listening 1:talking about verbs 1
Now that you're studying English at a higher level, you need to be able to talk about the language itself.
One of the biggest areas of confusion for students is the difference between the past tense and the present perfect.
The past tense is indicated by use of the past tense marker, represented here by V sub d.
Here are some examples of regular verbs and their past tense forms.
既然你已经进入英语学习的一个更高阶段，你就需要能够谈论这个语言本身。
学生最大的一个困惑点就是句子的过去式和过去完成时的区别。
过去时态用动词的过去式标记表示，这里用V(ed)表示。
这是一些规则动词的例子以及它们的过去式。
So, as you can see, for regular verbs the past tense forms is indicated by the addition of an -ed at the end of the verb.
However, some of the most common verbs in English are irregular, so it is important to learn them.
Here are some examples.
Altogether there are over 200 irregular verbs in normal use.
所以，正如你所见，规则动词的过去式的标志是动词末尾附加的-ed。
然而，英语中常用的一些动词变化是不规则的，所以记住这些很重要。这是一些例子。
在日常使用中总共有超过二百的不规则单词。
Many people think that the past tense form only indicates past time.
However, that is only one of the possible meanings.
The past tense form is also used to express something that is unlikely or imaginary, from the speaker's point of view.
Here is an example:"He wishes he had a car."
The fact is that he doesn't have a car, so the use of "had" indicates that it isn't real :it's imaginary.
“If he had a car, he could drive us to school.”
Again, "he doesn't have a car, so he can't drive us to school."
This condition expresses something that isn't a fact.
It's a counter-factual condition, which means it goes against what we know or believe.
很多人觉得动词的过去式只用于表示过去的事情。
然而这仅仅是它可能表达的意味之一。
过去式也用于表达一些从说话者的角度来讲是不可能或想象中的事。
这有一个例子：“他希望他有一辆车。”
事实是他没有车，所以我们用“had”暗示这不是真的：这只是想象中的。
“如果他有一辆车，他就能开车载我们去学校。”
又一次，实际上是“他没有车，他也不能载我们去学校。”
这个条件表达了一些不是事实的东西。
这是一个反事实的条件，这意味着它违背了我们所知道或相信的。
Look at these two sentences.
If she waits another week, she can save money…
If she waited another week, she could save money because there’s going to be a sale.
Both sentences are correct, but there is a difference in meaning.
In the top sentence, the condition that she waits is more likely from the speaker's point of view.
In the bottom sentence, the speaker thinks it's less likely that she's going to wait.
看看这两个句子
如果她再等一周，她就能省钱。
如果她能再等一周，由于将会有一场甩卖，她就能省下钱来。
两个句子都是对的，但是意义不同。
对于上面的句子，从说话者的角度来讲，她会等着的情况更可能发生。
对于下面的句子，说话者认为她不太可能会等着。
If that flight left a few minutes later, we could take the next shuttle bus.
There is going to be a sale next week, so I hope she doesn't go shopping tomorrow.
Listening : Takling about Verbs 2
When we talk about experience or results, we use the present perfect form.
This form uses "have" followed by the participle.
For regular verbs, this participle is identical to the past tense form.
For irregular verbs, this participle is often different.
When we use the perfect form, the primary focus is on the subject of the sentences, not the verb.
It emphasizes condition, experience or results rather than actions or events.
当我们谈论经历或结果时，我们用完成时态。
此形式使用“have”后跟动词的过去分词为标志。
对于一般动词，这个分词与过去式相同。
对于不规则动词，这个分词是不同的。
我们用过去分词形式时，主要的焦点是句子的主语，而不是动词。
它强调条件、经验或结果，而不是行动或事件。
In these two examples, we see the contrast.
She has already left the hotel.
She left the hotel a few minutes ago.
The top sentence gives the condition or state of the subject and the bottom sentence expresses an event.
The top sentence describes the condition of the subject of the sentence, she, rather than an event.
The fact that she has left the hotel is now a part of her experience, or state of being.
The bottom sentence expresses the action, or event: "she left," which is something she did.
In general, the past tense form expresses of events or acts, and the perfect form expresses the experience or conditions.
When we use the perfect form of the verb we focus on the state of the subject and not an action or event.
从这两个句子中我们可以看出对比。
她已经离开了酒店。
她在几分钟前离开酒店。
上面的句子表述了主语的状况或状态而下面的句子表示了一个事件。
上面的句子描述了句子的主语，她，而不是一件事。
她已经离开旅馆这一事实现在是她经历的或状态的一部分。
最下面的一句话表达了行动或事件：“她离开了”，这是她做的事情。
一般来说，过去式表示事件或行为，而完成式表示经历或状况。
当我们使用动词的过去分词式时，我们关注的是主语的状态，而不是动作或事件。
Note that the past form expresses events at specific points or periods of time, such as last year or the past five years.
He worked at several companies(in the past)
He finished the project last week.(in the past, last week)
These events are distanced from the speaker's point of view.
The perfect form expresses the state of something from the speaker's point of view, not distanced in time.
He has worked at several companies.(his experience now)
He has finished the project.(his experience now)
These two sentences are incorrect in confusing, because they give two different points of view.
He has worked at that company until last week.(incorrect)
He has finished the project last week.(incorrect and confusing)
请注意，过去式表示特定时间点或时段的事件，例如去年或过去五年。
他在几家公司工作（过去）。
他上周完成了这个项目（过去，上周）。
这些事并不是从说话者的角度讲的。
完成时是从说话者的角度来表达某种事物的状态，而不是在时间上。
他在几家公司工作过了。（他现在的经历）
他已经完成了这个项目。（他现在的经历）
这两句话不对且意思混乱，因为它们给出了两种不同的理解角度。
他在那家公司工作到上周为止。（不正确）
他上星期完成了这个项目。（不正确也不好理解）
He may have taken his computer with him, but I’m not sure if he did or not.
He may take his computer with him, but he still hasn’t decided.
Dialogue : Changes in Life（生活中的变化）
What are you thinking about? You look so pensive.
I was just thinking about how much things have changed since I was a child.
Oh, sometimes I think about that too. What were your thoughts?
Nostalgic for sure. Generally I remember the best times, and then I get a bit depressed when I think about how things have changed.
你在想什么？你看起来在沉思。
我刚刚在想从我是个孩子时，这些事情改变了多少。
噢，有时候我也这么想，你的想法是什么？
当然是很怀念，一般我会想起那些美好的时光，然后我想到事情变了这么多就会感到有些沮丧。
What kinds of changes depress you?
Well, one thing is the pace of life. Everything is so fast paced now, so there isn't enough time to think.
That's because you've grown up. You're not a child anymore, so you have responsibilities.
It's more than just having responsibilities. My parents had to work, but they also had time for other things. My dad used to go fishing on the weekends, and my mom used to work in her garden. She loved to grow flowers and vegetables.
什么样的改变让你沮丧了？
举个例子就说生活节奏吧。一切事物的节奏都是这么的快，几乎没什么时间可以思考。
这是因为你已经长大了，你不在是个孩子了。所以你需要承担责任。
这不仅仅是要承担责任的问题。我的父母也必须工作，但是他们也有时间做其他事。我的父亲过去常常在周末去钓鱼，我的妈妈过去常常在她的花园里劳作，她热爱种花和蔬菜。
Yeah, that does sound nice. Living in the city makes things like that really difficult.
Yes, living in the city is certainly part of the problem, right?
Well, that depends on you. You make things sound as if you have no choices in life. It's the choices you've made that put you where you are now.
Sure, that's certainly part of the problem. I guess I've changed.
You want a lifestyle that you can't have in the city. If you really wanted those things, you could move back to the countryside.
是啊，这确实听起来很不错，住在城市里使得事情看起来更加困难了。
是啊，住在城市里确实算是个问题，对吗？
其实，这取决于你，是你把事情弄得看起来像是你没有生活的选择了。是你做的抉择把你变成的你现在的境地。
确实，这确实是个问题，我觉得我已经被改变了。
你想要一个你在城市里获得不了的生活方式，如果你真的想要这些事情，你可以搬回乡下。
No， that's not an option. If I did that my wife would divorce me.
Have you ever talked about it with her?
No, I haven't. We don't talk about things like that. We are both too busy. I think she's even busier than I am.
Well, maybe she would surprise you. Maybe she'd like a change too. You should talk to her.
不，这并不是一个选项，如果我这样做我的妻子会和我离婚。
你和她谈过吗？
没，还没有，我们不会谈论类似这样的事，我们都很忙，我觉得她比我更忙。
也许她会使你惊讶，也许她也喜欢改变，你应该和她谈谈。
Emm, I don't know. What about you?
I'm okay. My wife and I expect things as they are. We try to think positively, and we support each other.
It sounds like you have a good marriage.
Yes, we do. And one reason for that is that we share our thoughts with each other. We don't want to grow apart like so many couples.
Maybe I'll surprise my wife, and start sharing my thoughts with her.
Well if you don't do it now, nothing is going to change.
Yes, you probably right. I'll think about it.
嗯。。。我不知道，你呢？
我挺好的，我和我的妻子都希望一切如常。我们试着积极思考，我们也相互扶持。
听起来你有一段不错的婚姻。
是啊，其中一个原因是我们彼此分享我们的想法。我们不想像这么多夫妻一样分居。
也许我会给我妻子一个惊喜，开始和她分享我的想法。
好吧，如果你现在不做，什么都不会改变。
是的，你可能是对的。我会考虑的。
Reading1 : Winter in Antarctica
On Antarctica, the world's coldest continent, the average high temperature is -49 degrees Celsius. In the summer, the sun never sets, and in the winter, it never rises. Keeping sane there is its own special challenge. The McMurdo Station is a research base perched on the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf, the world's largest body of floating ice. The station is administered by the United States and is the largest community in Antarctica.
在南极洲，世界上最冷的大洲，平均温度为零下49摄氏度。在夏天，太阳永不落下，在冬天，太阳永不升起。保持清醒有其特殊的挑战。麦克默多站是一个位于罗斯冰架边缘的研究基地，罗斯冰架是世界上最大的浮冰体。该站由美国管理，是南极最大的社区。
Capable of supporting more than 1200 residents, the population of the station drops to 150 brave (perhaps foolish) people when winter begins in March. Their task is to maintain the station during the months of total night. The biologists, astronomers, geologists, and climate scientists who were there before, have gone, as any research is impossible in the brutal winter.
三月份冬季来临时，这个能够容纳1200多名居民的车站的人口将减少到150名勇敢（也许是愚蠢）的人，他们的任务是在极夜的几个月里维护站点。生物学家、天文学家、地质学家和气候科学家等曾在那里的人都已离去，因为在严冬里任何研究都是不可能的。
Every day the remaining staff of maintenance personnel perform their routine tasks and make repairs when needed.Sometimes they peer through the darkness toward their friends from New Zealand, at Scott Base, about two miles away. Though most of the time they're just voices on the radio, it's nice to have neighbors not too far away.Together, they share a power grid and one coast of a dark forbidding continent.
每天，剩下的维修人员执行日常任务，并在必要时进行维修工作。有时，他们会看向黑暗中两英里外的斯科特基地（Scott Base）的新西兰朋友。虽然大多数时候他们只是广播里的声音，但在不太远的地方有邻居还是很好的，他们一起共享一个电网和一个黑暗而险恶的大陆海岸。
Though the days are dark and freezing cold in the depths of winter, the moon will rest above the horizon for weeks at a time, Its pale light illuminates the cold, craggy landscape as if acknowledging a companion and reaffirming the bonds of life, So even for those who live in the darkest part of the Earth, there's light.
尽管在深冬时节，白天是黑暗的，寒冷刺骨，但月亮将在地平线上一次停留数周，它的微弱光线照亮寒冷、崎岖的大地，仿佛在承认一个同伴，重申生命的纽带，所以即使是生活在地球最黑暗的地方的人，也有光明。
Reading2 : Chernobyl
On April 26, 1986, Unit 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in northern Ukraine, then a part of the Soviet Union, was shut down for an unauthorized safety test.When the nuclear fuel rods hit the cooling water, the fission reaction accelerated out of control due to a sudden power surge. This caused the reactor to overheat and build up pressure until its structure failed and it blew up, releasing large amounts of radiation. It took officials a whole day to comprehend the scale of the disaster and to order an evacuation of the surrounding area. Some 50,000 people had to leave, not knowing that they would never return.
1986年4月26日，当时是苏联一部分的乌克兰北部切尔诺贝利核反应堆4号机组因未经授权的安全试验而关闭，当核燃料棒撞上冷却水时，由于突然的功率激增，裂变反应加速失控。这导致反应堆过热并积聚压力，直到它的结构失效并爆炸，释放出大量辐射。官员们花了一整天的时间才了解灾难的规模，并下令疏散周边地区。大约50000人不得不离开，没人知道他们永远不会回来了。
In the following months, massive efforts were made to decontaminate the area while increased radiation levels were detected across much of Europe. Fallout from the disaster continues to this day, decades later, and long-term effects such as cancers are still being investigated. Estimates of the number of deaths that will eventually result from the accident vary enormously.
在接下来的几个月里，在欧洲大部分地区检测到辐射水平上升的同时，为净化该地区做出了巨大努力。几十年后的今天，灾难的影响仍在继续，癌症等长期影响仍在调查中。对事故最终导致的死亡人数的估计与实际相差很大。
The forest area near the reactor site is one of the most radioactive places on Earth.Named the Red Forest because its trees turned a reddish-brown color as they died, the forest is trying to make a recovery. Animals such as elk and eagleshave been seen in the area. And birch trees grow where the radioactive trees of the forest were bulldozed and buried by the Soviet government.
反应堆附近的林区是地球上放射性最强的地区之一，因其树木在死亡时变成了红棕色而命名为“红色森林”，该森林正在努力恢复。像麋鹿和老鹰这样的动物在这一地区生长。而白桦树生长在被苏联政府铲平掩埋的森林放射性树木的地方。
Some people have returned as well, mostly former residents who returned illegally after the evacuation.The old company town of Pripyat,once home to 50,000 plant workers is still deserted, but is slowly being reclaimed by the forest.It seems that nature can recover and even thrive where humans cannot. Let's hope that humans can learn from this experience. Chernobyl, and more recently, Fukushima in Japan, have lessons to teach us.
一些人也返回了家园，大部分是撤离后非法返回的前居民。曾经有5万名园丁居住的老公司镇普里皮亚特仍然荒芜，但正在被森林慢慢开垦。似乎大自然可以恢复人类无法恢复的地方，甚至变得更加繁荣昌盛。希望人类能从中吸取教训。切尔诺贝利核电站，以及最近日本的福岛核电站，都给我们上了一课。