闵老师的文章链接: 日撸 Java 三百行(总述)_minfanphd的博客-CSDN博客
自己也把手敲的代码放在了github上维护:https://github.com/fulisha-ok/sampledata
step1: 权重1,2,3,4 ;选取权重最小的两个节点1,2 作为左右节点,已建一棵树(也可以看作一个大节点),
step2: 权重1,2,3,4,(3),选取权重最小的两个节点3,3 建树
step3:权重 1,2,3,4,(3),(6) 选取权重最小的两个节点4,6 建树 当节点已经完了,建树完毕。
结合上面手动建树过程,抽象哈夫曼树节点的成员变量:节点字符,权重,左右孩子节点,双亲节点。
正如闵老师在文章所说,可以将起抽象为一个结点类,在这个Huffman类中引入结点类即可使用。
/**
* An inner class for Huffman nodes.
*/
class HuffmanNode {
/**
* The char. Only valid for leaf nodes.
*/
char character;
/**
* Weight. It can also be double.
*/
int weight;
/**
* The left child.
*/
HuffmanNode leftChild;
/**
* The right child.
*/
HuffmanNode rightChild;
/**
* The parent. It helps constructing the Huffman code of each character.
*/
HuffmanNode parent;
/**
* The first constructor
*/
public HuffmanNode(char paraCharacter, int paraWeight, HuffmanNode paraLeftChild,
HuffmanNode paraRightChild, HuffmanNode paraParent) {
character = paraCharacter;
weight = paraWeight;
leftChild = paraLeftChild;
rightChild = paraRightChild;
parent = paraParent;
}
}
以前仅限于在课本上手动构造哈夫曼树,现在要把他转换为代码,刚开始还是有难度,但是仔细去读代码,分析,对自己的思维有很大的提升
给一串文本(文本内容仅只含ASCII码上的),读文本内容返回字符串内容。
/**
* Read text
* @param paraFilename The text filename.
*/
public void readText(String paraFilename){
try {
inputText = Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get(paraFilename), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
.lines().collect(Collectors.joining("\n"));
} catch (Exception ee) {
System.out.println(ee);
System.exit(0);
}
System.out.println("The text is:\r\n" + inputText);
}
分析
获取字符串内容,解析字符串并利用数组来存储,即包括字符存储,字符对应的权重(字符出现的个数),而要存储这两类值,借助了一个辅助数组(长度是ASCII码总个数,因为ASCII码十进制是从0开始的,所以就可以一一对应字符即强转)遍历数组,将对应的字符出现的个数存储到这个辅助数组下,这样即可以知道有那些字符(索引值),又可以知道字符的权重(数组本身值)。结合这个辅助数组即可对字符存储和字符对应权重的数组赋值了。(这里借助了一个辅助数组来解析文本,在思考是否可以用Map键值对来实现。键可以存放字符也可以存放字符的ASCII码值,而值存放相应字符出现的次数)我认为对哈夫曼树中最关键的就是这一步,解析文本内容。如tempCharCounts这个辅助数组,如果他的值没有弄好就会导致后面一系列的操作会出现问题。
代码
public void constructAlphabet(){
//initialize
Arrays.fill(charMapping, -1);
// The count for each char. At most NUM_CHARS chars.
int[] tempCharCounts = new int[NUM_CHARS];
//The index of the char in the ASCII charset
int tempCharIndex;
char tempChar;
for (int i = 0; i < inputText.length(); i++){
tempChar = inputText.charAt(i);
tempCharIndex = (int)tempChar;
System.out.print("" + tempCharIndex + " ");
tempCharCounts[tempCharIndex]++;
}
// Step 2. Scan to determine the size of the alphabet
alphabetLength = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 255; i++){
if (tempCharCounts[i] > 0){
alphabetLength++;
}
}
//step3. Compress to the alphabet
alphabet = new char[alphabetLength];
charCounts = new int[2 * alphabetLength - 1];
int tempCounter = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CHARS; i++) {
if (tempCharCounts[i] > 0) {
alphabet[tempCounter] = (char) i;
charCounts[tempCounter] = tempCharCounts[i];
charMapping[i] = tempCounter;
tempCounter++;
}
}
System.out.println("The alphabet is: " + Arrays.toString(alphabet));
System.out.println("Their counts are: " + Arrays.toString(charCounts));
System.out.println("The char mappings are: " + Arrays.toString(charMapping));
}
在解析文本内容后我们得到的以下两个数组是就建树的关键。其中通过两组循环来找最数组中权重最小的左右两个结点,自底向上建哈夫曼树。这里借助了boolean类型的tempProcessed数组来标记结点是否已经被选过。循环的开始和结束位置需要留意以下。通过我们手动建树过程也知道。
1.找一个最小结点作为左子树
2.找一个第二小结点作为右子树
3.两个结点相加的值形成一个新结点,又参与建树过程
/**
* Construct the tree.
*/
public void constructTree(){
// Step 1. Allocate space.
nodes = new HuffmanNode[alphabetLength * 2 - 1];
boolean[] tempProcessed = new boolean[alphabetLength * 2 - 1];
// Step 2. Initialize leaves.
for (int i = 0; i < alphabetLength; i++) {
nodes[i] = new HuffmanNode(alphabet[i], charCounts[i], null, null, null);
}
// Step 3. Construct the tree.
int tempLeft, tempRight, tempMinimal;
for (int i = alphabetLength; i < 2 * alphabetLength - 1; i++) {
// Step 3.1 Select the first minimal as the left child.
tempLeft = -1;
tempMinimal = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (tempProcessed[j]) {
continue;
}
if (tempMinimal > charCounts[j]) {
tempMinimal = charCounts[j];
tempLeft = j;
}
}
tempProcessed[tempLeft] = true;
// Step 3.2 Select the second minimal as the right child.
tempRight = -1;
tempMinimal = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
if (tempProcessed[j]) {
continue;
}
if (tempMinimal > charCounts[j]) {
tempMinimal = charCounts[j];
tempRight = j;
}
}
tempProcessed[tempRight] = true;
System.out.println("Selecting " + tempLeft + " and " + tempRight + "========== the value:" + charCounts[tempLeft] + " and " + charCounts[tempRight]);
// Step 3.3 Construct the new node.
charCounts[i] = charCounts[tempLeft] + charCounts[tempRight];
nodes[i] = new HuffmanNode('*', charCounts[i], nodes[tempLeft], nodes[tempRight], null);
// Step 3.4 Link with children.
nodes[tempLeft].parent = nodes[i];
nodes[tempRight].parent = nodes[i];
System.out.println("The children of " + i + " are " + tempLeft + " and " + tempRight+ "========== the value:" + charCounts[i] +" are " + charCounts[tempLeft] + " and " + charCounts[tempRight]);
}
System.out.println("Their counts are: " + Arrays.toString(charCounts));
}
建树成功后,要对叶子节点上的每一个字符进行编码(左0右1)来产生编码,并存在一个字符数组中。在生成哈夫曼编码,利用了一个双重循环,外层循环是循环需要编码的字符个数,内层循环是对每一个字符从底向上去判断他的双亲进行编码(通过双亲结点向上),则打印的时候就是以我们正常的从上向下读的编码.
例如:
我们以a为例,
输入字符串,结合生成的哈夫曼编码的字符串数组 拼接成字符串即可
/**
* Encode the given string.
* @param paraString
* @return
*/
public String coding(String paraString) {
String resultCodeString = "";
int tempIndex;
for (int i = 0; i < paraString.length(); i++) {
// From the original char to the location in the alphabet.
tempIndex = charMapping[(int) paraString.charAt(i)];
// From the location in the alphabet to the code.
resultCodeString += huffmanCodes[tempIndex];
}
return resultCodeString;
}
输入编码字符串,在解码的时候 我们就要从根开始去循环字符串编码,遇到0就往左子树走,遇到1就往右子树走,直到遇到的结点左子树为null(根据哈夫曼树的特点,哈夫曼树的度只能为0或2,只要左子树为null,右子树一定为null,故不用判断右子树),说明第一个字符的编码走完(在哈夫曼树中,字符结都在叶子结点上),又重新回到根节点走下一个字符的编码。
还是以这张图为例,给的字符串编码为01000111001001011111101101101011
/**
* Decode the given string.
* @param paraString The given string.
* @return
*/
public String decoding(String paraString){
String resultCodeString = "";
HuffmanNode tempNode = getRoot();
for (int i = 0; i < paraString.length(); i++) {
if (paraString.charAt(i) == '0') {
tempNode = tempNode.leftChild;
System.out.println(tempNode);
} else {
tempNode = tempNode.rightChild;
System.out.println(tempNode);
}
if (tempNode.leftChild == null) {
System.out.println("Decode one:" + tempNode.character);
// Decode one char.
resultCodeString += tempNode.character;
// Return to the root.
tempNode = getRoot();
}
}
return resultCodeString;
}
char类型转int:在char类型字符运行时实际上底层还是会转换为ASCII表中对应的整数,所以char类型可以转为int型。
(1)在java中,将char类型转为int,则他返回的值是给定的ASCII码值,如代码中
在本次文章中,读文本用到了异常处理,在java中会经常用到异常处理
try {
// 可能会抛出异常的代码
} catch (type1 e) {
// 处理 type1 异常的代码
} catch (type2 e) {
// 处理 type2 异常的代码
} finally {
// 在 try 或 catch 块中抛出异常后执行的代码
}
/**
* Read text
* @param paraFilename The text filename.
*/
public void readText(String paraFilename){
try {
inputText = Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get(paraFilename), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
.lines().collect(Collectors.joining("\n"));
} catch (Exception ee) {
System.out.println(ee);
System.exit(0);
}
System.out.println("The text is:\r\n" + inputText);
}