语音识别算法设计-基于MFCC+DTW算法-Matlab+C代码版本
语音识别算法设计-基于MFCC+DTW算法-Matlab+C代码（全定点加速）版本
语音识别算法主要涉及特征提取、统计建模和识别技术等几个关键方面。在此使用MFCC+DTW算法的方式给出语音识别的代码，首先进行简单介绍。
Matlab版本代码地址：https://download.csdn.net/download/weixin_44584198/88347255?spm=1001.2014.3001.5503
C代码（全定点加速）下载地址：https://download.csdn.net/download/weixin_44584198/88347257
1、MFCC+DTW基本理论
MFCC（Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients）是一种常用的语音信号特征提取算法，广泛应用于语音识别和语音处理领域。其处理步骤如下所示：
- 预处理：对输入的语音信号进行预处理，通常包括去除静音段、语音活动检测、预加重等操作。
- 分帧：将预处理后的语音信号切割成短时帧，通常每帧的大小在10-30毫秒之间。相邻帧之间会有一定的重叠，常见的重叠比例为50%。
- 加窗：对每个语音帧应用窗函数（如汉宁窗），以减少帧边缘的振荡。
- 傅里叶变换：对每个帧应用快速傅里叶变换（FFT），将时域信号转换为频域信号。
- 梅尔滤波器组：在频域上，应用一组梅尔滤波器，将频谱图划分成一系列梅尔频带，以模拟人耳的听觉感知特性。
- 对数压缩：对每个梅尔滤波器组的输出进行对数压缩，通常使用自然对数，以增强低频能量并减小高频能量。
- 离散余弦变换：对对数压缩后的梅尔频谱图应用离散余弦变换（DCT），将频域的能量信息转换为倒谱系数。
- 特征提取：选择一部分倒谱系数作为MFCC特征向量，通常选择较低频率的倒谱系数，因为它们包含了较多的语音信息，而高频部分可能包含更多的噪声。
DTW算法的优势在于其对时间轴的灵活性，使其能够处理不同语速。是DTW算法的适应性较好。它不需要事先对语音样本进行训练，因此可以直接应用于新的语音数据，无需耗费大量时间进行模型训练。
语音活动检测（VAD）算法：使用VAD算法对音频信号进行处理，提取出有声音的部分。VAD算法基于一些特征（如短时过零率、短时能量等）和门限，通过判断音频帧的活动和非活动状态，确定语音段的起始和结束点。本文算法基于得到的功率谱数据实现了语音活动检测（原理如下）。
整个系统的识别框图如下所示：
针对一段语音的识别过程如下（其中时间的评估是基于运行速度50MHz的MCU平台-不使用浮点加速）：
性能对比：
2、MFCC+DTW的Matlab代码实现
主函数recognition_wxp.m：该函数主要实现音频数据的读取以及算法的运行时间估算。
clear;close all;
clc;
% 实际处理时所使用的采样率为my_fs
my_fs=8000;
% [wav_data,fs]=audioread("merge.wav");
load Voice_data_1
fs=8000;
wav_data=Voice_data_1'/32768;
% 降采样率到8k
wav_data=wav_data(1:fs/my_fs:end);
wav_data=wav_data';
% 补0到51200位数
MaxLengthData=51200;
wav_data=[wav_data zeros(1,MaxLengthData-length(wav_data))];
% 音频数据绘图
plot(wav_data)
% 音频数据转有符号16位
wav_data_short=ceil(wav_data*32767);
% 播放音频
sound(wav_data,8000);
% 定义出现end_cnt帧的静音段就判断为一段语音结束
global end_cnt
end_cnt=4;
% 运行计时，计算时间
tic
for i=1:1:1
hello_fun_top(wav_data);
end
toc
函数hello_fun_top.m：该函数为功能顶层，负责实现数据的初步处理，以及有无语音段的处理：
function [] = hello_fun_top(wav_data)
% 有声音帧计数
dist_ind=1;
% 每帧固定为256个点
N_frame=256;
% 训练得到的参数模板：hi VeriSilicon
train_data=[-0.346487792276900,-1.40059809625545,-4.41959884388216,-8.48010517470577,-10.1563616372905,-7.83369012654417,-4.33333586849326,-2.96012177654879,-3.14158613425379,-2.48508781888993,-0.937603394384175,-0.0672717297338245;3.47173817984233,2.80302616388370,-2.42307496356610,-9.01554510792411,-10.4633991889052,-6.16962553032179,-2.28216621437324,-2.08751015283687,-2.72513654189198,-1.84957388103955,-0.646441429938092,-0.145779342456221;4.71660978520528,1.13955656623149,-5.37084129611757,-8.91496409642569,-7.86341913513536,-5.18822572092777,-3.52198818905299,-2.81615061090971,-1.99982194243341,-0.827357392054028,0.0628652218551304,0.181323329849240;3.40539873644088,0.694792490673434,-4.46109055139396,-7.27784002705807,-5.92975497186088,-3.20317707506988,-2.09595775867707,-2.35478535793317,-2.27143548883744,-1.42593901126683,-0.449846427039349,0.0725120416106929;-0.482276063159477,-0.653921631056499,-1.34142316333990,-2.32251138055431,-2.42389195504733,-1.74486870219226,-1.88744892549279,-3.04860671421533,-3.29484947230030,-1.75734700243898,-0.0969100690700208,0.237522468293704;-5.09283151614853,-5.84220920053041,-4.39860496655632,-2.71645720810805,-2.83291714727149,-4.59835955453183,-6.17290539954239,-6.33961024569723,-5.20637164218657,-3.30975025866925,-1.34476448946671,-0.178497290175860;-7.03159513997222,-6.71726414389574,-2.47933142419532,1.42605435253041,1.30640441747211,-1.68272417966983,-4.11103476041911,-4.96403786683175,-4.84533794451010,-3.52143190041928,-1.34762559872198,-0.0681421691831556;-8.79754842421281,-9.18063908523648,-4.91045498887341,-0.689373989770212,-0.756259248031253,-3.12994905404126,-3.54478137372699,-2.41742351531491,-2.41099056808390,-2.79553063372757,-1.76902163057785,-0.382302277986526;-10.2359222656664,-9.55185948343906,-3.14607333709229,2.36090905174150,1.50949916239800,-3.11486454725529,-5.22630359946415,-3.78782678509071,-2.33318469769639,-2.09497576477884,-1.54775924786337,-0.481253448761232;-10.5867990463412,-11.0560933448733,-6.89029809856297,-3.34847068618553,-3.78052255315306,-5.62679540895853,-5.25415521784573,-3.51929409083408,-2.88230566301155,-2.75936748477054,-1.68070872769370,-0.414677706729609;-9.09710246763254,-9.00457548594006,-4.18183710488182,-0.316306724403971,-1.79200434402207,-5.46483147597634,-5.84902677606135,-3.53111258217141,-2.41367895158650,-2.53232491848859,-1.76994227671839,-0.526345075447937;-6.20785406931988,-3.00775928807175,2.36656292935327,3.24489309432851,-0.416721259278301,-3.40525481979209,-3.12784463581975,-1.54346066471865,-0.807837163947345,-0.867568190187987,-0.899453879053944,-0.519988945673566;-3.72917693440528,-0.575634540367284,3.30932902205347,2.09580217455325,-2.86601030621307,-5.12660512922101,-2.64082371137209,0.416679462809215,0.838468530846086,-0.114988023141514,-0.556705064861166,-0.393599401237234;0.377670051976313,2.97906327983534,2.50883257010591,-2.63879965328752,-6.11675462353044,-4.22033172026864,-1.26702036406206,-0.864942146171124,-1.23385681304984,-0.857013560676071,-0.665355318444790,-0.538689474967369;5.24762789000734,1.96243233397669,-4.73186288442174,-8.33922657948775,-6.83816429421120,-4.54505299393654,-4.31582123778340,-3.91337901979114,-2.05749196665034,-0.970958903392067,-1.14637282258610,-0.649492872802199;7.83005542354891,0.775970066991494,-8.34841165587985,-9.53056294682028,-6.02817690644319,-5.07150189852252,-5.39370316836607,-3.45601904609045,-1.59459157735755,-2.16113969307143,-2.46191425973908,-0.842349830627002;7.08070617763245,2.64073601114737,-5.69258189831835,-9.45455146558611,-7.18253261654048,-4.65723808165221,-4.49769006884498,-3.82351580896533,-2.14764313884999,-2.06783122869298,-2.56311994065719,-1.08162510319291;5.30338615240640,3.84073359954042,-2.86965701561013,-9.45059307429258,-9.14536813045573,-3.31073773412743,0.842637412801565,0.554699961295544,-1.40505297471787,-2.71879670656333,-2.61320344628649,-0.999916927376488;3.10569915548717,3.38090850739264,-0.0794951139648172,-5.45824320989512,-7.06150799389493,-3.08038324641694,1.68369028337882,2.53819959536040,-0.0523811710277615,-2.67112703199853,-2.87794263198372,-1.06975185750731;1.70533213757194,5.10058050577560,3.10037095421733,-4.93592461850606,-7.91868930233325,-1.49079972331970,4.32021067477619,2.36585968811023,-2.14815672841159,-3.31723408984283,-2.13617179365666,-0.802246214988725;2.15704666336311,4.46602394969611,2.24922250180016,-4.21318183576888,-6.13782019486470,-0.623839657129102,3.95047873098438,1.76898044838797,-2.75404039103051,-4.16008734345524,-2.77399773450878,-0.913026046768560;2.62676683894223,2.51655765011151,-0.447043834907020,-3.02554441368889,-0.894453250477268,3.04324323006874,2.38002643430364,-2.19269348998201,-4.88709715531977,-4.16625856620542,-2.41536228795465,-0.796116297666870;1.15319777182983,1.20379596659796,0.553402496136700,0.667210116098151,2.43525149119830,3.40937078893473,1.00312147023887,-2.91567714381015,-4.66867992350319,-3.84307269319891,-2.25733395413927,-0.766128678430922;-2.0924319722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% 训练得到的参数模板：hi VeriSilicon 的16位定点数计算版本
train_data_fixed=ceil(train_data*256)';
% 构造mfcc模板矩阵
cc=zeros(100,12);
% 构造mfcc状态参数，0表示该帧静音、1表示该帧有语音、2表示一段语音结束
valid_sit=0;
% 构造mfcc帧计数
mfcc_count=0;
for ind=1:1:floor(length(wav_data)/N_frame)
% 取一帧数据进行运算，wav_data_in为刚刚得到的一帧的数据
wav_data_in=wav_data((ind-1)*N_frame+1:ind*N_frame);
% 提取每一帧的MFCC矩阵
[cc,valid_sit,mfcc_count] = hello_fun(wav_data_in,valid_sit,cc,mfcc_count,ind);
% valid_sit==2代表一段语音结束（回到静音段）
if valid_sit==2
valid_sit=0;
% 提取上一语音段的mfcc矩阵
cc=cc(1:mfcc_count*1,:);
% 进行DTW算法
dist=dtw(cc,train_data);
% 计算完成后清除缓存
cc=zeros(100,12);
mfcc_count=0;
% 历史数据记录
disp(dist)
dist_arrary(dist_ind)=dist;
dist_ind=dist_ind+1;
end
end
end
函数hello_fun.m：识别算法的顶层，负责有无语音帧的处理：
function [cc,valid_sit,mfcc_count] = hello_fun(wav_data,valid_sit,cc,mfcc_count,ind)
global end_cnt
% 从频域进行功率计算，从而判断阈值
wav_data_fd=fft_power(wav_data);
vads_power=sum(wav_data_fd(6:end-6).*wav_data_fd(6:end-6));
% 语音VAD判断，使用滞回判断，vads_power大于400认为语音开始，vads_power连续end_cnt帧小于20认为语音结束
if vads_power>20
end_cnt=4;
%vads_power大于400认为语音开始
if valid_sit==0&&vads_power>400
valid_sit=1;
cc(1*mfcc_count+1:1*mfcc_count+1,:)=wxp_mfcc(wav_data);
mfcc_count=mfcc_count+1;
%vads_power大于20认为语音连续
elseif valid_sit==1
cc(1*mfcc_count+1:1*mfcc_count+1,:)=wxp_mfcc(wav_data);
mfcc_count=mfcc_count+1;
end
%语音太长，直接结束判断
if mfcc_count>25600/256
valid_sit=2;
end
else
%vads_power连续end_cnt帧小于20认为语音结束
if valid_sit==1
if end_cnt>0
end_cnt=end_cnt-1;
cc(1*mfcc_count+1:1*mfcc_count+1,:)=wxp_mfcc(wav_data);
mfcc_count=mfcc_count+1;
else
valid_sit=2;
mfcc_count=mfcc_count-4+end_cnt;
end
end
end
end
wxp_mfcc.m为MFCC特征提取的主要代码：
function cc=wxp_mfcc(AggrK)
% 预加重
[AggrK] = fixed_filter(AggrK);
% 加窗
AggrK=fixed_mfcc_window(AggrK);
% 频域变换
[fft_AggrK] = fft_power(AggrK');
% 其他处理流程
% M为滤波器个数，N为一帧语音采样点数
M=12; N=256;
% 归一化mel滤波器组系数
bank=wxp_melbankm(M,N,8000,0,0.5,'m');
bank=full(bank);
bank=bank/max(bank(:));
% DCT系数,12*24
for i=1:12
j=0:M-1;
dctcoef(i,:)=cos((2*j+1)*i*pi/(2*24));
end
% 归一化倒谱提升窗口
w=1+6*sin(pi*[1:12]./12);
w=w/max(w);
% 计算功率谱
S=((fft_AggrK))+1e-15;
% 将功率谱通过滤波器组
P=bank*S(1:N/2+1,:);
% 取对数后作离散余弦变换
D=dctcoef*log(P);
% 倒谱提升窗
m=(D.*w')';
% 差分系数
dtm=-2*m(3-2,:);
dtm=dtm/3;
cc=[m];
end
dtw算法实现（dtw.m）：
function dist = dtw(test, ref)
% global x y_min y_max
% global t r
% global D d
% global m n
t = test;
r = ref;
n = size(t,1);
m = size(r,1);
d = zeros(m,1);
D = ones(m,1) * 65535;
D(1) = 0;
% 如果两个模板长度相差过多，匹配失败
if (2*m-n<3) | (2*n-m<2)
dist = 65535;
return
end
% 计算匹配区域
xa = round((2*m-n)/3);
xb = round((2*n-m)*2/3);
if xb>xa
%xb>xa, 按下面三个区域匹配
% 1 :xa
% xa+1:xb
% xb+1:N
for x = 1:xa
y_max = 2*x;
y_min = round(0.5*x);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
for x = (xa+1):xb
y_max = round(0.5*(x-n)+m);
y_min = round(0.5*x);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
for x = (xb+1):n
y_max = round(0.5*(x-n)+m);
y_min = round(2*(x-n)+m);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
elseif xa>xb
%xa>xb, 按下面三个区域匹配
% 0 :xb
% xb+1:xa
% xa+1:N
for x = 1:xb
y_max = 2*x;
y_min = round(0.5*x);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
for x = (xb+1):xa
y_max = 2*x;
y_min = round(2*(x-n)+m);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
for x = (xa+1):n
y_max = round(0.5*(x-n)+m);
y_min = round(2*(x-n)+m);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
elseif xa==xb
%xa=xb, 按下面两个区域匹配
% 0 :xa
% xa+1:N
for x = 1:xa
y_max = 2*x;
y_min = round(0.5*x);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
for x = (xa+1):n
y_max = round(0.5*(x-n)+m);
y_min = round(2*(x-n)+m);
[D]=wxp_wrap(D,y_min,y_max,x,t,r);
end
end
%返回匹配分数
dist = D(m);
3、MFCC+DTW的Matlab代码实现效果
原来代码的识别目标为 hi VeriSilicon。
Voice_data_1为正确语音，运行结果为2104。
Voice_data_0为错误语音，运行结果为11072。
注意这边运算得到的结果为差异值，即结果越小则可以判断为识别到了目标语言。
4、全定点数MFCC+DTW的C语言实现
大家可以直接下载工程运行即可，在此给出主要函数展示：
定点数加窗算法wxp_window.h：
#include "hello_fun_top.h"
#include "wxp_mfcc.h"
#include "wxp_window.h"
void fixed_mfcc_window_fixpt(int AggrK[256], short AggrK2[256])
{
int32_T i;
static const uint16_T b0[256] = { 5242U, 5252U, 5279U, 5325U, 5389U, 5471U,
5571U, 5690U, 5826U, 5981U, 6153U, 6343U, 6551U, 6776U, 7018U, 7278U, 7555U,
7849U, 8159U, 8486U, 8829U, 9189U, 9564U, 9955U, 10362U, 10783U, 11220U,
11671U, 12137U, 12617U, 13110U, 13618U, 14138U, 14671U, 15217U, 15775U,
16345U, 16927U, 17519U, 18123U, 18737U, 19361U, 19995U, 20638U, 21291U,
21951U, 22620U, 23297U, 23981U, 24672U, 25370U, 26073U, 26782U, 27497U,
28216U, 28940U, 29667U, 30398U, 31132U, 31869U, 32607U, 33348U, 34089U,
34832U, 35575U, 36317U, 37059U, 37800U, 38540U, 39278U, 40013U, 40746U,
41475U, 42201U, 42922U, 43639U, 44351U, 45057U, 45758U, 46452U, 47140U,
47820U, 48493U, 49158U, 49814U, 50462U, 51101U, 51730U, 52349U, 52958U,
53556U, 54144U, 54719U, 55283U, 55835U, 56375U, 56902U, 57416U, 57916U,
58403U, 58876U, 59334U, 59778U, 60207U, 60621U, 61020U, 61403U, 61771U,
62122U, 62457U, 62776U, 63078U, 63363U, 63632U, 63883U, 64117U, 64333U,
64532U, 64713U, 64877U, 65022U, 65150U, 65259U, 65350U, 65423U, 65478U,
65515U, 65533U, 65533U, 65515U, 65478U, 65423U, 65350U, 65259U, 65150U,
65022U, 64877U, 64713U, 64532U, 64333U, 64117U, 63883U, 63632U, 63363U,
63078U, 62776U, 62457U, 62122U, 61771U, 61403U, 61020U, 60621U, 60207U,
59778U, 59334U, 58876U, 58403U, 57916U, 57416U, 56902U, 56375U, 55835U,
55283U, 54719U, 54144U, 53556U, 52958U, 52349U, 51730U, 51101U, 50462U,
49814U, 49158U, 48493U, 47820U, 47140U, 46452U, 45758U, 45057U, 44351U,
43639U, 42922U, 42201U, 41475U, 40746U, 40013U, 39278U, 38540U, 37800U,
37059U, 36317U, 35575U, 34832U, 34089U, 33348U, 32607U, 31869U, 31132U,
30398U, 29667U, 28940U, 28216U, 27497U, 26782U, 26073U, 25370U, 24672U,
23981U, 23297U, 22620U, 21951U, 21291U, 20638U, 19995U, 19361U, 18737U,
18123U, 17519U, 16927U, 16345U, 15775U, 15217U, 14671U, 14138U, 13618U,
13110U, 12617U, 12137U, 11671U, 11220U, 10783U, 10362U, 9955U, 9564U, 9189U,
8829U, 8486U, 8159U, 7849U, 7555U, 7278U, 7018U, 6776U, 6551U, 6343U, 6153U,
5981U, 5826U, 5690U, 5571U, 5471U, 5389U, 5325U, 5279U, 5252U, 5242U };
/* hamming_256=hamming(256); */
for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
AggrK2[i] = (int16_T)((AggrK[i] * b0[i]) >> 16);
}
}
剩下的不放了，有水字数嫌疑，大家下载工程查看即可。
5、全定点数MFCC+DTW的C语言效果
注意观察main函数，其中hello_fun_top(Voice_data_1);
代表识别的哪一段音频数据，如果需要识别其他数据修改这个数组就行。
/* Include Files */
#include "stdio.h"
#include hello_fun_top()输入的数据默认是16位有符号数，数组大小为25600，如果需要修改必须同时在main.h中添加数据数组并修改wxp_config.h中的参数（要处理的数据长度 wave_data_remain =100，每帧256，一共25600）：
#ifndef WXP_CONFIG_H
#define WXP_CONFIG_H
/* Include Files */
#include wxp_mfcc算法中所有的不需要计算的参数，如梅尔滤波器数组、DCT数组等全部在C代码中设置成了常量，如果需要使用其他的配置需要更新这些数组！！！
原来代码的识别目标为 hi VeriSilicon。
Voice_data_1为正确语音，运行结果为2476。
Voice_data_0为错误语音，运行结果为11942。
