  ~DeviceFinder() {
    for (Device* dev : found_) delete dev;
  }

  typedef DeviceFinder ME;
  const MasterEnv* env_;
  WorkerCacheInterface* worker_cache_;
  std::vector<DeviceNameUtils::ParsedName> filters_;

  mutex mu_;
  int num_pending_ TF_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
  condition_variable pending_zero_;
  std::vector<Device*> found_ TF_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
  // List of targets to be contacted by this DeviceFinder. The
  // respective `bool` in `seen_targets_` indicates whether we have
  // heard from this target or not.
  std::vector<string> targets_;
  std::vector<bool> seen_targets_ TF_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
  Status status_;

  TF_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(DeviceFinder);
};

4.1.2 初始化

主要逻辑是：根据 GrpcWorkerCache::ListWorkers 获取集群中所有的 Worker 的名字列表。

explicit DeviceFinder(
    const protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<string>& device_filters, MasterEnv* env,
    WorkerCacheInterface* worker_cache)
    : env_(env), worker_cache_(worker_cache) {
  CHECK(worker_cache) << "Worker cache was null!";
  auto process_filter = [this](const string& filter) {
    DeviceNameUtils::ParsedName parsed;
    if (DeviceNameUtils::ParseFullName(filter, &parsed)) {
      filters_.push_back(parsed);
    } else {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Skipping invalid filter: " << filter;
    }
  };
  for (const string& filter : device_filters) {
    process_filter(filter);
  }
  // Enumerates all known workers' target. A target name is a
  // prefix of a device name. E.g., /job:mnist/replica:0/task:10.
  if (filters_.empty()) {
    // If no filters were specified, we list all known workers in
    // `worker_cache`.
    std::vector<string> workers;
    worker_cache->ListWorkers(&workers);
    std::swap(workers, targets_);
  } else {
    // When applying filters, we must include the local worker, even if it
    // does not match any of the filters.
    CHECK_GT(env_->local_devices.size(), 0) << "No local devices provided.";
    const string& local_device_name = env_->local_devices[0]->name();
    DeviceNameUtils::ParsedName local_parsed_name;
    CHECK(DeviceNameUtils::ParseFullName(local_device_name,
                                         &local_parsed_name));
    bool all_filters_have_job = true;
    std::unordered_set<string> filter_job_names({local_parsed_name.job});
    for (const DeviceNameUtils::ParsedName& filter : filters_) {
      all_filters_have_job = all_filters_have_job && filter.has_job;
      if (filter.has_job) {
        filter_job_names.insert(filter.job);
      }
    }

    std::vector<string> workers;
    if (all_filters_have_job) {
      // If all of the device filters have a job specified, then we only need
      // to list the workers in the jobs named in the filter, because a worker
      // in any other job would not match any filter.
      for (const string& job_name : filter_job_names) {
        VLOG(2) << "Selectively listing workers in job: " << job_name;
        std::vector<string> workers_in_job;
        worker_cache->ListWorkersInJob(job_name, &workers_in_job);
        workers.insert(workers.end(), workers_in_job.begin(),
                       workers_in_job.end());
      }
    } else {
      // If any of the device filters does not have a job specified, then we
      // must list the workers from all jobs.
      VLOG(2) << "Listing workers in all jobs because some device "
              << "filter has no job specified. Filters were:";
      if (device_filters.empty()) {
        VLOG(2) << "- ";
      } else {
        for (const string& filter : device_filters) {
          VLOG(2) << "- " << filter;
        }
      }
      worker_cache->ListWorkers(&workers);
    }
    for (const string& name : workers) {
      if (MatchFilters(name) ||
          DeviceNameUtils::IsSameAddressSpace(name, local_device_name)) {
        targets_.push_back(name);
      }
    }
  }
  seen_targets_.assign(targets_.size(), false);
}

4.1.3 GetRemoteDevices

GetRemoteDevices 方法会获取远端设备，逻辑如下：

• 利用 finder.Start() 来给集群内部所有 Worker 广播 GetStatusRequest。
• 利用 finder.Wait() 收集所有 Worker 返回的 GetStatusResponse 消息。
• 利用 finder.GetRemoteDevices 获取查询结果，并且返回给客户。

static Status GetRemoteDevices(
    const protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<string>& device_filters, MasterEnv* env,
    WorkerCacheInterface* worker_cache,
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Device>>* out_remote) {
  DeviceFinder finder(device_filters, env, worker_cache);
  finder.Start();
  TF_RETURN_IF_ERROR(finder.Wait());
  finder.GetRemoteDevices(env->local_devices, out_remote);
  return Status::OK();
}

4.1.3.1 Start

Start 方法会把计数器 num_pending_ 初始化为 Worker 数目，然后遍历 Worker，逐一调用 NewRemoteDevices 进行处理。

void Start() {
  {
    mutex_lock l(mu_);
    num_pending_ = targets_.size();
    if (num_pending_ == 0) {
      pending_zero_.notify_all();
    }
  }
  // Talk to all workers to get the list of available devices.
  using std::placeholders::_1;
  using std::placeholders::_2;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < targets_.size(); ++i) {
    // TODO(mrry): Propagate a timeout here, since `this->WhenFound()` may
    // never be called.
    NewRemoteDevices(env_->env, worker_cache_, targets_[i],
                     std::bind(&ME::WhenFound, this, i, _1, _2));
  }
}

NewRemoteDevices 逻辑如下：

• 依据 worker_name 调用 GetOrCreateWorker 在 worker_cache 内部查找 WorkerInterface 对象，如果有就获取，没有就构建。
• 然后构建 GetStatusRequest，发送给找到的 Worker，具体通过 GetStatusAsync 完成。
• Worker 返回 GetStatusResponse 之后，将调用回调函数 cb （WhenFound方法）之中的函数对象来获取 Worke 的设备信息。这里需要对获取到的设备信息进行处理，添加 worker_name。

void NewRemoteDevices(Env* env, WorkerCacheInterface* worker_cache,
                      const string& worker_name, NewRemoteDevicesDone done) {
  WorkerInterface* wi = worker_cache->GetOrCreateWorker(worker_name);
  if (wi == nullptr) {
    std::vector<Device*> empty;
    done(errors::NotFound("Device ", worker_name, " is not found."), &empty);
    return;
  }
  struct Call {
    GetStatusRequest req; // 发送消息
    GetStatusResponse resp; // 相应消息
  };
  Call* call = new Call;
  // 回调函数
  auto cb = [env, worker_cache, worker_name, done, wi,
             call](const Status& status) {
    Status s = status;
    std::vector<Device*> remote_devices;
    auto cleanup = gtl::MakeCleanup(
        [&worker_cache, &worker_name, &wi, &done, &remote_devices, &s, call] {
          worker_cache->ReleaseWorker(worker_name, wi);
          done(s, &remote_devices);
          delete call;
        });
    if (s.ok()) {
      DeviceNameUtils::ParsedName worker_name_parsed;
      if (!DeviceNameUtils::ParseFullName(worker_name, &worker_name_parsed) ||
          !worker_name_parsed.has_job || !worker_name_parsed.has_replica ||
          !worker_name_parsed.has_task) {
        s = errors::InvalidArgument("Could not parse worker name: ",
                                    worker_name);
        return;
      }
      remote_devices.reserve(call->resp.device_attributes_size());
      for (const DeviceAttributes& da : call->resp.device_attributes()) {
        DeviceNameUtils::ParsedName device_name_parsed;
        CHECK(DeviceNameUtils::ParseFullName(da.name(), &device_name_parsed))
            << "Device attribute name '" << da.name() << "' could not be "
            << "parsed. Device Attribute: " << da.DebugString();
        // Preserve the exact name, if possible.
        if (device_name_parsed.job == worker_name_parsed.job &&
            device_name_parsed.replica == worker_name_parsed.replica &&
            device_name_parsed.task == worker_name_parsed.task) {
          auto d = new RemoteDevice(env, da);
          remote_devices.push_back(d);
        } else {
          DeviceAttributes da_rewritten = da;
          da_rewritten.set_name(DeviceNameUtils::FullName(
              worker_name_parsed.job, worker_name_parsed.replica,
              worker_name_parsed.task, device_name_parsed.type,
              device_name_parsed.id));
          auto d = new RemoteDevice(env, da_rewritten);

          // Experimental: Skipping over adding any TPU-type devices that aren't
          // on the job called "worker" (but still adds the CPUs of other jobs).
          if (getenv("TPU_NO_POPULATE_DEVICE_LIST_FROM_CLUSTER_SPEC") !=
              nullptr) {
            if (worker_name_parsed.job == "worker" ||
                device_name_parsed.type.find("TPU") == std::string::npos) {
              remote_devices.push_back(d);
            }
          } else {
            remote_devices.push_back(d);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  };
  wi->GetStatusAsync(/*opts=*/nullptr, &call->req, &call->resp,
                     /*fail_fast=*/false, cb);
}

4.1.3.2 Wait

Wait 方法之中，如果计数器不为 0，则一直调用 pending_zero_.wait_for 等待，期间主线程会周期性睡眠 10 秒钟。

Status Wait() {
  mutex_lock l(mu_);
  // TODO(mrry): Propagate a timeout here, since `num_pending_` may
  // never become zero.
  while (num_pending_ != 0) {
    pending_zero_.wait_for(l, std::chrono::milliseconds(kLoggingPeriodMs));
    if (num_pending_ != 0) {
      for (size_t i = 0; i < targets_.size(); ++i) {
        if (!seen_targets_[i]) {
          LOG(INFO)
              << "CreateSession still waiting for response from worker: "
              << targets_[i];
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return status_;
}

4.1.3.3 回调函数

Start 的回调函数如下，如果收到了某个 Worker 的GetStatusResponse 消息，则 Start 会调用到此。WhenDone将计数器减 1，如果计数器为 0，则调用 pending_zero_.notify_all()，这样 wait 之中的 pending_zero_.wait_for 语句 会被唤醒，GetRemoteDevices 方法就会利用 finder.GetRemoteDevices 获取查询结果，并且返回给客户。

void WhenFound(int target_index, const Status& s,
               std::vector<Device*>* devices) {
  mutex_lock l(mu_);
  seen_targets_[target_index] = true;
  if (!s.ok()) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "CreateSession failed because worker "
               << targets_[target_index] << " returned error: " << s;
    status_.Update(s);
  } else {
    found_.insert(found_.end(), devices->begin(), devices->end());
    devices->clear();
  }
  --num_pending_;
  if (num_pending_ == 0) {
    pending_zero_.notify_all();
  }
}

4.2 Worker 交互

NewRemoteDevices 之中会通过 GetStatusAsync 来构建 GetStatusRequest，发送给找到的 Worker。

WorkerInterface* wi = worker_cache->GetOrCreateWorker(worker_name);
wi->GetStatusAsync(/*opts=*/nullptr, &call->req, &call->resp,
                     /*fail_fast=*/false, cb);

4.2.1 GrpcRemoteWorker

wi 就是找到的 WorkerInterface，实际就是 GrpcRemoteWorker，这是 gRPC 的客户端，通过 stub 调用远端 WorkerService 相应的服务接口。

void GetStatusAsync(CallOptions* call_opts, const GetStatusRequest* request,
                    GetStatusResponse* response, bool fail_fast,
                    StatusCallback done) override {
  IssueRequest(request, response, getstatus_, std::move(done), call_opts,
               fail_fast);
}

4.2.2 GrpcWorkerService

远端 Worker 之中，接收到消息是在 GrpcWorkerService 之中，当收到 GetStatusRequest 消息，将 由 GetStatusHandler 回调处理，GetStatusHandler 是一个宏。

#define HANDLE_CALL(method, may_block_on_compute_pool)                        \
  void method##Handler(WorkerCall<method##Request, method##Response>* call) { \
    auto closure = [this, call]() {                                           \
      Status s = worker_->method(&call->request, &call->response);            \
      if (!s.ok()) {                                                          \
        VLOG(3) << "Bad response from " << #method << ": " << s;              \
      }                                                                       \
      call->SendResponse(ToGrpcStatus(s));                                    \
    };                                                                        \
    if ((may_block_on_compute_pool)) {                                        \
      worker_->env()->env->SchedClosure(std::move(closure));                  \
    } else {                                                                  \
      worker_->env()->compute_pool->Schedule(std::move(closure));             \
    }                                                                         \
    ENQUEUE_REQUEST(method, false);                                           \
  }

  HANDLE_CALL(GetStatus, false);

4.2.3 Worker

最后来到 Worker 类，其实它也只是转交给 DeviceMgr，并最终通过 GetStatusResponse 消息返回给远端调用方。

void Worker::GetStatusAsync(CallOptions* opts, const GetStatusRequest* request,
                            GetStatusResponse* response, bool fail_fast,
                            StatusCallback done) {
  const DeviceMgr* dm = env_->device_mgr;
  std::vector<DeviceAttributes> devices;
  dm->ListDeviceAttributes(&devices);
  response->mutable_device_attributes()->Reserve(devices.size());
  for (auto& d : devices) {
    response->add_device_attributes()->Swap(&d);
  }
  done(Status::OK());
}

4.2.4 DeviceMgr

ListDeviceAttributes 有两种本地设备信息汇总的实现，具体如下。

void StaticDeviceMgr::ListDeviceAttributes(
    std::vector<DeviceAttributes>* devices) const {
  devices->reserve(devices_.size());
  for (const auto& dev : devices_) {
    devices->emplace_back(dev->attributes());
  }
}

实现 2 如下：

void DynamicDeviceMgr::ListDeviceAttributes(
    std::vector<DeviceAttributes>* devices) const {
  tf_shared_lock l(devices_mu_);
  devices->reserve(dynamic_devices_.size());
  for (const auto& d : dynamic_devices_) {
    devices->emplace_back(d->attributes());
  }
}

至此，我们分析完了 Cache 和查找设备集，接下来我们去看看业务如何处理。

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0xFF 参考

TensorFlow Internals

TensorFlow架构与设计：概述

TensorFlow内核剖析

TensorFlow架构与设计：OP本质论

[译] TensorFlow 白皮书

2017TensorFlow开发者峰会

https://jcf94.com/2018/02/28/2018-02-28-tfunpacking3/

TensorFlow 拆包（五）：Distributed

TensorFlow Architecture

『深度长文』Tensorflow代码解析（五）

什么是in-graph replication和between-graph replication?

[腾讯机智] TensorFlow源码解析(1): 创建会话

05tensorflow分布式会话

第八节，配置分布式TensorFlow

TensorFlow 分布式（Distributed TensorFlow）

tensorflow源码解析之distributed_runtime

Distributed TensorFlow: A Gentle Introduction

一文说清楚Tensorflow分布式训练必备知识

TensorFlow中的Placement启发式算法模块——Placer

TensorFlow的图切割模块——Graph Partitioner

TensorFlow中的通信机制——Rendezvous（一）本地传输

TensorFlow分布式采坑记

TensorFlow技术内幕（九）：模型优化之分布式执行

Tensorflow架构流程]

gRPC源码分析（c++）