单片机启动过程: main之前干了啥

Version S Description Date By
V1 C First Version 2020-12-19 AYZP

C―― Create,
A—— Add,
M—— Modify,
D—— Delete。

前言

单片机在执行main函数之前,都干了什么呢?都做了什么准备呢?来总结一下。

一 准备

用KEIL学STM32单片机编程的时候,按下其仿真按钮
在这里插入图片描述
再按下RST按钮

在这里插入图片描述

会发现进入到一个启动文件startup_stm32f10x_md.s,运行指示光标,会停在一个位置上:
单片机启动过程: main之前干了啥_第1张图片

详细代码见附录A,这块代码前面是栈大小设置stack size堆大小设置heap size、一堆中断向量表Vector Table

可以看到,我们的运行光标停在Reset_Handler处。在我们执行__main之前,还要执行SystemInit,这个SystemInit包括什么呢,打开看看。我们会发现这个SystemInit在文件system_stm32f10x.c文件中,是一个函数,里面的动作包括很多,详细代码放在附录B,有兴趣看看。

二 分析

分析全是看别人的,链接见参考文献

2.1 MCU程序执行过程

MCU上电(复位)时,从固定的地址启动,一般是地址0x00000000,如ARM7;个别特殊的如STM32默认启动地址为0x8000000(flash区启动)。

STM32的内部闪存地址起始于0x8000000,一般情况下,程序文件就从此地址开始写入。此外STM32是基于Cortex-M3内核的微控制器,其内部通过一张“中断向量表”来响应中断,程序启动后,将首先从“中断向量表”取出复位中断向量(上面的Reset_Handler)执行复位中断程序完成启动。

程序执行过程如下图:

单片机启动过程: main之前干了啥_第2张图片
1、STM32复位后,会从地址为0x8000004处取出复位中断向量的地址,并跳转执行复位中断服务程序,如图1中标号1️⃣​所示。
2、复位中断服务程序执行的最终结果是跳转至C程序的main函数,如上图中标号2️⃣所示,而main函数应该是一个死循环,是一个永不返回的函数。(我们这篇文章主要就是这里了,跳到main函数前,程序干了啥,见下一节)


3、在main函数执行的过程中,发生了一个中断请求,此时STM32的硬件机制会将PC指针强制指回中断向量表处,如图中标号3️⃣所示。
4、根据中断源进入相应的中断服务程序,如图1中标号5️⃣所示。
5、中断服务程序执行完毕后,程序再度返回至main函数中执行,如图中标号6️⃣所示。

STM32的内部闪存地址起始于0x8000000,一般情况下,程序文件就从此地址开始写入。此外STM32是基于Cortex-M3内核的微控制器,其内部通过一张“中断向量表”来响应中断,程序启动后,将首先从“中断向量表”取出复位中断向量执行复位中断程序完成启动。而这张“中断向量表”的起始地址是0x8000004,当中断来临,STM32的内部硬件机制亦会自动将PC指针定位到“中断向量表”处,并根据中断源取出对应的中断向量执行中断服务程序。最后还需要知道关键的一点,通过修改STM32工程的链接脚本可以修改程序文件写入闪存的起始地址。

2.2 main 之前干了啥

启动过程主要完成两部分工作,一个是硬件执行环境,如中断向量表、寄存器、看门狗等,另一个是软件环境,如C库环境、ZI(未初始化的内存变量)等。

2.2.1 硬件执行环境

1.初始时钟
初始化内核时钟,主时钟,各个外设的时钟。

2.关闭看门狗
看门狗是用来监控应用程序的异常跑飞而复位CPU,在初始化阶段,由于没有“喂狗”这一动作,有可能导致CPU不断复位,因此,首先会关闭看门狗,初始化完,再开启。

3.建立中断向量表
中断向量表,中断源的识别标志,可用来形成相应的中断服务程序的入口地址,或者中断服务程序入口地址的偏移量和段基值。CPU利用中断向量表转入中断服务程序处理相关事务。

4.初始化堆栈寄存器
堆栈的作用一个就是保存现场(上下文),如函数调用或者中断发送时,将当前执行地址压栈,调用完成再返回此处执行程序。另一个作用就是保存参数,如临时变量。因此,在启动阶段需初始化堆栈寄存器、堆栈的大小、起始地址等。

5.内存初始化
选择内部或者外部RAM。

2.2.2 软件环境

1.把RO,RW从它们的加载域复制到它们的运行域中去。

2.初始化(清零)ZI域。

3.初始化堆栈指针

4.初始化C库环境
包括C库所需的内存空间、程序执行所需资源、C库初始化。

2.2.3 CortexM3启动

在这里插入图片描述

CortexM3有3种启动方式

1、BOOT1=1BOOT0=1,中断向量表定位于SRAM区,即起始地址为0x2000000,同时复位后PC指针位于0x2000000处。

2、BOOT1=xBOOT0=0,中断向量表定位于FLASH区,即起始地址为0x8000000,同时复位后PC指针位于0x8000000处。

3、BOOT1=0BOOT0=1,中断向量表定位于内置Bootloader区,此时可通过串口下载程序的二进制文件到flash区。

而Cortex-M3内核规定,起始地址必须存放堆顶指针,而第二个地址则必须存放复位中断入口向量地址,这样在Cortex-M3内核复位后,会自动从起始地址的下一个32位空间取出复位中断入口向量,跳转执行复位中断服务程序。对比ARM7/ARM9内核,Cortex-M3内核则是固定了中断向量表的位置而起始地址是可变化的。即是对于flash启动来说(正常工作也是flash启动),0x8000000地址存放的是栈顶地址__initial_sp,0x8000004地址存放的是复位中断向量Reset_Handler入口地址(STM32使用32位总线,存储空间为4字节对齐);在编写多段程序时,偏移地址空间需注意,如编写一个BootLoader,从BootLoader到应用程序段的相互跳转。

2.3 流程

关于STM32上电启动的流程,我理解的是这样:

  • 根据boot引脚的电平,确定程序起始地址,同时PC指针指向该地址。(假设从内部flash启动,起始地址0x08000000);
  • 从0x08000000取出MSP栈顶指针;(设置堆栈)
  • 从0x08000004取出值赋给PC,即reset_handler的地址,然后执行reset_handler程序。(想想2.1的那张图)。在reset_handler中完成功能:
    • 时钟初始化、看门狗、中断向量表、内存初始化、堆栈初始化、初始化运行环境(一些库)等。(此处顺序如何目前2020-12-19还不知道)
  • 执行main

参考文献

[1] losingamong. http://bbs.eeworld.com.cn/thread-294115-1-1.html

[2] 电子说. 一文知道MCU上电复位启动过程. 电子发烧友. 2019.10.
http://m.elecfans.com/article/1087849.html

[3] 冷面水手. STM32启动BOOT0 BOOT1设置方法. 简书. 2017.01.
https://www.jianshu.com/p/38c4a90bac19

[4] 夜色稠. 【2.0】bootloader工作流程、MCU启动流程. CSDN. 2019.10
https://blog.csdn.net/jaydianyu/article/details/102469037

附录A

启动文件startup_stm32f10x_md.s

;******************** (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics ********************
;* File Name          : startup_stm32f10x_md.s
;* Author             : MCD Application Team
;* Version            : V3.5.0
;* Date               : 11-March-2011
;* Description        : STM32F10x Medium Density Devices vector table for MDK-ARM 
;*                      toolchain.  
;*                      This module performs:
;*                      - Set the initial SP
;*                      - Set the initial PC == Reset_Handler
;*                      - Set the vector table entries with the exceptions ISR address
;*                      - Configure the clock system
;*                      - Branches to __main in the C library (which eventually
;*                        calls main()).
;*                      After Reset the CortexM3 processor is in Thread mode,
;*                      priority is Privileged, and the Stack is set to Main.
;* <<< Use Configuration Wizard in Context Menu >>>   
;*******************************************************************************
; THE PRESENT FIRMWARE WHICH IS FOR GUIDANCE ONLY AIMS AT PROVIDING CUSTOMERS
; WITH CODING INFORMATION REGARDING THEIR PRODUCTS IN ORDER FOR THEM TO SAVE TIME.
; AS A RESULT, STMICROELECTRONICS SHALL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
; INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WITH RESPECT TO ANY CLAIMS ARISING FROM THE
; CONTENT OF SUCH FIRMWARE AND/OR THE USE MADE BY CUSTOMERS OF THE CODING
; INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR PRODUCTS.
;*******************************************************************************

; Amount of memory (in bytes) allocated for Stack
; Tailor this value to your application needs
; <h> Stack Configuration
;   <o> Stack Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>

Stack_Size      EQU     0x00000400

                AREA    STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
Stack_Mem       SPACE   Stack_Size
__initial_sp


; <h> Heap Configuration
;   <o>  Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>

Heap_Size       EQU     0x00000200

                AREA    HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3
__heap_base
Heap_Mem        SPACE   Heap_Size
__heap_limit

                PRESERVE8
                THUMB


; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
                AREA    RESET, DATA, READONLY
                EXPORT  __Vectors
                EXPORT  __Vectors_End
                EXPORT  __Vectors_Size

__Vectors       DCD     __initial_sp               ; Top of Stack
                DCD     Reset_Handler              ; Reset Handler
                DCD     NMI_Handler                ; NMI Handler
                DCD     HardFault_Handler          ; Hard Fault Handler
                DCD     MemManage_Handler          ; MPU Fault Handler
                DCD     BusFault_Handler           ; Bus Fault Handler
                DCD     UsageFault_Handler         ; Usage Fault Handler
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     SVC_Handler                ; SVCall Handler
                DCD     DebugMon_Handler           ; Debug Monitor Handler
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     PendSV_Handler             ; PendSV Handler
                DCD     SysTick_Handler            ; SysTick Handler

                ; External Interrupts
                DCD     WWDG_IRQHandler            ; Window Watchdog
                DCD     PVD_IRQHandler             ; PVD through EXTI Line detect
                DCD     TAMPER_IRQHandler          ; Tamper
                DCD     RTC_IRQHandler             ; RTC
                DCD     FLASH_IRQHandler           ; Flash
                DCD     RCC_IRQHandler             ; RCC
                DCD     EXTI0_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 0
                DCD     EXTI1_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 1
                DCD     EXTI2_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 2
                DCD     EXTI3_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 3
                DCD     EXTI4_IRQHandler           ; EXTI Line 4
                DCD     DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 1
                DCD     DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 2
                DCD     DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 3
                DCD     DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 4
                DCD     DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 5
                DCD     DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 6
                DCD     DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler   ; DMA1 Channel 7
                DCD     ADC1_2_IRQHandler          ; ADC1_2
                DCD     USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler  ; USB High Priority or CAN1 TX
                DCD     USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler ; USB Low  Priority or CAN1 RX0
                DCD     CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler        ; CAN1 RX1
                DCD     CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler        ; CAN1 SCE
                DCD     EXTI9_5_IRQHandler         ; EXTI Line 9..5
                DCD     TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler        ; TIM1 Break
                DCD     TIM1_UP_IRQHandler         ; TIM1 Update
                DCD     TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler    ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation
                DCD     TIM1_CC_IRQHandler         ; TIM1 Capture Compare
                DCD     TIM2_IRQHandler            ; TIM2
                DCD     TIM3_IRQHandler            ; TIM3
                DCD     TIM4_IRQHandler            ; TIM4
                DCD     I2C1_EV_IRQHandler         ; I2C1 Event
                DCD     I2C1_ER_IRQHandler         ; I2C1 Error
                DCD     I2C2_EV_IRQHandler         ; I2C2 Event
                DCD     I2C2_ER_IRQHandler         ; I2C2 Error
                DCD     SPI1_IRQHandler            ; SPI1
                DCD     SPI2_IRQHandler            ; SPI2
                DCD     USART1_IRQHandler          ; USART1
                DCD     USART2_IRQHandler          ; USART2
                DCD     USART3_IRQHandler          ; USART3
                DCD     EXTI15_10_IRQHandler       ; EXTI Line 15..10
                DCD     RTCAlarm_IRQHandler        ; RTC Alarm through EXTI Line
                DCD     USBWakeUp_IRQHandler       ; USB Wakeup from suspend
__Vectors_End

__Vectors_Size  EQU  __Vectors_End - __Vectors

                AREA    |.text|, CODE, READONLY

; Reset handler
Reset_Handler    PROC
                 EXPORT  Reset_Handler             [WEAK]
     IMPORT  __main
     IMPORT  SystemInit
                 LDR     R0, =SystemInit
                 BLX     R0
                 LDR     R0, =__main
                 BX      R0
                 ENDP

; Dummy Exception Handlers (infinite loops which can be modified)

NMI_Handler     PROC
                EXPORT  NMI_Handler                [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
HardFault_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  HardFault_Handler          [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
MemManage_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  MemManage_Handler          [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
BusFault_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  BusFault_Handler           [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
UsageFault_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  UsageFault_Handler         [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
SVC_Handler     PROC
                EXPORT  SVC_Handler                [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
DebugMon_Handler\
                PROC
                EXPORT  DebugMon_Handler           [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
PendSV_Handler  PROC
                EXPORT  PendSV_Handler             [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP
SysTick_Handler PROC
                EXPORT  SysTick_Handler            [WEAK]
                B       .
                ENDP

Default_Handler PROC

                EXPORT  WWDG_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  PVD_IRQHandler             [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TAMPER_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  RTC_IRQHandler             [WEAK]
                EXPORT  FLASH_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  RCC_IRQHandler             [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI0_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI1_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI2_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI3_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI4_IRQHandler           [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler   [WEAK]
                EXPORT  ADC1_2_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler  [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler [WEAK]
                EXPORT  CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI9_5_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_UP_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler    [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM1_CC_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM2_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM3_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  TIM4_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C1_EV_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C1_ER_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C2_EV_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  I2C2_ER_IRQHandler         [WEAK]
                EXPORT  SPI1_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  SPI2_IRQHandler            [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USART1_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USART2_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USART3_IRQHandler          [WEAK]
                EXPORT  EXTI15_10_IRQHandler       [WEAK]
                EXPORT  RTCAlarm_IRQHandler        [WEAK]
                EXPORT  USBWakeUp_IRQHandler       [WEAK]

WWDG_IRQHandler
PVD_IRQHandler
TAMPER_IRQHandler
RTC_IRQHandler
FLASH_IRQHandler
RCC_IRQHandler
EXTI0_IRQHandler
EXTI1_IRQHandler
EXTI2_IRQHandler
EXTI3_IRQHandler
EXTI4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel1_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel2_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel3_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel4_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel5_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel6_IRQHandler
DMA1_Channel7_IRQHandler
ADC1_2_IRQHandler
USB_HP_CAN1_TX_IRQHandler
USB_LP_CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler
CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler
CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler
EXTI9_5_IRQHandler
TIM1_BRK_IRQHandler
TIM1_UP_IRQHandler
TIM1_TRG_COM_IRQHandler
TIM1_CC_IRQHandler
TIM2_IRQHandler
TIM3_IRQHandler
TIM4_IRQHandler
I2C1_EV_IRQHandler
I2C1_ER_IRQHandler
I2C2_EV_IRQHandler
I2C2_ER_IRQHandler
SPI1_IRQHandler
SPI2_IRQHandler
USART1_IRQHandler
USART2_IRQHandler
USART3_IRQHandler
EXTI15_10_IRQHandler
RTCAlarm_IRQHandler
USBWakeUp_IRQHandler

                B       .

                ENDP

                ALIGN

;*******************************************************************************
; User Stack and Heap initialization
;*******************************************************************************
                 IF      :DEF:__MICROLIB           
                
                 EXPORT  __initial_sp
                 EXPORT  __heap_base
                 EXPORT  __heap_limit
                
                 ELSE
                
                 IMPORT  __use_two_region_memory
                 EXPORT  __user_initial_stackheap
                 
__user_initial_stackheap

                 LDR     R0, =  Heap_Mem
                 LDR     R1, =(Stack_Mem + Stack_Size)
                 LDR     R2, = (Heap_Mem +  Heap_Size)
                 LDR     R3, = Stack_Mem
                 BX      LR

                 ALIGN

                 ENDIF

                 END

;******************* (C) COPYRIGHT 2011 STMicroelectronics *****END OF FILE*****


附录B

system_stm32f10x.c中的SystemInit 函数

void SystemInit (void)
{
  /* Reset the RCC clock configuration to the default reset state(for debug purpose) */
  /* Set HSION bit */
  RCC->CR |= (uint32_t)0x00000001;

  /* Reset SW, HPRE, PPRE1, PPRE2, ADCPRE and MCO bits */
#ifndef STM32F10X_CL
  RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xF8FF0000;
#else
  RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xF0FF0000;
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */   
  
  /* Reset HSEON, CSSON and PLLON bits */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFEF6FFFF;

  /* Reset HSEBYP bit */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFFFBFFFF;

  /* Reset PLLSRC, PLLXTPRE, PLLMUL and USBPRE/OTGFSPRE bits */
  RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xFF80FFFF;

#ifdef STM32F10X_CL
  /* Reset PLL2ON and PLL3ON bits */
  RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xEBFFFFFF;

  /* Disable all interrupts and clear pending bits  */
  RCC->CIR = 0x00FF0000;

  /* Reset CFGR2 register */
  RCC->CFGR2 = 0x00000000;
#elif defined (STM32F10X_LD_VL) || defined (STM32F10X_MD_VL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
  /* Disable all interrupts and clear pending bits  */
  RCC->CIR = 0x009F0000;

  /* Reset CFGR2 register */
  RCC->CFGR2 = 0x00000000;      
#else
  /* Disable all interrupts and clear pending bits  */
  RCC->CIR = 0x009F0000;
#endif /* STM32F10X_CL */
    
#if defined (STM32F10X_HD) || (defined STM32F10X_XL) || (defined STM32F10X_HD_VL)
  #ifdef DATA_IN_ExtSRAM
    SystemInit_ExtMemCtl(); 
  #endif /* DATA_IN_ExtSRAM */
#endif 

  /* Configure the System clock frequency, HCLK, PCLK2 and PCLK1 prescalers */
  /* Configure the Flash Latency cycles and enable prefetch buffer */
  SetSysClock();

#ifdef VECT_TAB_SRAM
  SCB->VTOR = SRAM_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal SRAM. */
#else
  SCB->VTOR = FLASH_BASE | VECT_TAB_OFFSET; /* Vector Table Relocation in Internal FLASH. */
#endif 
}

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