定制学 L8-U3-P2 Healing Architecture

写在前面

原视频来自 TED 讲座 Michael Murphy: Architecture that's built to heal, February 2016，字幕 (subtitle) 参考自官方网站。

注：本文在字幕基础上会有一些笔者个人的笔记，而且字幕会根据笔者听记和具体课程内容进行修改，如有错误敬请告知。

Introduction: Architecture is more than a clever arrangement of bricks. In this eloquent talk, Michael Murphy shows how he and his team look far beyond the blueprint when they're designing. Considering factors from airflow to light, theirs is a holistic approach that produces community as well as (beautiful) buildings. He takes us on a tour of projects in countries such as Rwanda and Haiti, and reveals a moving, ambitious plan for The Memorial to Peace and Justice, which he hopes will heal hearts in the American South.

导言: 建筑是一门高深的学问，不是巧妙排布一些砖块所能概括的。在本次演讲中 Michael Murphy 向我们展示了他和他的团队是如何在设计建筑时，从冷冰冰的设计图中跳脱出来，做出更深刻、更人性化的考虑。从空气流通考虑到采光效果，他们全方位的设计可以将一个个社区变成美观的建筑物。在此次演讲中，他将带着我们一览坐落于卢旺达、海地等国的项目，并向我们展示一项进行中的宏伟计划——和平与正义纪念馆 (纪念因私刑而受害美国人的国家纪念馆) ——他希望这能治愈美国南部的那些受伤心灵。

Video 1

本节共 1 小节，时长 01:44。

Every weekend for as long as I can remember, my father would get up on a Saturday,

put on a worn sweatshirt and he'd scrape away at the squeaky old wheel of a house that we lived in.

I wouldn't even call it restoration; it was a ritual, catharsis.

He would spend all year scraping paint with this old heat gun and a spackle knife,

and then he would repaint where he scraped, only to begin again the following year.

Scraping and re-scraping, painting and repainting: the work of an old house is never meant to be done.

scrape v. 刮掉；刮擦；刮伤
squeaky adj. 嘎吱作响的；发出尖厉声的
catharsis /kəˈθɑːrsɪs/ n. (精神) 宣泄，净化；导泻，通便
heat gun 热风枪 spackle knife 抹墙用的刮刀

此处第二条中的 squeaky old wheel 原指嘎吱响的旧轮子，这里比喻房子老旧得像旧轮子一样。

The day my father turned 52, I got a phone call.

My mother was on the line to tell me that doctors had found a lump in his stomach,

terminal cancer, she told me, and he'd been given only three weeks to live.

I immediately moved home to Poughkeepsie, New York, to sit with my father on deathwatch, not knowing what the next days would bring us.

To keep myself distracted, I rolled up my sleeves, and I went about finishing what he could now no longer complete -- the restoration of our old home.

Poughkeepsie /pəˈkɪpsi/ n. (地名) 波基浦西，纽约州东南部的一个城市
deathwatch n. 临终看护；死囚的看守

When that looming three-week deadline came and then went, he was still alive.

And at three months, he joined me. We gutted and repainted the interior.

At six months, the old windows were refinished, and at 18 months, the rotted porch was finally replaced.

And there was my father, standing with me outside, admiring a day's work, hair on his head, fully in remission,

when he turned to me and he said, "You know, Michael, this house saved my life."

looming adj. (尤指不希望或不愉快的事情) 迫近的，逼近的
gut v. 摧毁 (建筑物的) 内部；取出 ... 的内脏 (以便烹饪) n. 肠；内脏；(非正式、常用复数) 胆量；(非正式) 肚腩 adj. 直觉的，感性的，非理性的
refinish v. 再抛光；修补 ... 的漆 finish v. 完成；结束，用尽 n. 结尾，结局；抛光；末道漆
rotted adj. 腐烂的，被腐蚀的 rot v. (使) 腐烂，腐败变质 rotten adj. 腐烂的，被腐蚀的；堕落的；糟糕的；(感觉) 不舒服的
porch n. 门廊，走廊
remission n. (症状) 缓解；(费用) 减免，免除；宽恕，减刑

Renovating the house saved his father's life because it gave him purpose and meaning.

renovate v. 修复，翻新；更新，革新

Video 2

本节共 2 小节，时长 03:44。

So the following year, I decided to go to architecture school.

But there, I learned something different about buildings.

Recognition seemed to come to those who prioritized novel and sculptural forms, like ribbons, or ... pickles?

And I think this is supposed to be a snail.

Something about this bothered me.

Why was it that the, the best architects -- the greatest architecture, all beautiful and visionary and innovative,

is also so rare, and seems to serve so very few?

And more to the point: With all of this creative talent, what more could we do?

pickle n. 腌黄瓜，(俚语) 黄瓜条状的物体；腌菜，咸菜，泡菜 v. 腌制

Just as I was about to start my final exams, I decided to take a break from an all-nighter

and go to a lecture by Dr. Paul Farmer, a leading health activist for the global poor.

And I was surprised to hear a doctor talking about architecture.

Buildings are making people sicker, he said, and for the poorest in the world, this is causing epidemic-level problems.

In this hospital in South Africa, patients that came in with, say, a broken leg, to wait in this unventilated hallway,

walked out with a multidrug-resistant strand of tuberculosis.

Simple designs for infection control had not been thought about, and people had died because of it.

"Where are the architects?" Paul said.

If hospitals are making people sicker, where are the architects and designers to help us build and design hospitals that allow us to heal?

unventilated /ʌnˈventɪleɪtɪd/ adj. 不通风的；没有通风设备的 ventilation n. 空气流通；通风设备
tuberculosis /tuːˌbɜːrkjəˈloʊsɪs/ n. (尤指肺部的) 结核病

it's understaffed.

understaffed adj. 人手不足的

That following summer, I was in the back of a Land Rover with a few classmates, bumping over the mountainous hillside of Rwanda.

For the next year, I'd be living in Butaro in this old guesthouse, which was a jail after the genocide.

I was there to design and build a new type of hospital with Dr. Farmer and his team.

If hallways are making patients sicker,

what if we could design a hospital that flips the hallways on the outside, and makes people walk in the exterior?

If mechanical systems rarely work, what if we could design a hospital that could breathe through natural ventilation,

and meanwhile reduce its environmental footprint?

And what about the patients' experience?

Evidence shows that a simple view of nature can radically improve health outcomes,

so why couldn't we design a hospital where every patient had a window with a view?

Simple, site-specific designs can make a hospital that heals.

rover n. 流浪者，漫游者
bump v. (车在路上) 颠簸而行；碰撞 n. 碰撞，(尤指不严重的) 撞车；隆起，肿块；(数量或规模上的) 增加
mountainous adj. 多山的，大量的；山一般的，巨大的
Rwanda /rəˈwɑːndə/ n. (地名) 卢旺达
guesthouse n. 招待所，客房 (a house separate from the main house; for housing guests)
genocide n. 灭绝整个种族的大屠杀；种族灭绝
rarely /ˈrerli/ adv. 不常，很少，罕有，难得 really /ˈriːəli/ adv. 非常；真正地，真实地；实际上，事实上；确实

此处第一条中的 Land Rover 指路虎越野车。路虎是一个起源于英国的汽车品牌，主营 SUV 车型 (Sport Utility Vehicle, 越野车)。
此处第一条中的 Rwanda 指 the Republic of Rwanda (卢旺达共和国)，位于非洲中东部。
此处第二条中的 Butaro 指布塔洛地区，隶属卢旺达北部省布雷拉县，讲师所在团队在这里辅助建立了 Butaro Hopspital。
此处第二条中的 genocide 指 Rwandan genocide (卢旺达种族大屠杀)，其发生于 1994 年，伤亡约 80 至 100 万人 (约该国 1/8 人口)，使这个原本贫困的国家处于经济崩溃的边缘。

Designing it is one thing; getting it built, we learned, is quite another.

We worked with Bruce Nizeye, a brilliant engineer, and he thought about construction differently than I had been taught in school.

When we had to excavate this enormous hilltop and a bulldozer was expensive and hard to get to the site,

Bruce suggested doing it by hand, using a method in Rwanda called "Ubudehe," which means "community works for the community."

Hundreds of people came with shovels and hoes, and we excavated that hill in half the time and half the cost of that bulldozer.

Instead of importing furniture, Bruce started a guild, and he brought in master carpenters to train others in how to make furniture by hand.

And on this job site, 15 years after the Rwandan genocide,

Bruce insisted that we bring on labor from all backgrounds, and that half of them be women.

bulldozer /ˈbʊldoʊzər/ n. 推土机 shovel n. 铲子 v. 用铲挖；把 ... 大量送入，把 ... 胡乱塞入 hoe n. (长柄) 锄头 v. 用锄头锄地 (或除草)
guild n. 协会，行会，同业公会
carpenter n. 木匠，木工 v. 制作

此处第八条中使用了 insist that ... (should) do ... 形式的虚拟语气，其中 bring 和 be 使用动词原形是因为 should 被省略。

Video 3

本节共 2 小节，时长 04:15。

Bruce was using the process of building to heal, not just for those who were sick, but for the entire community as a whole.

We call this the locally fabricated way of building, or "lo-fab," and it has four pillars:

hire locally, source regionally, train where you can and most importantly,

think about every design decision as an opportunity to invest in the dignity of the places where you serve.

Think of it like the local food movement, but for architecture.

And we're convinced that this way of building can be replicated across the world,

and change the way that we talk about and evaluate architecture.

fabricate v. 装配，制造；伪造，捏造
pillar n. (系统、协议的) 核心；柱子，支柱；(表赞许) 栋梁，顶梁柱

Using the lo-fab way of building, even aesthetic decisions can be designed to impact people's lives.

In Butaro, we chose to use a local volcanic stone found in abundance within the area, but often considered a nuisance by farmers, and piled on the side of the road.

We worked with these masons to cut these stones and form them into the walls of the hospital.

And when they began on this corner and wrapped around the entire hospital,

they were so good at putting these stones together, they asked us if they could take down the original wall and rebuild it.

And you see what is possible. It's beautiful.

And the beauty, to me, comes from the fact that I know that hands cut these stones,

and they formed them into this thick wall, made only in this place with rocks from this soil.

chose /tʃoʊz/ v.(+d) (choose 的过去式) 选择，挑选 choose /tʃuːz/ v. 选择，挑选
nuisance /ˈnuːsns/ n. 麻烦事；讨厌的人或事；损害，妨害
mason n. 石工，泥瓦匠 v. 用砖瓦砌成 masonry n. 石工行业；砖石，石造建筑
take down (一块块地) 拆除，拆卸，移除；(从高处) 取下；记下 pull down (毁灭性地) 拆毁，摧毁，推翻；拉下来，使 ... 下跌

When you go outside today and you look at your built world, ask not only: "What is the environmental footprint?" -- an important question --

but what if we also asked, "What is the human handprint of those who made it?"

We started a new practice based around these questions, and we tested it around the world.

Like in Haiti, where we asked if a new hospital could help end the epidemic of cholera.

In this 100-bed hospital, we designed a simple strategy to clean contaminated medical waste before it enters the water table,

and our partners at Les Centres GHESKIO are already saving lives because of it.

Haiti /ˈheɪti/ n. (地名) 海地
cholera /ˈkɑːlərə/ n. 霍乱，一种与消化系统有关的急性传染病
water table 地下水位
les /le/ art. (法语) 定冠词 centres /sɑ̃tr/ n. (法语) 中心

此处第二条中的 Haiti 指 the Republic of Haiti (海地共和国)，位于加勒比海北部，是北美洲的一个岛国。
此处第四条中的 Les Centres GHESKIO 指 GHESKIO 公共卫生服务中心，位于海地首都太子港。

Or Malawi: we asked if a birthing center could radically reduce maternal and infant mortality.

Malawi has one of the highest rates of maternal and infant death in the world.

Using a simple strategy to be replicated nationally,

we designed a birthing center that would attract women and their attendants to come to the hospital earlier and therefore have safer births.

Malawi /məˈlɑ:wi/ n. (地名) 马拉维
maternal /məˈtɜːrnl/ adj. 母性的；母系的；母体遗传的 mortality /mɔːrˈtæləti/ n. 死亡数量；死亡率；必死的命运
attendant n. 病人的护理人员；服务员，侍者；随从，陪同者

此处第一条中的 Malawi 指 the Republic of Malawi (马拉维共和国)，位于非洲东南部。

Or in the Congo, where we asked if an educational center could also be used to protect endangered wildlife.

Poaching for ivory and bushmeat is leading to global epidemic, disease transfer and war.

In one of the hardest-to-reach places in the world,

we used the mud and the dirt and the wood around us to construct a center that would show us ways to protect and conserve our rich biodiversity.

poach v. 偷猎，挖走，窃取；用文火煮
ivory n. 象牙，动物的长牙；象牙制品；象牙色 (偏黄的白色)
bushmeat /ˈbʊʃmiːt/ n. 丛林肉，野味
mud n. 湿土，淤泥 dirt n. 泥土，尘土；灰尘，污垢

此处第一条中的 the Congo 指 the Democratic Republic of the Congo (刚果民主共和国)，也即刚果 (金)，这里国名带定冠词 the 是因为名字源于 the Congo River (刚果河)。顺带一提，刚果 (布) 也可以用 the Congo 简称。

Even here in the US, we were asked to rethink the largest university for the deaf and hard of hearing in the world.

The deaf community, through sign language, shows us the power of visual communication.

We designed a campus that would awaken the ways in which we as humans all communicate, both verbally and nonverbally.

And even in Poughkeepsie, my hometown, we thought about old industrial infrastructure.

We wondered: Could we use arts and culture and design

to revitalize this city and other Rust Belt cities across our nation, and turn them into centers for innovation and growth?

此处第三条中的 Rust Belt (铁锈地带) 指美国东北部五大湖附近的传统工业发生衰退的地区，现在也用于泛指工业衰退的地区。

In each of these projects, we asked a simple question: What more can architecture do?

And by asking that question, we were forced to consider how we could create jobs,

how we could source regionally and how we could invest in the dignity of the communities in which we serve.

I have learned that architecture can be a transformative engine for change.

transformative adj. 有改革能力的 transformable adj. 可转化的，可变形的

To revitalize something means to give new life or vigor to it.

vigor n. 活力，精力，元气

Video 4

本节共 2 小节，时长 05:32。

About a year ago, I read an article about a tireless and intrepid civil rights leader named Bryan Stevenson. (Bryan Stevenson is the founder of the Equal Justice Initiative, or EJI, a non-profit organization.)

And Bryan had a bold architectural vision.

He and his team had been documenting the over 4,000 lynchings of African-Americans that had happened in the American South.

And they had a plan to mark every county where these lynchings occurred,

and build a national memorial to the victims of lynching in Montgomery, Alabama.

intrepid adj. 无畏的，勇敢的
lyching /ˈlɪntʃɪŋ/ n. 私刑 lynch v. 对 ... 以私刑 (非法) 处死
county n. (美国的) 县；(英国、爱尔兰的) 郡
memorial /məˈmɔːriəl/ n. 纪念碑，纪念物；纪念性的
Montgomery /mɑ:nt'gʌməri/ n. (地名) 蒙哥马利，阿拉巴马州的首府和蒙哥马利县的县治
Alabama /ˌæləˈbæmə/ n. (地名) 阿拉巴马，美国东南部的一个州

此处第五条提到 county (县) 是 state (州政府) 下设的行政机构，而 city (城市) 是由人民自发建立的，属于人民自治，它们在行政和地理上都没有直接的从属或包含关系。由于存在没有自发建立 city 但属于 county 的区域，所以一般州内统计是针对 county 来做的。
- 美国的行政权力是分散的，大致可以划分到 federal (联邦政府), state , city, school district (学区) 这四个互不从属的部分，它们互相不存在上下级关系。

Countries like Germany and South Africa and, of course, Rwanda, have found it necessary to build memorials to reflect on the atrocities of their past,

in order to heal their national psyche.

We have yet to do this in the United States.

atrocity n. 暴行；凶恶，残暴
psyche /ˈsaɪki/ n. 心灵

So, I sent a cold email to [email protected]: "Dear Bryan," it said,

"I think your building project is maybe the most important project we could do in America and could change the way we think about racial injustice.

By any chance, do you know who will design it?"

Surprisingly, shockingly, Bryan got right back to me, and invited me down to meet with his team and talk to them.

Needless to say, I canceled all my meetings and I jumped on a plane to Montgomery, Alabama.

When I got there, Bryan and his team picked me up, and we walked around the city.

And they took the time to point out the many markers that have been placed all over the city to the history of the Confederacy,

and the very few that mark the history of slavery.

此处第七条中的 the Confederacy 指 the Confederate States of America (CSA, 美利坚联盟国)，是美国内战 (1861-1865) 期间在如今美国南部的一部分地区存在的政权，而 Montgomery 曾是 CSA 的首都。

And then he walked me to a hill.

And it overlooked the whole city.

And he pointed out the river and the train tracks where the largest domestic slave-trading port in America had once prospered.

And then to the Capitol rotunda, where George Wallace had stood on its steps and proclaimed, "Segregation forever."

And then to the very hill below us. He said, "Here we will build a new memorial that will change the identity of this city and of this nation."

prosper v. (使) 兴隆，繁荣；(使) 成功
rotunda n. (尤指盖有圆形碗装屋顶的) 圆形建筑，圆形大厅
segregation n. (尤指因种族、性别或宗教不同而采取的) 隔离
very adj. (置于名词前表强调) 恰好的，正是的，仅仅的，唯独的，最适合的，甚至的 adv. (置于形容词、副词和限定词前) 很，非常，十分，极

此处第四条中的 Capitol rotunda 指 Alabama State Capitol (阿拉巴马州议会大厦)，在美国内战期间是 CSA 的国会大厦 (the First Confederate Capitol)。顺带一提，由于历史原因，阿拉巴马州的行政机构曾迁移到 Alabama State House (阿拉巴马州议会大厦 (新)) 办公，后来除立法机构外，整体又迁回翻新后的 Alabama State Capitol。
此处第四条中的 George Wallace (1919-1998) 曾三次出任 (共四届) 阿拉巴马州州长 (1963-1967, 1971-1979, 1983-1987)。

Our two teams have worked together over the last year to design this memorial.

The memorial will take us on a journey through a classical, almost familiar building type, like the Parthenon or the colonnade at the Vatican.

But as we enter, the ground drops below us and our perception shifts,

where we realize that these columns evoke the lynchings, which happened in the public square.

And as we continue, we begin to understand the vast number of those who have yet to be put to rest.

Their names will be engraved on the markers that hang above us.

And just outside will be a field of identical columns.

But these are temporary columns, waiting in purgatory, to be placed in the very counties where these lynchings occurred.

Over the next few years, this site will bear witness, as each of these markers is claimed and visibly placed in those counties.

Our nation will begin to heal from over a century of silence.

Parthenon /ˈpɑrθəˌnɑn/ n. (建筑名) 帕特农神庙，古希腊最具代表性的建筑
colonnade /ˌkɑːləˈneɪd/ n. 列柱，柱廊
Vatican /ˈvætɪkən/ n. (地名) 梵蒂冈
perception n. (尤指通过视觉的) 感知；看法，理解；洞察力
column /ˈkɑːləm/ n. 圆形支柱，纪念柱，柱状物；行进长队；竖栏，专栏
evoke v. 唤起 (感情、记忆、形象)；引起 (想法、情感、反应)
engrave v. 在 ... 上雕刻 (字或图案)
purgatory n. (罗马天主教相信的) 炼狱，受难的处所；折磨，苦难，炼狱般的经历
bear witness 作证，证明
claim v. 认领；宣称，声称，断言；索要，索赔；夺走 (生命) n. 声称；索要，索赔；(尤指财产的) 所有权

此处第二条中的 colonnade 指 St. Peter's Square (圣彼得广场) 的外围的大理石柱廊。
此处第五条中的 have yet to do sth. 表示期待做某事，但直到句中所指时刻，这件事还没做。yet 用于疑问句或否定句中时可以当作一般副词使用，表示 “直到现在” (up to the present time)，例如 have not yet done sth. 或者 have not done sth. yet 可以表示期待完成的事当前还没完成 (但未来不一定会完成它)。这里 have yet 和 have not yet 的区别在于，前者强调 yet (对未来的期许)，后者强调 have not (当前还没完成)。

And when we think about how it should be built, we were reminded of Ubudehe, the building process we learned about in Rwanda.

We wondered if we could fill those very columns with the soil from the sites of where these killings occurred.

Brian and his team have begun collecting that soil and preserving it in individual jars with family members, community leaders and descendants.

The act of collecting soil itself has led to a type of spiritual healing.

It's an act of restorative justice.

As one EJI team member noted in the collection of the soil from where Will McBride was lynched,

"If Will McBride left one drop of sweat, one drop of blood, one hair follicle -- I pray that I dug it up and now that his whole body would be at peace."

follicle /ˈfɑːlɪkl/ n. (皮肤上的) 毛囊

此处第一条中的 Will McBride 指一名 1923 年被谋杀的老人，此前被指控侵犯人身罪，在无罪释放的当晚被一群蒙面人动用私刑并谋杀。 (由于信息太少，此条可能不准确)

We plan to break ground on this memorial later this year, and it will be a place to finally speak of the unspeakable acts that have scarred this nation.

break ground 破土动工；开业，起锚
scar v. 给 ... 留下伤疤或精神创伤 n. 伤疤；(肉体或精神上的) 创伤；断崖

When my father told me that day that this house -- our house -- had saved his life,

what I didn't know was that he was referring to a much deeper relationship between architecture and ourselves.

Buildings are not simply expressive sculptures.

They make visible our personal and our collective aspirations as a society.

Great architecture can give us hope.

Great architecture can heal.

Thank you very much.

aspiration n. 志向，抱负；送气，吸气

Grammar & Speaking

reckless adj. 鲁莽的，做事不计后果的，无所顾忌的

洒洒水啦～