(41) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science // continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
(42) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
> the explanatory items直译是“解释性的项目”，但根据上下文需要补上“行为”这一层意思从而译为解释行为的项目”。
> directly observed 从直接观察中得到的；来自于直接的观察；是直接观察的结果 ≠直观
> other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式；其他类型的解释；其他种类的解释
行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
(43) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
> in evolution 演化中 ≠在进化论中
自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
(44) They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
> 此句的上文是: Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. They是复数,因此可以推断They不是指代 difficulty，而是指代 Freedom和 dignity. possessions意为“拥有的东西”，在这里名词转译成动词拥有”。
> essential 意为“对……必不可少”，“是……的必要条件”，或“是……必不可少的前提”
> practices的意思很多，如“练习，实践”等，在这里,它的意思是“习惯，做法”，在翻译中由于这些“做法”的具体内容的出现，“做法”这个词可以被省略。
> 文中 is held responsible for和(is) given credit for是被动语态，按照汉语习惯，可以分别处理为“应该对负责和“因…而受到表扬”。
它们是传统理论定义的、自主人拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
(45) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
> 状语从句中until意为“直到”，直译是“在这些问题得到解决之前，技术将继续……”，这种说法不符合中文习惯，它可从反面表达：“如果这些问题得不到解决，技术将……”，注意被动语态 are resolved按照汉语习惯可以译成“得到解决”。and后是一省略句，其难点在于确定代词it的指代内容，it经常指代前文的单数名词或不可数名词(词组)，也经常指代前文的某件事情，某个情况。本文中就是最后种用法，it指的就是前文 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected with做状语一般表示伴随。这一分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。其实，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected。所以后一分句补充完整是with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected.
> with it … problems 解决我们问题的唯一方法的可能性也将消失
(如果)这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方式可能也会随之继续受到排斥。