包 django.shortcuts 收集助手函数和“跨”多级mvc的类，换句话说，为了方便起见，这些函数/类引入受控耦合。
render（）
render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)
将给定的模板与给定的上下文字典组合在一起，并以渲染的文本返回一个 HttpResponse 对象。
Django没有提供返回:class:~django.template.response.TemplateResponse 的快捷函数，因为:class:~django.template.response.TemplateResponse 的构造函数提供了与:func:`render()`相同的方便程度。
必选参数
request
用于生成此响应的请求对象。
template_name
要使用的模板的全名或模板名称的序列。如果给定一个序列，则将使用存在的第一个模板。有关如何查找模板的更多信息，请参见 template loading documentation 。
可选参数
context
要添加到模板上下文的值的字典。 默认情况下，这是一个空的字典。 如果字典中的值是可调用的，则视图将在渲染模板之前调用它。
content_type
用于结果文档的MIME类型默认为：设置:setting:DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE 设置的值。
status
响应的状态代码默认为“200”。
using
用于加载模板的模板引擎的 :setting:`NAME ` 。
例如
下面的示例使用MIME类型呈现模板``myapp/index.html`` application/xhtml+xml：
from django.shortcuts import render
def my_view(request):
# View code here...
return render(request, 'myapp/index.html', {
'foo': 'bar',
}, content_type='application/xhtml+xml')
此示例相当于：
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader
def my_view(request):
# View code here...
t = loader.get_template('myapp/index.html')
c = {'foo': 'bar'}
return HttpResponse(t.render(c, request), content_type='application/xhtml+xml')
render_to_response()
render_to_response(template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None)[源代码]¶
2.0 版后已移除.
该函数之前引入了:func:render ，并类似地工作，只是它不使响应中的 request 可用。
redirect()
redirect(to, permanent=False, *args, **kwargs)[源代码]¶
将一个 HttpResponseRedirect 返回到传递的参数的适当URL。
论点可以是：
A model: the model's get_absolute_url() function will be called.
A view name, possibly with arguments: reverse() will be used to reverse-resolve the name.
An absolute or relative URL, which will be used as-is for the redirect location.
By default issues a temporary redirect; pass permanent=True to issue a permanent redirect.
示例
You can use the redirect() function in a number of ways.
1.By passing some object; that object's get_absolute_url() method will be called to figure out the redirect URL:
from django.shortcuts import redirect
def my_view(request):
...
obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
return redirect(obj)
2.By passing the name of a view and optionally some positional or keyword arguments; the URL will be reverse resolved using the reverse() method:
def my_view(request):
...
return redirect('some-view-name', foo='bar')
3.By passing a hardcoded URL to redirect to:
def my_view(request):
...
return redirect('/some/url/')
This also works with full URLs:
def my_view(request):
...
return redirect('https://example.com/')
By default, redirect() returns a temporary redirect. All of the above forms accept a permanent argument; if set to True a permanent redirect will be returned:
def my_view(request):
...
obj = MyModel.objects.get(...)
return redirect(obj, permanent=True)
get_object_or_404()
get_object_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)[源代码]¶
Calls get() on a given model manager, but it raises Http404 instead of the model's DoesNotExist exception.
必选参数
klass
A Model class, a Manager, or a QuerySet instance from which to get the object.
**kwargs
Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by get() and filter().
例如
The following example gets the object with the primary key of 1 from MyModel:
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404
def my_view(request):
obj = get_object_or_404(MyModel, pk=1)
此示例相当于：
from django.http import Http404
def my_view(request):
try:
obj = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
except MyModel.DoesNotExist:
raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")
The most common use case is to pass a Model, as shown above. However, you can also pass a QuerySet instance:
queryset = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith='M')
get_object_or_404(queryset, pk=1)
The above example is a bit contrived since it's equivalent to doing:
get_object_or_404(Book, title__startswith='M', pk=1)
but it can be useful if you are passed the queryset variable from somewhere else.
Finally, you can also use a Manager. This is useful for example if you have a custom manager:
get_object_or_404(Book.dahl_objects, title='Matilda')
You can also use related managers:
author = Author.objects.get(name='Roald Dahl')
get_object_or_404(author.book_set, title='Matilda')
Note: As with get(), a MultipleObjectsReturned exception will be raised if more than one object is found.
get_list_or_404()
get_list_or_404(klass, *args, **kwargs)[源代码]¶
Returns the result of filter() on a given model manager cast to a list, raising Http404 if the resulting list is empty.
必选参数
klass
A Model, Manager or QuerySet instance from which to get the list.
**kwargs
Lookup parameters, which should be in the format accepted by get() and filter().
例如
The following example gets all published objects from MyModel:
from django.shortcuts import get_list_or_404
def my_view(request):
my_objects = get_list_or_404(MyModel, published=True)
此示例相当于：
from django.http import Http404
def my_view(request):
my_objects = list(MyModel.objects.filter(published=True))
if not my_objects:
raise Http404("No MyModel matches the given query.")