Stimulus Generalization and Response Generalization
刺激泛化与反应泛化
What are Stimulus Generalization and Response Generalization?
什么是刺激泛化和反应泛化？
Both stimulus generalization and response generalization are cornerstones of good applied behavior analysis treatment. Generalization occurs when relevant behaviors happen under different, untrained conditions. Generalization can occur across subjects, people, behaviors, time, and settings. Generalization should be planned for, and actively taught.
刺激泛化和反应泛化是良好的应用行为分析治疗的基石。泛化发生时，相关行为发生在不同的，未经训练的条件。泛化可以发生在人，行为，时间和设置。一般化应该计划，并积极地教授。
Stimulus Generalization
刺激泛化
Stimulus generalization occurs when untrained or new stimuli evoke the same response as a trained or known stimuli. Multiple stimuli evoke the same response. In other words, the same response will occur in the presence of a variety of trained untrained stimuli. When you are taking your RBT exam, and you are unsure whether or not stimulus generalization occurred, always think about how many stimuli are present in the question. If there are multiple stimuli, than it just might be stimulus generalization.
刺激泛化发生时，未经训练或新的刺激唤起相同的反应作为一个训练或已知的刺激。多重刺激引起同样的反应。换句话说，同样的反应会发生在各种未经训练的刺激的存在。当你在进行随机对照试验时，你不确定是否出现了刺激泛化现象，总是考虑问题中出现了多少刺激。如果有多个刺激，那么它可能只是刺激泛化。
An example of stimulus generalization would be grabbing a handful of hot Cheetos, skittles, or chocolate almonds. The same response (grabbing a handful) is occurring in the presence of a variety of stimuli.
刺激泛化的一个例子是抓一把热奇多，彩虹糖，或巧克力杏仁。同样的反应(抓住一把)对应的各种刺激。
Response Generalization
反应泛化
Response generalization occurs when untrained or novel responses that serve the same function occur in the presence of a single stimulus. If multiple responses are taking place, and there is only one stimulus, then response generalization may have occurred.
反应泛化发生时，未经训练或新的反应，服务相同的功能发生在单一刺激的存在。如果多个反应发生，只有一个刺激，那么反应泛化可能已经发生。
An example of response generalization would be learning to greet your friend with “hi.” You then start greeting your friend with “hello”, “what’s up”, and “how are you?”
反应泛化的一个例子是学习用“ hi”来问候你的朋友然后你开始用“你好”、“最近怎么样”和“你好吗?”来问候你的朋友
我们再来举两个反应泛化和刺激泛化的例子如下：
Maintenance of Learned Skills
学习技能的维持
Generalization across time means maintaining a behavior after it is learned. This is important because if a skill is learned and then forgotten, it would have to be taught again. One example of this includes learning to tie shoes. After this complex behavior is learned, we should not need prompts from anyone else. If we can continue to tie our shoes independently years later, we would say this skill has generalized across time.
随着时间的推移，泛化意味着在学会某种行为之后仍然保持这种行为。这一点很重要，因为如果一项技能被学习后遗忘了，那么它将不得不再次被教授。其中一个例子就是学会系鞋带。在学会了这种复杂的行为之后，我们就不再需要别人的提示了。如果我们能够在几年后继续独立地系鞋带，我们会说这种技能已经跨越了时间。
Strategies to Enhance Generalization
提高泛化能力的策略
Teach a lot of examples: Do not just use one photo when teaching the word “cat”. As soon as possible, introduce other pictures of different cats to teach the child to generalize. That is why the ThinkPsych Language Learning Cards have three picture examples for every word to help accelerate language learning.
教很多例子: 不要只用一张照片教“猫”这个词。尽快引入其他不同猫的图片，教孩子归纳。这就是为什么 ThinkPsych 语言学习卡每个单词都有三个图片样本来帮助加速语言学习。
Use two or more teachers: If a child will say the word “cat” when asked by a teacher, but will not demonstrate the response to other adults, there has been a lack of generalization to unfamiliar people.
使用两个或两个以上的老师: 如果一个孩子在老师问的时候会说“猫”这个词，但是不会对其他成年人做出反应，对不熟悉的人缺乏概括性。
Practice mastered skills: Make sure require the child to continue to perform skills even if they are considered known. You can do this by bringing out old materials and making sure the child can still perform the skill.
练习掌握的技能: 确保要求孩子继续表演技能，即使他们被认为是已知的。你可以把旧的材料拿出来，确保孩子仍然可以表演这项技能。
Teach behaviors in multiple environments: If you teach a child to follow certain rules at home, it should be practiced in other environments. For example if you teach a child to use an “inside voice”, you should practice that behavior in other locations, such as school, their grandparents’ house, and when out shopping.
在多种环境中教授行为: 如果你教一个孩子在家里遵守某些规则，那么应该在其他环境中实践。例如，如果你教孩子使用“内心的声音”，你应该在其他地方练习这种行为，比如学校，他们的祖父母的房子，以及外出购物的时候。
Use a variety of instructions: For example, if you are teaching a child to respond to the question “How old are you?” also teach the same response to the question, “What’s your age?” This teaches the child that these two questions, while different, are asking for the same information.
使用多种说明: 例如，如果你正在教一个孩子回答“你多大了?”同时也教授同样的问题，“你多大了?”这让孩子知道，这两个问题虽然不同，但要求的是同样的信息。
Vary Acceptable Responses: Train loosely by teaching the child that there are multiple appropriate responses in situations. For example, if he/she is cold, he/she can put on a jacket or get a blanket.
改变可接受的反应: 通过教导孩子在不同情况下有多种适当的反应来松散地进行训练。例如，如果他/她感到冷，他/她可以穿上夹克或拿条毯子。
Reinforcement: It is important to reinforce a child when generalization occurs, such as he/she demonstrates a skill outside of the teaching environment, in the presence of different people or materials, or varies his/her responses appropriately.
强化: 当孩子发生泛化的情况时，例如他/她在教学环境之外，在不同的人或材料面前展示一项技能，或适当地改变他/她的反应时，强化孩子是很重要的。