七夕节到了,我们先重温一下牛郎织女的故事吧。
本故事用著名画家墨浪先生(1910-1963)创作的连环画作品做配图。墨浪先生在充分发挥中国工笔画重彩人物画的基础上,巧妙吸收了民间年画的特点,把图案美、装饰美、造型美等清新雅致的画风融汇到自己的作品中,为读者留下了一幅幅经典的画面。
牛郎织女
The Love Story of Cowherd and Girl Weaver
很久很久以前,一个孤儿跟着哥嫂过日子。嫂子为人刻薄,经常虐待他,叫他吃剩饭,穿破衣,每天天没亮,就赶他上山放牛。他没有名字,大家都叫他牛郎。每天放牛,牛郎他总是挑最好的草地,让它吃又肥又嫩的青草;老牛渴了,他就牵着它到小溪的上游,去喝最干净的溪水。
The story begins with a poor orphan who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law after his parents passed away. He had to herd the old ox and worked on the farm fields with his ox before dusk everyday.Since he had no name, he was named as Niu Lang, the cowherd.
Each day, Niu Lang fed his ox with the tenderest grass and cleanest water at the upper reach of the brook.
一天晚上,牛郎走进牛棚,忽然听到一声“牛郎!”原来是老牛在说话。老牛说:“明天黄昏的时候,你翻过右边那座山,山那边有一个湖,湖边有一片树林。在树林里,你会遇到一位美丽的姑娘,她会做你的妻子。”
One day, when Cowherd went into the cowshed, he heard someone call him. The cowherd’s ox, which was actually an immortal from heaven because he made mistakes in heaven and was reincarnated as an ox to toil on earth, suddenly said to the cowherd: “You are a nice person.If you want to get married, go to the brook and your wish will come true.”
第二天黄昏,牛郎翻过右边那座山,来到湖边的树林里。这时,远处传来轻盈的欢笑声,牛郎循着笑声望去,只见湖边有七个姑娘正在嬉戏。
At Dusk, NIU Lang climbed over the mountain and came to the lake in the woods. There came light laughter from the distance. He followed the laughter and saw seven girls playing in the lake.
过了一会儿,一个姑娘离开伙伴,向树林走来。
这姑娘是谁呢?原来她是王母娘娘的外孙女,织得一手好彩锦,名字叫织女,每天早晨和傍晚,王母娘娘拿她织的彩锦装饰天空,那就是灿烂的云霞。原来,这天下午王母娘娘多喝了几杯美酒,靠在宝座上睡着了。织女和仙女们见机会难得,便一起飞到了人间。
After a while, a girl left others and walked towards the woods. This beautiful girl was the granddaughter of the Queen Mother. As a great master of weaving Choi Jin (colorful brocade), she was named Girl Weaver. Every morning and evening, the Queen Mother decorated thesky with Girl Weaver’s brocade to produce the bright cloud. That afternoon the Queen Mother got drunk and fell asleep on the throne. Girl Weaver and the fairies seized this chance and flew to the earth.
牛郎和织女一见倾心,在树林里交谈起来。
织女见牛郎心眼儿好,又能吃苦,便决心留在人间,做牛郎的妻子。
Cowherd and Girl Weaver appreciated each other and fell in love with each other. Girl Weaver thought Cowherd a kind and hard working man and resolved to stay in the earthly world and marry him.
从此,牛郎在地里耕种,织女在家里纺织,两个人辛勤劳动,日子过得美美满满。
Since then, Cowherd worked on farm and GirlWeaver weaved at home, industriously but happily.
转眼间三年过去了,牛郎织女有了一儿一女。
Three years passed at a blink, and this couple had a son and a daughter.
一天,牛郎去喂牛,那头衰老的牛又讲话了。
它眼眶里满是泪花,说:“我不能帮你们下地干活了。我们要分别了。
我死了以后,你把我的皮剥下来留着,碰到紧急的事,你就披上我的皮……”
老牛话没说完就死了。
One day, Cowherd went to feed the ox. The aged ox said to him, with tears in its eyes, “I can’t help you work in the field any longer. We will part soon. After I died, you decorticate my fur
and keep it. Once you are in danger, put my fur on. …”
天上一日,人间数年。
天上王母娘娘一觉醒来,得知织女下嫁人间,气得暴跳如雷,
发誓要把织女抓回天庭,严厉惩罚。
One day in heaven, some years on the earth. The Queen Mother woke up in heaven and found Girl Weaver marry a humble man on the earth. She got so furious that she vowed to recapture Girl Weaver back to heaven and punish her severely.
天兵天将闯进牛郎家里,来抓织女。
Heavenly generals and soldiers descended to the earth and broke into Cowherd’s home to recapture Girl Weaver.
牛郎得知织女被王母娘娘抓走,心急如焚。
可是怎么上天搭救呢?
忽然,他想起老牛临死前说的话,便赶紧找出牛皮,披在身上,
然后将一儿一女放在两只竹筐里,挑起来就往外跑。
一出屋门,他就飞了起来。
Cowherd’s heart was broken when he knew his wife had been recaptured by the Queen Mother. But how could he save her?Suddenly he thought of what the old ox said before death. He took out the hide, put it on, put two kids in two bamboo baskets, and ran after the heavenly generals and soldiers. Once he ran out of his house, he flied.
他越飞越快,眼看就要追上织女了。
王母娘娘拔下头上的玉簪往背后一划,
霎时间,牛郎的面前出现了一条天河。
天河很宽,波涛汹涌,牛郎飞不过去了。
从此以后,牛郎在天河的这边,织女在天河的那边,两人只能隔河相望。
Cowherd flied faster and faster and was about to catch up with Girl Weaver. At that moment, Queen Mother pulled off her hairpin and made a stoke with her hairpin and created a river in the sky. That was the Milky Way. The river was so wide and turbulent that Cowherd could never fly over. From then on, the Milky Way kept the lovers apart.
他们的爱情感动了喜鹊,无数喜鹊飞来,
用身体搭成一道跨越天河的彩桥,
让牛郎织女在天河上相会。
Cowherd and Girl Weaver’s love touched the magpies. Numerous magpies flew here and made a colorful bridge across the Milky Way with their body to help them meet in the Milky Way.
玉帝无奈,让牛郎住在牛郎星球上,织女住在织女星球上,
允许牛郎织女每年七月七日在鹊桥上会面一次。
The Emperor of Heaven felt ashamed for them. Girl Weaver was forced to move to the star Vega and the cowherd, to the star Altair. The two lovers were allowed to meet on the Magpie Bridge on the seventh day of seventh lunar month once a year.
现在读牛郎织女的故事,至少可以得到三点启示:
1. 对世界温柔以待,即使生命总以刻薄相欺
牛郎织女故事里,牛郎是孤儿,跟着哥嫂过日子。嫂子为人刻薄,经常虐待他,叫他吃剩饭,穿破衣,每天天没亮,就赶他上山放牛。牛郎放牛,总是挑最好的草地,让老牛吃又肥又嫩的青草;老牛渴了,他就牵着它到小溪的上游,去喝最干净的溪水。
这只被牛郎温柔以待的老牛,投之以木桃,报之以琼瑶,泄露了七仙女下凡到人间的机密,于是就有了牛郎织女的故事。
2. 如果你知道去哪,全世界都会为你让路
摩西奶奶说:
“生活是我们自己创造的,
如果一直坚持走下去,
终会结出丰硕的果实。”
牛郎织女的故事里,牛郎和织女的爱情,不仅打动了喜鹊,为他们搭起了鹊桥;就连玉帝也允许他们每年在鹊桥上一年见面一次。
3. 永远注意保存生产资料
生产资料是劳动者进行生产时所需要使用的资源或工具,一般包括土地、厂房、机器设备、工具、原料等等。
在牛郎织女的故事里,正是因为牛郎特别注意保护他唯一的生产资料——老牛,所以他才能在七夕之夜得到仙人指路,俘获织女的芳心;也才能在追赶织女时,穿上牛皮飞到天上。
牛图腾
中国作为农耕民族,牛是农耕时期重要的代力牲畜,人们对牛的感恩之情,体现在牛郎织女故事里。
中国民俗中有很多与牛相关的活动,例如:打春牛、锥牛、献牛王等。
可以说,牛与中国人的生产生活息息相关,被赋予了丰富的文化内涵。
有空到博物馆看看远古时代的牛吧
牛是商周青铜器喜欢刻画的对象,或圆雕、或浅浮雕、或平面表现,有的具体、有的抽象。牛之所以如此受欢迎,是因为牛在商周祭祀活动中,是最重要的祭品(牺牲),甲骨文中称之为“牛牲”,西周以后称“太牢”。
殷墟牛尊
2001年1月,在殷墟花园庄东地发掘的54号墓,殷墟发现第三座保存完整、面积较大、出土文物丰富的高级贵族墓葬,其中最引人注目的是一件牛尊。
在殷人观念中,体格健壮、有一双弯曲而有力的大角的水牛更具灵性,充当人与神沟通的媒介,担负通天地神兽的重要角色,主要用于祭祀。同时牛尊的器身满饰动物纹,在商周时代的神话和美术中,动物或动物纹样占有很重要的地位,在祭祀中被视作神奇力量,扮演沟通天地的助手。
这件商晚期的“牛尊”集铸造、设计、雕刻艺术于一身。既是精美的艺术品又是生活中的实用品,承载着大量的历史文化信息,是一件不可多得的青铜精品。
青铜牛尊(湖南省博物馆藏)
这件殷商时期的青铜牛尊1977年11月,出土于衡阳市包家台子。
尊是盛酒器,湖南宁乡出土的四羊方尊即属于此类器物,但这件牛尊属于尊中的另一特殊形制,即牺尊,牺尊是采用象、羊、豕、牛、鸟等动物形象作为器物外形进行塑造,湖南省博物馆内收藏的著名牺尊有象尊、豕尊、牛尊等。
牛尊(上海博物馆藏)
西周牛尊(陕西历史博物馆)
1967年陕西歧山县贺家村出土牛尊,通高24cm,长38cm,腹深10.7cm。盛酒器。整体作牛形,身体浑圆,头部较大,吻部平,开一小流可倾酒。背有方盖,上立一虎。整体造型简练,手法夸张。
牛尊的整体造型在不失生物形态的情况下,巧妙地利用了牛的各个部位实现了酒器的实用功能,使其既实用又美观。牛尊通体以云纹和夔龙纹装饰。构图疏朗,庄重大气,与商末周初青铜器上神秘怪诞的装饰风格截然不同,给人以强烈的艺术美感和容易理解的亲切感。
牛尊局部(陕西历史博物馆)
牛尊局部(陕西历史博物馆)
牛身上装饰的鸟类纹饰包括牛本身,更多与春天、春耕等农业活动有关,其与象征秋天的虎组合在一起,想要表达的象征意义,最合理的推测就是春秋两季的农业祭祀,相当于后世春社秋社活动中的所谓“春祈秋报”。
牛作为牺牲、作为祭品,被送上祭坛时,有很多规矩,其中一个重要的规矩是要依一定的程式进行装扮。
《史记·老子韩非列传》中记载了一个这样的故事:
楚威王闻庄周贤,使使厚币迎之,许以为相。庄周笑谓楚使者曰:“千金,重利;卿相,尊位也。子独不见郊祭之牺牛乎?养食之数岁,衣以文绣,以入大庙。当是之时,虽欲为孤豚,岂可得乎?子亟去,无污我。我宁游戏污渎之中自快,无为有国者所羁,终身不仕,以快吾志焉。”
庄子没有明说千金卿相不好,重点说了祭祀的“牛”的结局——被人喂养了几年,最后披红戴花成为祭品,那时即使牛想做一头孤独的小猪,还能做到吗?宰相位尊,大王看重,但是最后还是任人摆布难有善终啊!所以他宁愿做个能自由嬉戏的小猪。
老子骑青牛出关