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2019-2020 大学英语III 仔细阅读

1. 试题解析：
   本文主要谈论美国的经济危机给美国家庭带来的影响。由于经济危机而导致的人们失去工作、收入降低、房价下降等原因会使本来不幸福的夫妻无法承担离婚的成本，从这点上看，经济危机会从某种角度降低离婚率。不过，本来关系不好的夫妻也不会维持很长时间。尤其在经济复苏后，大部分关系不好的夫妻还会选择离婚。
   In times of economic crisis, Americans turn to their families for support. If the Great Depression is any guide, we may see a drop in our sky-high divorce rate. But this won’t necessarily represent an increase in happy marriages. In the long run, the Depression weakened American families, and the current crisis will probably do the same.
   We tend to think of the Depression as a time when families pulled together to survive huge job losses. By 1932, when nearly one-quarter of the workforce was unemployed, the divorce rate had declined by around 25% from 1929. But this doesn’t mean people were suddenly happier with their marriages. Rather, with incomes decreasing and insecure jobs, unhappy couples often couldn’t afford to divorce. They feared neither spouse could manage alone.
   Today, given the job losses of the past year, fewer unhappy couples will risk starting separate households. Furthermore, the housing market meltdown will make it more difficult for them to finance their separations by selling their homes.
   After financial disasters family members also tend to do whatever they can to help each other and their communities. A 195 book, The Unemployed Man and His Family, described a family in which the husband initially reacted to losing his job “with tireless search for work.” He was always active, looking for odd jobs to do.
   The problem is that such an impulse is hard to sustain. Across the country, many similar families were unable to maintain the initial boost in morale (士气). For some, the hardships of life without steady work eventually overwhelmed their attempts to keep their families together. The divorce rate rose again during the rest of the decade as the recovery took hold.
   Millions of American families may now be in the initial stage of their responses to the current crisis, working together and supporting one another through the early months of unemployment.
   Today’s economic crisis could well generate a similar number of couples whose relationships have been irreparably (无法弥补地) ruined. So it’s only when the economy is healthy again that we’ll begin to see just how many broken families have been created.
2. In the initial stage, the current economic crisis is likely to __________.
   A) tear many troubled families apart
   B) contribute to enduring family ties
   C) bring about a drop in the divorce rate
   D) cause a lot of conflicts in the family
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3. In the Great Depression many unhappy couples chose to stick together because ________.
   A) starting a new family would be hard
   B) they expected things would turn better
   C) they wanted to better protect their kids
   D) living separately would be too costly
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4. In addition to job losses, what stands in the way of unhappy couples getting a divorce?
   A) Mounting family debts.
   B) A sense of insecurity.
   C) Difficulty in getting a loan.
   D) Falling housing prices. 。
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5. What will the current economic crisis eventually do to some married couples?
   A) It will force them to pull their efforts together.
   B) It will undermine their mutual understanding.
   C) It will help strengthen their emotional bonds.
   D) It will irreparably damage their relationship.
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6. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
   A) The economic recovery will see a higher divorce rate.
   B) Few couples can stand the test of economic hardships.
   C) A stable family is the best protection against poverty.
   D) Money is the foundation of many a happy marriage.

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2. 试题解析：
这篇文章讲述了金钱对夫妻关系的影响。作者通过度假这件事来引出夫妻对待金钱的不同态度，接着指出不好的经济状况常常会影响夫妻关系，夫妻双方因为钱而产生的反复争执大大伤害了彼此的感情。最后，作者引用心理学家的话，阐述了金钱在男女眼中的意义是不一样的，并建议夫妻就金钱问题一定要多沟通。
It’s an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My partner says no because the boiler could go off, or the roof fall off and we have no savings to save us. I say you only live once and we work hard and what’s the point if you can’t go on holiday. The joy of a recession means no argument next year—we just won’t go.
Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday. A YouGov poll of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. What’s less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession—financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes were characterised by intense verbal (言语上的) aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved, and made men, more than women, extremely angry.
Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes, which may be different things to men and women. “People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what it’s for,” he explains, “They’ll say it’s to save, to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them.” He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they’ve achieved something.
“The biggest problem is that couples assume each other knows what’s going on with their finances, but they don’t. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌) about talking about money than about death. But you both need to know what you’re doing, who’s paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you don’t have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it.”
6. What does the author say about vacationing?
A) People enjoy it all the more during a recession.
B) Few people can afford it without working hard.　
C) It makes all the hard work worthwhile.
D) It is the chief cause of family disputes.

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7. What does the author mean by saying “money is known … to bring a relationship to its knees” (Para. 2)?
   A) Money is considered to be the root of all evils.
   B) Some people sacrifice their dignity for money.
   C) Few people can resist the temptation of money.　
   D) Disputes over money may ruin a relationship.

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8. The YouGov poll of 2,000 people indicates that in a recession ________.
A) conflicts between couples tend to rise
B) it is more expensive for couples to split up　
C) couples show more concern for each other　
D) divorce and separation rates increase

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9. What does Kim Stephenson believe?
A) Money is often a symbol of a person’s status.
B) Money means a great deal to both and women.　
C) Men and women spend money on different things.
D) Men and women view money in different ways.

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10. The author suggests at the end of the passage that couples should ________.
A) put their money together instead of keeping it separately
B) make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgets
C) discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationship
D) avoid arguing about money matters to remain romantic

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3. 试题解析：
文章主要谈论的是时下非常流行的电视脱口秀节目，讨论电视节目是否有底线的问题。在英国、美国等西方国家，电视节目主持人可以谈论任何话题，如果观众感觉不舒服或者抱怨指责，那么主持人就麻烦了。英国主持人Jonathan Ross就因观众的职责和抱怨受到了停薪停职的处罚。大部分情况下，主持人的底线就是使观众感兴趣而不是他们是否说得过火；有时观众会迫使主持人过火，但一切都只是为了保证收视率。作者对电视节目主持人的限制办法还是抱有希望的。
Fans acclaim it for being spicy and straightforward; critics label it shallow and rude. The success of the Taiwanese talk show “KangXi Arrives” has elicited (引出) different responses from audience members: Different from the usual more serious-style talk shows, it’s well known for its humorous interviews and relaxed atmosphere. So, what’s so great about TV talk shows?
The question of whether there’s a bottom line for TV shows of this kind has been discussed for a long time. The answer is generally positive, but there’s still the question: How much is too much?
In places like the US and UK, most TV channels don’t bother stopping hosts from using dirty words like the “f word” or “sht” but will beep the words out when the program airs.
TV hosts there can talk about almost anything: politics, religion, sex, and whatever. For them, the bottom line is more likely to be the interests of their guests and audiences, rather than whether they’ve gone too far.
If a guest is not comfortable with the jokes or tricks, or if there’s complaining from the audience, the host can be in trouble. For example, British host Jonathan Ross, was suspended without pay by the BBC last year. His offense? He left “grossly offensive” voicemail (语音信箱) messages on the answering machine of British actor Andrew Sachs in his radio show.
In most cases, the bottom line is “lower” than you might think. On American TV, “freedom of speech” is valued. Big late night TV hosts are known for their bold methods. They’re ironic, opinionated (固执己见的), and may push the limits.
Surprisingly (or not), audiences are “blamed” for the lower limits. Audiences supposedly expect more and “force” hosts to go further. More than once Dee Hsu has admitted that she does the crazy things on “KangXi Arrives” “all for the rating.”
To a certain extent, the bottom line should be what the audiences want. And, for those fearless hosts who just don’t care, where there’s beeping, there’s hope.
11. The phrase “when the program airs” in Para. 3 can be best replaced by “________.”
A) when the program is finished
B) when the program is cancelled
C) when the program is broadcasted
D) when the program is criticized

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12. The author cites the case of Jonathan Ross to show that ________.
A) talk show hosts can do whatever they want.
B) talk show hosts do get punished for going too far.
C) talk show hosts really enjoy the freedom of speech.
D) the audience can do nothing to the hosts.

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13. Why do some hosts say dirty words or do crazy things in their programs?
A) Because they want to punish the guests.
B) Because they want to criticize the government.
C) Because they want to attract more audience.
D) Because they can do whatever they like.

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14. What does the author mean by “where there’s beeping, there’s hope” in the last paragraph?
A) When there is still a way to control the program, we are hopeful that there is still a limit.
B) When there is technical ways to cut the program, we don’t have to worry about the bottom line.
C) We hope that the hosts will stop speaking when they hear the beeping sound.
D) When the hosts give the beeping sound, they will get punished.

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15. What is the author’s attitude towards the low limit for the hosts of TV talk shows?
    A) He is happy for the freedom of speech they enjoy.
    B) He is extremely angry when the hosts move beyond the lines.
    C) He is pessimistic about the audiences’ taste.
    D) He is still hopeful that the limit could be controlled.

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4. 这篇文章对传统的男女生合校这种教育体制提出了质疑，认为男校对男生的身心发展更为有利。男校的单性教育有助于男生自由表达情感，不必固守“男子汉”形象，并积极参与文艺活动，并且男校不会由于过于关注女生而忽略了男生，而且单性教育可以针对男生的身心发展特点和兴趣制定学习计划。
Boys’ schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music.
Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype, a US study says.
Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the “boy code” of hiding their emotions to be a “real man”.
The findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.
Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls.
The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.
But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys’ learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.
Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with “boy-focused” approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision, learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given “hands-on” lessons where they are allowed to walk around. “Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的) and prefer the modem genre (类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes,” James wrote.
Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be “masterful and in charge” in relationships. “In mixed schools, boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means,” the study reported.
16. The author believes that a single-sex school would ________.
A) force boys to hide their emotions to be “real men”
B) help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys
C) encourage boys to express their emotions more freely　
D) naturally reinforce in boys the traditional image of a man
。

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17. It is commonly believed that in a mixed school boys ________.
    A) Perform relatively better 　 B) grow up more healthily
    C) behave more responsibly　 D) receive a better education

    Ａ

18. What does Tony Little say about the British education system?
    A) It fails more boys than girls academically.
    B) It focuses more on mixed school education.
    C) It fails to give boys the attention they need.　
    D) It places more pressure on boys than on girls.

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19. According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is ________.
A) teaching can be tailored to suit the characteristics of boys
B) boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted　
C) boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in　
D) teaching can be designed to promote boys’ team spirit

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20. Which of the following is characteristic of boys according to Abigail James’ report?
    A) They enjoy being in charge.
    B) They conform to stereotypes.
    C) They have sharper vision.　
    D) They are violent and sexist.

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5. 试题解析：
本文介绍了一份由人道主义论坛所作的关于全球气候变暖与人口死亡和经济损失关系的报告。对此报告，一些气候和风险专家褒贬不一。有些专家质疑报告的研究方法和结论，而有些专家则力挺报告的价值。在一次有关这个报告的新闻发布会上，安南先生强调在控制温室气体释放的同时，更需要通过磋商来呼吁富有地区向贫困地区提供更多的资金援助，从而增强后者对气候灾害的免疫性。
Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.
The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems.
But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions.
Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would double by 2030.
Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the Forum’s report was “a methodological embarrassment” because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development in vulnerable (易受伤害的) regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our utmost attention.” But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both climate change and disasters because it is so deeply flawed (有瑕疵的).”
However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty.
In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report.
21. What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?
A) Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.
B) Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.
C) Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.
D) Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.
答案：B
解析：题干中的专有名词出现在文章第一段，但是这个机构公布的报告结果是在文章第二段第二句，说这份报告发现对人类有影响的气候变化使得由疾病（包括营养不良和由高温引起的健康问题）所引起的死亡率大大增加（It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition and heat-related health problems）。与选项B的内容吻合，所以选B。
22. What do we learn about the Forum’s report from the passage?
A) It was challenged by some climate and risk experts.
B) It aroused a lot of interest in the scientific circles.
C) It was warmly received by environmentalists.
D) It caused a big stir in developing countries.
答案：A
解析：文章第三段说这份报告引起了一些气候和风险专家的批评，他们质疑这份报告的研究方法和结论（the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions）。与选项A的内容吻合，所以选A。
23. What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum’s report?
A) Its statistics look embarrassing.
B) It is invalid in terms of methodology.
C) It deserves our closest attention.
D) Its conclusion is purposely exaggerated.
答案：B
解析：从题干中的人名定位于文章第五段，是对报告的批评部分。此段第一句中，Roger Pielke说论坛的这份报告基于一个“尴尬的”研究方法（the Forum’s report was “a methodological embarrassment”），也就是说从研究方法角度看，这份报告缺乏有效性，所以选B。
24. What is Soren Andreasen’s view of the report?
A) Its conclusions are based on carefully collected data.
B) It is vulnerable to criticism if the statistics are closely examined.
C) It will give rise to heated discussions at the Copenhagen conference.
D) Its rough estimates are meant to draw the attention of world leaders.
答案：D
解析：从题干中的人名定位于文章第六段，第一句说Soren Andreasen为报告辩护，他说很明显这些数据只是粗略估计（…defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates）。此段第二句中，他还说这份报告的阅读对象是世界各国领导人（the report was aimed at world leaders）。综合起来，与选项D的内容吻合，所以选D。
25. What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference?
A) How rich and poor regions can share responsibility in curbing global warming.
B) How human and economic losses from climate change can be reduced.
C) How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale.
D) How rich countries can better help poor regions reduce climate hazards.
答案：D
解析：文章最后一段第一句说安南先生强调在控制温室气体释放的同时，更需要通过磋商来呼吁富有地区向贫困地区提供更多的资金援助，从而增强后者对气候灾害的免疫性（Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases）。与选项D的内容吻合，所以选D。
6. 试题解析：
城市生活总是机会与惩罚并存，挣钱机会多，压力就越大，犯罪也应运而生。人们总是试图通过各种方式来减轻压力，可是适得其反，人与人之间的交流也变得简化和冷淡，旅行毫无乐趣，甚至有人通过毒品和酒精来麻痹自己。所有的一切都给犯罪提供了可乘之机。此外，现代建筑和城市规划也给城市生活带来了更严重的问题，人与人之间的亲密被隔断，住在彼此不相识的环境里，感觉很陌生。
Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more conflict, more traveling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants (行为不轨的人) and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity (彼此陌生) of urban life, but today’s ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. City residents may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around them.
As a defense against these developments, city residents tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves; contacts with other people are generally made brief and indifferent; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory (未列入电话簿的); journeys outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. There are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the individuals, for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. Furthermore, all these defensive forms of behavior are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community’s concern for its members. Lack of informal social contact and indifference to the unfortunate accidents of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.
Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups; these people are then geographically trapped because so much economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and beyond.
Present-day architecture and planning have enormously made worse the human problems of urban life. Old established neighborhoods have been cruelly swept away, by both public and private organizations, usually to be replaced by huge, ugly, indifferent structures. People have been forced to leave their familiar homes, usually to be re-housed in tower blocks which are dull, inconvenient, and fail to provide any setting for human interaction or support. This destruction of established social structures is the worst possible approach to the difficulties of living in a town or city. Instead, every effort should be made to protect the human scale of the environment, and to retain familiar landmarks (地标).
26. What makes the control of crime in large cities more difficult?
A) The dangers of urban life.
B) The stressful competition.
C) The convenient transportation.
D) The ever increasing population.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：什么使得对大城市犯罪的控制越来越困难？文章第一段第四句话today’s ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever（当今人们流动越来越简单使控制犯罪更困难）中ease of movement就是指人们从一地到另一地的活动更加简单，与选项C中的convenient transportation（便利的交通运输）有关，所以选C。
27. According to the writer, why do some people take drugs or alcohol?
A) To provide themselves with pleasure.
B) To defend their urban life.
C) To reduce awareness and lessen the pressure upon themselves.
D) To widespread loneliness and destroy the society’s concern.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：作者认为人们为何吸毒或饮酒？文章第二段的第一句为主题句，city residents tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves交代了本段主要写城市居民试图用各种方式来排解压力，而reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol（用毒品和酒精麻痹自己的意识）则是手段之一。综合上述两点进行判断，所以选C。
28. By “these people are then geographically trapped” (Para. 3) the writer means that ________.
A) The unsuccessful and minorities are far away from much economic activity.
B) Inner areas are taken by more successful people for economic activity.
C) The unsuccessful and minorities have to move out of inner areas of cities.
D) Competitive struggle has migrated to the suburbs and beyond.
答案：A
解析：题干的意思是：第三段中作者说“这些人陷入地理困境中”的意思是什么？文章第三段these people are then geographically trapped中的these people肯定指前面最近提到的人，所以考生要掌握英语中代词的用法并根据这一特点回看前一句。Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups意为贫民区被成功人士放弃，只留给那些竞争失利的和少数民族。而economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and beyond指经济活动迁移到郊区或更远的地方，所以选A。
29. In what way have present day architecture and planning worsened the problem of urban life?
A) Old established neighborhoods are being preserved.
B) People are forced to live in unfamiliar environment.
C) The established social structures are out of date.
D) People are unwilling to move away from city centers.
答案：B
解析：题干的意思是：建筑和城市规划如何给城市生活带来更糟的问题？由文章第四段第一句话可进行信息定位，但考生很难找到现成的句子来回答问题，这就需要考生迅速浏览该段并总结观点。根据old established neighborhoods have been cruelly swept away（老街坊邻居的亲密关系被生生拆散），people have been forced to leave their familiar homes（人们被迫离开熟悉的家庭），可以概括为人们现在居住在陌生的环境中，所以选B。
30. What is the passage mainly about?
A) Opportunities and rewards of urban life.
B) Tips of city residents to reduce stress.
C) Various problems concerning city residents.
D) Modern architecture and city planning.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：文章主要是关于什么内容的？本题是典型的综合理解全文并概括文章大意的题型，考生需要整体把握文章主旨，通过文章开头和结尾以及每段主题句和线索词来概括文章大意。文章第一段明确说城市生活总是机会与惩罚并存，城市居民面临一系列的问题；第二段列举人们排解压力的方式，从而又引发社会问题；第三段是描写人分等级居住；第四段描写建筑和城市规划如何给城市生活带来更糟的问题，综上所述，整篇文章都围绕现代城市居民所面临的各种各样的问题，所以选C。
7. A recent global survey of 2,000 high-net-worth individuals found about 60% were not planning on a traditional retirement. Among U.S. participants, 75% expected to continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from full-time jobs. “Many of these people made their wealth by doing something they’re passionate (有激情的) about,” says Daniel Egan, head of behavioral finance for Barclays Wealth Americas. “Given the choice, they prefer to continue working.” Barclays calls these people “nevertirees”.
Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement by company restrictions, the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand. If 106-year-old investor Irving Kahn, head of his own family firm, wants to keep coming to work every day, who’s going to stop him? Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s job security is guaranteed in the Constitution.
It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death. In fact, they are. And it’s working. Howard Friedman, a professor at UC Riverside, found in his research that those who work hardest and are successful in their careers often live the longest lives. “People are generally being given bad advice to slow down, take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida,” he says. He described one study participant, still working at the age of 100, who was recently disappointed to see his son retire.
“We’re beginning to see a change in how people view retirement,” says George Leeson, co-director of the Institute of Population Ageing at Oxford. Where once retirement was seen as a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job, it is now akin (近似) to being cast aside. What Leeson terms “the Warren Buffett effect” is becoming more broadly appealing as individuals come to “view retirement as not simply being linked to economic productivity but also about contribution.”
Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing. On the one hand, companies and financial firms can benefit from the wisdom of a resilient (坚韧的) chief. On the other, the new generation can find it more difficult to advance—an argument that typically holds little sway to a nevertiree.
31. What do we learn about the so-called “nevertirees”?
A) They are passionate about making a fortune.
B) They have no choice but to continue working.
C) They love what they do and choose not to retire.
D) They will not retire unless they are compelled to.
答案：C
解析：首段后半部分的间接引语部分提到，他们通过做自己热爱的事情来赚钱，如果有机会，他们宁愿继续工作，这些人被称为“永不退休的人”。由此可知，“永不退休的人”热爱他们的工作而拒绝退休，故答案为C，其中的love what they do是对文中doing something they’re passionate about的同义转述，choose not to retire是对prefer to continue working的同义转述。
32. What do Irving Kahn and Ruth Bader Ginsburg have in common?
A) Neither of them is subject to forced retirement.
B) Neither of them desire reward for their work.
C) Both cling to their positions despite opposition.
D) Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads.
答案：A
解析：第2段首句提到，不像许多因公司规定而被迫提前退休的美国人，“永不退休的人”一般不会受到任何人的限制。接着举了欧文·卡恩和露丝·巴德·金斯伯格的例子，前者是自己公司的老板，后者的大法官职位受宪法保护，两人都不会被强制退休，故答案为A。
33. What is the finding of Howard Friedman’s research?
A) The harder you work, the bigger your fortune will be.
B) The earlier you retire, the healthier you will be.
C) Elderly people have to slow down to live longer.
D) Working at an advanced age lengthens people’s life.
答案：D
解析：第3段开头提到，这些拒绝退休的老年人似乎试图欺骗死神，事实上他们做到了。接着用霍华德•弗里德曼的研究发现加以论证：那些工作最努力并且在事业上最成功的人常常寿命最长。由此可知，继续工作的老人活得更久，故答案为D，其中lengthens people’s life是对文中live the longest lives的同义转述。
34. What is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage?
A) It means a burden to the younger generation.
B) It is a symbol of a mature and civilized society.
C) It is a compensation for one’s life-long hard work.
D) It helps increase a nation’s economic productivity.
答案：C
解析：第4段首句提到，人们对退休的看法正在改变。接着第2句说明对退休的传统看法，题干中的traditional view of retirement是对once retirement was seen as…的同义转述，该句提到退休曾经被看作在某种悲惨的工作中长期煎熬之后的奖励，故答案为C，其中的compensation for one’s life-long hard work是对文中a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job的同义转述。
35. What do critics say about “nevertirees”?
A) They are an obstacle to a company’s development.
B) They lack the creativity of the younger generation.
C) They cannot work as efficiently as they used to.
D) They prevent young people from getting ahead.
答案：D
解析：末段提到，观察者们对于“永不退休的人”持不同意见。一方面，公司和金融企业会因此受益；另一方面，年轻一代的发展会遇到困难。也就是说，“永不退休的人”会阻碍年轻人的发展，故答案为D，其中的prevent young people from getting ahead是对文中the new generation can find it more difficult to advance的同义转述。
8. Kodak’s decision to file for bankruptcy (破产) protection is a sad, though not unexpected, turning point for a leading American corporation that pioneered consumer photography and dominated the film market for decades, but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution.
Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency (自满)”, that explanation doesn’t acknowledge the lengths to which the company went to reinvent itself. Decades ago, Kodak anticipated that digital photography would overtake film—and in fact, Kodak invented the first digital camera in 1975—but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.
It wasn’t that Kodak was blind to the future, said Rebecca Henderson, a professor at Harvard Business School, but rather that it failed to execute on a strategy to confront it. By the time the company realized its mistake, it was too late.
Kodak is an example of a firm that was very much aware that they had to adapt, and spent a lot of money trying to do so, but ultimately failed. Large companies have a difficult time switching into new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.
Although Kodak anticipated the inevitable rise of digital photography, its corporate (企业的) culture was too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future. They were a company stuck in time. Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.
Kodak’s downfall over the last several decades was dramatic. In 1976, the company commanded 90% of the market for photographic film and 85% of the market for cameras. But the 1980s brought new competition from Japanese film company Fuji Photo, which undermined Kodak by offering lower prices for film and photo supplies. Kodak’s decision not to pursue the role of official film for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics was a major miscalculation. The bid went instead to Fuji, which exploited its sponsorship to win a permanent foothold in the marketplace.
36. What do we learn about Kodak?
A) It went bankrupt all of a sudden.
B) It is approaching its downfall.
C) It initiated the digital revolution in the film industry.
D) It is playing a dominant role in the film market.
答案：B
解析：从文章第一段中的bankruptcy和第二段的Although many attribute Kodak’s downfall to “complacency”可知柯达已经走向衰败，因此选项D错误。文章第一句指出柯达的破产是…a sad, though not unexpected turning point，可知柯达的衰败并非突然的，故可排除选项A。根据…but ultimately failed to adapt to the digital revolution可知柯达最终没有适应数字革命，排除选项C。故选B。
37. Why does the author mention Kodak’s invention of the first digital camera?
A) To show its early attempt to reinvent itself.
B) To show its effort to overcome complacency.
C) To show its quick adaptation to the digital revolution.
D) To show its will to compete with Japan’s Fuji Photo.
答案：A
解析：第二段一开始指出很多人将柯达的衰败归结于柯达的自满，但是这个解释并没有承认柯达在自身重塑上所作的努力。然后，作者用柯达发明第一台数码相机来例证柯达在自我改造上所作的尝试。故选A。
38. Why do large companies have difficulty switching to new markets?
A) They find it costly to give up their existing assets.
B) They tend to be slow in confronting new challenges.
C) They are unwilling to invest in new technology.
D) They are deeply stuck in their glorious past.
答案：D
解析：第四段提到Large companies have a difficult time switching to new markets because there is a temptation to put existing assets into the new businesses.根据此句可知，大公司不能进入新市场的原因是他们在开创新业务的过程中，依然不愿放弃现有的优势。接下来作者在第五段提到…too rooted in the successes of the past for it to make the clean break necessary to fully embrace the future，即柯达过度沉溺于过去的辉煌，不能完全拥抱未来。故选D。
39. What does the author say Kodak’s history has become?
A) A burden. B) A mirror. C) A joke. D) A challenge.
答案：A
解析：第五段提到Their history was so important to them. Now their history has become a liability.可知柯达的历史已经成为自身发展的障碍。故选A。
40. What was Kodak’s fatal mistake?
A) Its blind faith in traditional photography.
B) Its failure to see Fuji Photo’s emergence.
C) Its refusal to sponsor the 1984 Olympics.
D) Its overconfidence in its corporate culture.
答案：A
解析：第二段最后一句提到…but in a fateful decision, the company chose to shelf its new discovery to focus on its traditional film business.由此可知柯达公司所犯的致命错误是将数码相机束之高阁而把传统胶片作为业务重点。故选A。
9.试题解析：
孩子能够习得选择食物的能力，这种能力能够帮助孩子们日后选择健康的食物。这种能力的产生和发展从母亲怀孕时就开始了，母亲怀孕时的饮食习惯影响孩子的食物倾向。孕妇要吃各种各样健康的食物。通过对动物进行实验发现，妈妈若吃健康均衡的食品，其后代长大后也选择健康食物，并且体重和血糖都正常；然而，妈妈若吃垃圾食品，其后代长大后选择食物的健康程度则差一些，并且容易发胖。
Why some youngsters approach food as an adventure and others insist on mono-meals of macaroni (通心粉) cheese? It turns out kids’ tastes for food don’t happen by accident. Studies show that children prefer the flavors they experience early on, including while they’re in the womb (子宫). A doctor is drawing on that research to help get more pregnant and nursing women to eat healthy and varied diets because doing so will make their babies tend to eat what’s good for them.
According to Alan Greene, a professor on children health at Stanford University and the author of the new Feeding Baby Green, children can acquire what he calls nutritional intelligence, which will help them choose healthy food later in life. And this intelligence springs from food impress, which begins during pregnancy. “How a child learns to eat is one of the most important health issues in this country,” he says, “It’s learned behavior.”
In his book, Greene paints a vivid picture of the budding foodie. A fetus (胎儿) in the second and third month has highly sensitive taste buds that get to experience whatever mom is eating. Fetuses remember flavors from this time in the womb and seek them out after birth. This process explains why adopted infants, when swept off to a new culture, years later prefer their native foods even though they may never have actually eaten them in the conventional sense.
A study published last year in a scientific journal revealed the long-term effect of food impress. In the experiment, half of the pregnant and nursing animals were given a balanced diet of healthy foods. The other half ate some healthy food, as well as a large amount of items filled with sugar, salt and fat.
Scientists found that offspring of the animals who had eaten only healthy items tended to choose those same healthy items when they became adults. They were also significantly more likely to have normal weight, blood sugar, etc. compared with the junk-food-eaters’ offspring, who made less healthy choices as adults and were significantly more likely to be fat.
41. To shape her baby a healthy food habit, a pregnant woman should ________.
A) learn to eat green food only
B) make a balanced food choice
C) get rid of her own food preference
D) promote her nutritional intelligence
答案：B
解析：文章第一段最后一句help get more pregnant and nursing women to eat healthy and varied diets because doing so will make their babies tend to eat what’s good for them（处在怀孕期和哺乳期的女性应该多吃健康均衡的食物，因为这样做可以使她们的小孩在今后更可能选择健康的食物），由此推断出孕妇应当选择健康均衡的饮食，所以选B。
42. Prof. Greene’s research is to find out ________.
A) the differences between youngsters and children’s food preferences
B) the differences between food impress and nutritional intelligence
C) whether food preference is acquired by nature or learned behavior
D) whether mothers’ food habit during pregnancy has influence on their kids’ food preference
答案：D
解析：正确答案定位在第二段。其中第一句children can acquire what he calls nutritional intelligence, which will help them choose healthy food later in life，说明孩子选择食物的能力能够帮助他们日后选择健康的食物；第二句And this intelligence springs from food impress, which begins during pregnancy，说明这种能力的产生和发展从母亲怀孕时就开始了；由此可以概括出母亲怀孕时的饮食习惯影响孩子的食物倾向，所以选D。
43. The expression “budding foodie” (Para. 3) can be best replaced by ________.
A) growing eater B) new food choice
C) increasing appetite D) developing preference
答案：A
解析：根据英语行文规则，前一句提到budding foodie，紧接着下一句开头就解释A fetus in the second and third month（两三个月的胎儿）可以推断两者指同一事物，bud指“发芽”，那么budding指“发芽的、发育的”，可以推断budding foodie指正在生长的胎儿，选项A中eater指吃东西的人，所以选A。
44. The animal experiment mentioned in the last two paragraphs can prove that ________.
A) animals have the same food preference as human beings do
B) animals tend to choose healthy food when they become adults
C) animals have much longer food impress effect than human beings do
D) animals will experience similar influence of food choice as human beings do
答案：D
解析：根据第五段的实验结果，动物的后代在母体内时的饮食结构直接影响它们长大后的饮食习惯，与前面所说人类的情况是一样的，所以选D。
45. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) fetus will have a vivid picture of what their mother once eat
B) the nutritional intelligence can only be acquired in one’s childhood
C) a healthy diet should contain no large amount of sugar, salt and fat
D) adopted children will not develop their preference for their local food
答案：C
解析：正确答案定位在第四段和第五段。第四段的实验中提到有一半动物吃a large amount of items filled with sugar, salt and fat（很多含有糖、盐和脂肪的食物），第五段描述实验结果时把吃这种食物的动物称作the junk-food-eaters（吃垃圾食品者），综合以上线索可以推断出健康食品中不应该含有大量的糖、盐和脂肪，所以选C。
10． As you are probably aware, the latest job markets news isn’t good: Unemployment is still more than 9 percent, and new job growth has fallen close to zero. That’s bad for the economy, of course. And it may be especially discouraging if you happen to be looking for a job or hoping to change careers right now. But it actually shouldn’t matter to you nearly as much as you think.
That’s because job growth numbers don’t matter to job hunters as much as job turnover data. After all, existing jobs open up every day due to promotions, resignations, terminations, and retirements. (Yes, people are retiring even in this economy.) In both good times and bad, turnover creates more openings than economic growth does. Even in June of 2007, when the economy was still humming along, job growth was only 132,000, while turnover was 4.7 million!
And as it turns out, even today—with job growth near zero—over 4 million job hunters are being hired every month.
I don’t mean to imply that overall job growth doesn’t have an impact on one’s ability to land a job. It’s true that if total employment were higher, it would mean more jobs for all of us to choose from (and compete for). And it’s true that there are currently more people applying for each available job opening, regardless of whether it’s a new one or not.
But what often distinguishes those who land jobs from those who don’t is their ability to stay motivated. They’re willing to do the hard work of identifying their valuable skills; be creative about where and how to look; learn how to present themselves to potential employers; and keep going, even after repeated rejections. The Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows that 2.7 million people who wanted and were available for work hadn’t looked within the last four weeks and were no longer even classified as unemployed.
So don’t let the headlines fool you into giving up. Four million people get hired every month in the U.S. You can be one of them.
46. The author tends to believe that high unemployment rate ______.
A) deprives many people of job opportunities
B) prevents many people from changing careers
C) should not stop people from looking for a job
D) does not mean the U.S. economy is worsening
答案：C
解析：题干问的是作者对于高失业率的看法。由high unemployment定位至原文第一段。该段中提到That’s bad for the economy，意即高失业率对于经济来说是个不好的消息，但是并没有说高失业率不意味着美国经济在变得更糟，故排除D项。另外，文中说的是如果你碰巧在找工作或是转行的话，高失业率可能会让你感到失望，而没有达到A项中所说的“剥夺了很多人的工作机会”或是B项中所说的“妨碍了很多人转行”的程度，故也可排除A项和B项。文中真正表达作者观点的是第一段最后一句：其实高失业率对你的影响没有你想象的那么大。原文最后一段第一句So don’t let the headlines fool you into giving up也表明了作者的观点：不要让标题愚弄了你而使你放弃找工作，即按部就班找工作就好，不要在意官方统计的高失业率。
47. Where do most job openings come from?
A) Job growth. B) Job turnover.
C) Improved economy. D) Business expansion.
答案：B
解析：题干问的是大部分的职位空缺来自于哪里。根据原文第二段的第一句job growth numbers don’t matter to job hunters as much as job turnover data以及第三句turnover creates more openings than economic growth does，意即对于求职者来说，就业增长数据不如工作人员流动数据来得重要，人员流动提供了更多的职位空缺，因此B项正确。
48. What does the author say about overall job growth?
A) It doesn’t have much effect on individual job seekers.
B) It increases people’s confidence in the economy.
C) It gives a ray of hope to the unemployed.
D) It doesn’t mean greater job security for the employed.
答案：A
解析：题干问作者对于整体就业增长的看法。由overall job growth可以定位到原文倒数第三段第一句，该句中用到双重否定，意为“我并不是说整体就业增长对一个人找工作没有丝毫影响”，也就是说“有一定影响，但是没有那么大”，所以A项正确。B、C、D三项中的confidence，hope，job security在原文中并未提及，故排除。
49. What is the key to landing a job according to the author?
A) Education B) Intelligence C) Persistence D) Experience
答案：C
解析：题干问的是在作者看来找工作的关键是什么。原文倒数第二段讲了那些找到工作和没找到工作的人的区别，由此将答案定位至该段。该段第一句讲到what often distinguishes those who land jobs from those who don’t is their ability to stay motivated，意即能否找到工作在于求职者自身能否保持积极性，关键词是stay motivated，原文紧接着详细阐述了那些求职成功的人即使在反复被拒后也依然付出各种努力，因而C项正确。
50. What do we learn from the passage about the unemployment figures in the U.S.?
A) They clearly indicate how healthy the economy is.
B) They provide the public with the latest information.
C) They warn of the structural problems in the economy.
D) They exclude those who have stopped looking for a job.
答案：D
解析：倒数第二段最后一句提到The Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows that 2.7 million people who wanted and were available for work hadn’t looked within the last four weeks and were no longer even classified as unemployed，由此可知答案选D，那些想要并且能够上班的人在过去的四周中没有找工作，已经不再属于失业的人群。
11.试题解析：脸谱网是一个著名的社交网站。但是，它却通过向广告商出售用户的个人资料来获利。许多脸谱网的用户还不知道这件事情，也不知道个人资料的价值。因此，有参议员要求脸谱网改变其关于隐私的政策，同时还敦促联邦贸易委员会对社交网站制定出指导原则。而作者正在考虑注销账户。
People are being lured (引诱) onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service without realizing they’re paying for it by giving up loads of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages.
Most Facebook users don’t realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea what they’re paying for Facebook because people don’t really know what their personal data is worth.
The biggest problem, however, is that the company keeps changing the rules. Early on, you could keep everything private. That was the great thing about Facebook—you could create your own little private network. Last year, the company changed its privacy rules so that many things—your city, your photo, your friends’ names—were set, by default (默认) to be shared with everyone on the Internet.
According to Facebook’s vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, and if people don’t share information, they have a “less satisfying experience”.
Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money. Its original business model, which involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the pages, totally flopped. Who wants to look at ads when they’re online connecting with their friends?
The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington. In April, Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites. “I think the senator rightly communicated that we had not been clear about what the new products were and how people could choose to use them or not to use them,” Schrage admits.
I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it’s only the beginning. Which is why I’m considering deactivating (撤销) my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I’m upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don’t trust. That’s too high a price to pay.
51. What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph?
A) It is a website that sends messages to targeted users.
B) It makes money by putting on advertisements.
C) It profits by selling its users’ personal data.
D) It provides loads of information to its users.
答案：C
解析：第一段第二句提到Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages，由此可知，脸谱网通过出售用户的个人信息给广告商来谋取利润。故选C。
52. What does the author say about most Facebook users?
A) They are reluctant to give up their personal information.
B) They don’t know their personal data enriches Facebook.
C) They don’t identify themselves when using the website.
D) They care very little about their personal information.
答案：B
解析：根据第二段可以知道，许多脸谱网用户并不知道脸谱网实际上在通过出售他们的个人信息来获得利润，他们也不清楚他们的个人信息有多少价值。故选B。
53. Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage?
A) To render better service to its users.
B) To conform to the Federal guidelines.
C) To improve its users’ connectivity.
D) To expand its scope of business.
答案：A
解析：文章第四段中提到艾略特•施拉格说公司为了提高服务水平而正进行转变（…the company is simply making changes to improve its service…），由此可以得出，脸谱网正在进行改变是为了给用户提供更好的服务，所以选A。
54. What does Senator Charles Schumer advocate?
A) Setting guidelines for advertising on websites.
B) Banning the sharing of users’ personal information.
C) Formulating regulations for social-networking sites.
D) Removing ads from all social-networking sites.
答案：C
解析：文章倒数第二段中提到参议员查尔斯•舒默要求脸谱网改变其隐私政策。同时他敦促联邦贸易委员会对社交网站制定出指导原则（Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites…），由此可以得出，参议员查尔斯•舒默倡导对社交网站要制定规则，所以选C。
55. Why does the author plan to cancel his Facebook account?
A) He is dissatisfied with its current service.
B) He finds many of its users untrustworthy.
C) He doesn’t want his personal data abused.
D) He is upset by its frequent rule changes.
答案：C
解析：文章最后一段开头部分作者提到：自己怀疑到目前为止，脸谱网所做的侵害我们隐私的事情仅仅是个开始，这就是自己正在考虑注销账户的原因（I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it’s only the beginning. Which is why I’m considering deactivating my account），由此可以推断出，作者准备注销账户是因为不想让自己的个人资料被滥用，所以选C。
12.试题解析：本文主要讲述了《哈利·波特》Harry Potter 的作者J. K. Rowling的生平。她的经历就如她书中的主角哈利一样充满传奇——她是在一家咖啡屋里写出了这本孩子和大人都喜欢的畅销书的。她从小就喜欢写故事，她在五六岁时写下了第一个故事。长大后，她会利用工作间隙写作。哈利·波特的故事是她在从曼彻斯特到伦敦的火车上构思出来的，而这个故事创造了出版业的新历史。
Like that of her own character, Harry Potter, J. K. Rowling’s life is also a fairy tale. Divorced, living on public assistance in a tiny flat with her infant daughter, Rowling wrote Harry Potter at a table in a cafe during her daughter’s naps (小睡)—and it was Harry Potter that rescued her.
Rowling remembers that she always wanted to write and that the first story she actually wrote down, when she was five or six, was a story about a rabbit called Rabbit, and many of her favorite memories center around reading.
At Exeter University, Rowling took her degree in French and spent one year studying in Paris. After college she moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual (双语的) secretary. The best thing about working in an office, she has said, was typing up stories on the computer when no one was watching. During this time, on a particularly long train ride from Manchester to London in the summer of 1990, the character of Harry Potter just jumped into her mind. By the time the train pulled into King’s Cross Station four hours later, many of the characters and the early stages of the plot were fully formed in her head. The story took further shape as she continued working on it in pubs and cafes over her lunch hours.
Rowling was working as a French teacher when she heard that her book about Harry Potter had been accepted for publication. With the publication of the American edition in 1998, Rowling’s books continued to make publishing history. Harry Potter climbed to the top of all the bestseller lists for children’s and adult books. Indeed, the story of the boy and his adventures caught the imagination of readers of all ages. In Britain, a separate edition of the first book appeared with a more “adult” dust jacket so that grown-ups reading it on trains and subways would not have to hide their copy behind a newspaper.
At present, Rowling lives in Edinburgh, Scotland, with her daughter Jessica and continues to work on writing Harry Potter.
56. What does the writer mean by saying Rowling’s life is a fairy tale?
A) She’s got an outstanding appearance.
B) She is a romantic person.
C) Her life is full of surprises.
D) She enjoys writing fairy tales.
答案：C
解析：阅读这篇文章之后，我们发现Rowling的生活充满了传奇，她是个离异的(divorced)单身母亲，趁女儿睡觉的时候在咖啡屋里写下了哈利·波特的故事(wrote Harry Potter at a table in a cafe during her daughter’s naps)，而这个故事当初的构想是她在坐火车时想到的，但没预料到这本书成了最畅销的书(climbed to the top of all the bestseller lists)，所以当作者说她的人生是童话故事(a fairy tale)时，他的意思是Rowling的生活和哈利·波特一样充满了惊奇，所以选C。
57. What can be learned about her childhood?
A) She read a huge number of books.
B) She published a story about a rabbit.
C) She was determined to become a writer.
D) She enjoyed herself very much in a cafe.
答案：A
解析：从第二段最后部分可知，Rowling的大部分美好的记忆都是有关阅读的(many of her favorite memories center around reading)，可见她在童年时读了许多书，所以选A。
58. When did she have the ideas about Harry Potter?
A) When she was at Exeter University.
B) When she worked as a secretary.
C) When she was a little girl.
D) When she studied in Paris.
答案：B
解析：从第三段可知，大学毕业后，Rowling成了一名秘书(secretary)，在这段时间(during this time)，1990年夏天，在从曼彻斯特到伦敦的火车上(on a particularly long train ride from Manchester to London in the summer of 1990)，哈利·波特的角色出现在她脑海中(the character of Harry Potter just jumped into her mind)，所以选B。
59. Which group of readers did the book of Harry Potter appeal to?
A) People of all ages. B) Children.
C) Young men. D) Old people.
答案：A
解析：从第四段第四句可知，这个男孩(指哈利·波特)和他的冒险故事抓住了所有年龄段读者的想象力(the story of the boy and his adventures caught the imagination of readers of all ages)，可见这本书吸引的读者群涵盖了所有年龄的人，所以选A。
60. Why did the edition in Britain have an “adult” dust jacket?
A) Because an “adult” dust jacket would make the book more attractive.
B) Because the book could appeal to more adult readers.
C) Because the adult readers would not feel ashamed of reading it in public.
D) Because the children readers would like to appear more mature.
答案：C
解析：从第四段最后一句可知，这本书有一个成人化的封面，这样成年人在火车上或者地铁上看的时候，就不用拿报纸来挡上了(grown-ups reading it on trains and subways would not have to hide their copy behind a newspaper)，可见成年人在读童话书的时候觉得不好意思才会用报纸挡住，所以选C。
13. The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history, comparable in impact to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph. Over two billion people worldwide now have access to vastly more information than ever before, and can communicate with each other instantly, often using Web-connected mobile devices they carry everywhere. But the Internet’s tremendous impact has only just begun.
“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social, cultural, and political transformations in history, and unlike earlier periods of change, this time the effects are fully global,” Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book The New Digital Age.
Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who currently lack Internet access get online. The authors do an excellent job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution for individuals, governments, and institutions like the news media. But if the book has one major shortcoming, it’s that authors don’t spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses in these weeping changes.
In their book, the authors provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes—and more importantly predicts—how the Internet will shape our lives in the coming decades. They paint a picture of a world in which individuals, companies, institutions, and governments must deal with two realities, one physical, and one virtual.
At the core of the book is the idea that “technology is neutral, but people aren’t.” By using this concept as a starting point, the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotomy (对立观点) that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society. In an interview with TIME earlier this week, Cohen said although he and his co-author are optimistic about many aspects of the Internet, they’re also realistic about the risks and dangers that lie ahead when the next five billion people come online, particularly with respect to personal privacy and state surveillance (监视).
61. In what way is the rise of the Internet similar to the invention of the printing press and the telegraph?
A) It transforms human history.
B) It facilitates daily communication.
C) It is adopted by all humanity.
D) It revolutionizes people’s thinking.
答案：B
解析：第一段第一句提到，互联网的影响程度堪比印刷机和电报的发明，接着第二句指出，其影响包括：人们能接触到更多信息，能随时随地与他人取得联系。由此可知，互联网的兴起与印刷机和电报的发明的相似之处在于它们都促进了日常交流，B是对原文的同义转述。
62. How do Schmidt and Cohen describe the effects of the Internet?
A) They are immeasurable. B) They are worldwide.
C) They are unpredictable. D) They are contaminating.
答案：B
解析：第二段提到，施密特和科恩在他们的新作《数位新时代》中这样写道，互联网的大规模应用正在推动着史上最振奋人心的社会、文化和政治变革，并且这次变革的影响是全球性的。由此可知，施密特和科恩认为互联网的影响是全球性的，B中的worldwide是对文中global的同义转述。
63. In what respect is the book The New Digital Age considered inadequate?
A) It fails to recognize the impact of the Internet technology.
B) It fails to look into the social implications of the Internet.
C) It lacks an objective evaluation of the role of Internet businesses.
D) It does not address the technical aspects of Internet communication.
答案：C
解析：第三段最后一句提及施密特和科恩的新作《数位新时代》中的不足之处：这两位作者没有花足够的时间用批判的眼光来看待互联网公司在这些大规模的变革中所扮演的角色。作者言外之意是，该书缺乏对互联网公司的角色的客观评估，C是对该句的同义转述。
64. What will the future be like when everybody gets online?
A) People will be living in two different realities.
B) People will have equal access to information.
C) People don’t have to travel to see the world.
D) People don’t have to communicate face to face.
答案：A
解析：第四段第一句提到，施密特和科恩预测了在接下来的几十年中互联网将如何塑造我们的生活，接着第二句说明了他们预测的具体内容，即个人、企业、机构还有政府都必须面对两种现实情境（must deal with two realities），一个是有形的，另一个则是虚拟的。A是对第二句的同义转述。
65. What does the passage say about the authors of The New Digital Age?
A) They leave many questions unanswered concerning the Internet.
B) They are optimistic about the future of the Internet revolution.
C) They have explored the unknown territories of the virtual world.
D) They don’t take sides in analyzing the effects of the Internet.
答案：D
解析：最后一段第二句提到，在有关互联网的兴起最终对社会是好是坏的许多近期讨论中存在乐观主义者与悲观主义者的两种对立观点，而本书的作者旨在超越这两种对立观点。由此可见，本书的作者并不偏袒乐观主义者与悲观主义者的对立观点中的任何一种观点，D是对move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotomy的同义转述。
14. As a society we might want to rethink the time and money spent on education, so that these resources can benefit a greater percentage of the population. Ideally, both high schools and colleges can prepare individuals for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them.
High school degrees offer far less in the way of preparation for work than they might, or than many other nations currently offer, creating a growing skills gap in our economy. We encourage students to go on to college whether they are prepared or not, or have a clear sense of purpose or interest, and now have the highest college dropout rate in the world.
We might look to other countries for models of how high schools can offer better training, as well as the development of a work ethic (勤奋工作的美德) and the intellectual skills needed for continued learning and development. I recommend Harvard’s 2011 “Pathways to Prosperity” report for more attention to the “forgotten half” (those who do not go on to college) and ideas about how to address this issue.
Simultaneously, the liberal arts become more important than ever. In a knowledge economy where professional roles change rapidly and many college students are preparing for positions that may not even exist yet, the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning.
Learning to express ideas well in both writing and speech, knowing how to find information, and knowing how to do research are all solid background skills for a wide variety of roles, and such training is more important than any particular major in a liberal arts college. We need to continue to value broad preparation in thinking skills that will serve for a lifetime.
Students also need to learn to work independently and to make responsible decisions. The lengthening path to adulthood appears exacerbated (恶化) by parental involvement in the college years. Given the rising investment in college education, parental concern is not surprising, but learning where and when to intervene (干涉) will help students take more ownership of the outcomes of these increasingly costly educations.
66. What kind of education does the author think is ideal?
A) It benefits the great majority of the general population.
B) It prepares students to meet the future needs of society.
C) It encourages students to learn throughout their lives.
D) It ensures that students’ expectations are successfully fulfilled.
答案：B
解析：首段第2句指出，比较理想的教育就是，高中和大学教育能够使学生具备适应未来社会所需要的不断变化的角色的能力。选项B是对该句的同义转述，其中to meet the future needs of society对应原文中的for the ever-changing roles that are likely to be expected of them，故答案为B。
67. What does the author say is the problem with present high school education?
A) Ignoring the needs of those who don’t go to college.
B) Teaching skills to be used right after graduation only.
C) Giving little attention to those having difficulty learning.
D) Creating the highest dropout rate in the developed world.
答案：A
解析：第2段首句指出，高中为就业所提供的教育太少，在这一点上远不及许多国家，这也造成了我们的经济社会中日益加剧的技术鸿沟。也就是说，高中应该为就业提供更多一些的教育。本段第2句进一步指出，高中教育一味地鼓动学生上大学，忽视了学生的个体差异。可见，作者认为当前高中教育的主要问题在于，它忽视了那些不上大学的学生的需要。选项A符合文意，故为答案。
68. What characterizes a knowledge economy according to the passage?
A) People have to receive higher education to qualify for a professional position.
B) Students majoring in liberal arts usually have difficulty securing a job.
C) New positions are constantly created that require people to keep learning.
D) Colleges find it hard to teach students how to cope with the changing economy.
答案：C
解析：第4段第2句指出，在知识经济时代，职业角色的变化日新月异，许多在校大学生将要应对的可能是现在还不存在的职位，真正需要掌握的技能则是为变化和继续学习所做的准备。where引导的定语从句对a knowledge economy进行补充说明；the skill set needed is one that prepares them for change and continued learning是句子的主干部分，指出知识经济时代真正需要掌握的技能。选项C符合本句的内容，故为答案。
69. What does the author think a liberal arts college should focus on?
A) Solid background knowledge in a particular field.
B) Practical skills urgently needed in current society.
C) Basic skills needed for change and lifelong learning.
D) Useful thinking skills for advanced academic research.
答案：C
解析：第5段首句指出大学文科需要注重的一些培训：学会在书面和口头表达中清晰地表达自己的想法、知道怎样寻找信息以及通晓怎样做研究，这些是各种各样的职位角色所需要掌握的坚实的基础技能。第2句又指出，我们要继续重视思考技能的广泛准备，这一技能将令我们受益一生。可见，作者认为，大学的文科应该注重一些能让学生应对变化以及终生学习所需的基本技能的培养，选项C是对原文这两句的综合概括，故为答案。
70. What suggestion does the author offer to parents?
A) Rethinking the value of higher education.
B) Investing wisely in their children’s education.
C) Helping their children to bring their talent into full play.
D) Avoiding too much intervention in their children’s education.
答案：D
解析：第6段首句中作者指出，学生需要学会独立工作以及作出负责任的决定。第2句和第3句就家长对孩子的学习进行的干预进行了说明。第2句指出，家长在孩子的大学期间对他们进行干涉实际上是非常不利于这些孩子走向成年的。第3句继续分析家长的干涉行为：一方面，他们的干涉事出有因，另一方面家长只有在适当的方面和适当的时间进行干预才能起到作用。选项D中说，家长应该避免过多地干涉孩子的教育，这一表述符合该段中作者的观点，故为答案。
15试题解析：本文讲述了一种新的饮食方法——“直觉饮食法”——当你饿的时候，你可以吃任何你想吃的东西，不用在乎食物的热量。杨百翰大学（Brigham Young University）的一名教授依据这一方法瘦了15磅，且保持了5年以上，同时他对杨百翰大学一组学生的研究也表明，直觉饮食者们得心脏病的几率要低。
When Steven Hawks is tempted by ice cream bars and M&Ms at the grocery store, he doesn’t pass them by. He fills up his shopping cart.
It’s the no-diet diet, an approach the Brigham Young University health science professor used to lose 15 pounds and to keep it off for more than five years.
Hawks calls his plan “intuitive (直觉的) eating” and thinks the rest of the country would be better off if people stopped counting calories (卡路里), started paying attention to hunger discomfort and ate whatever they wanted.
As part of intuitive eating, Hawks surrounds himself with unhealthy foods he especially longs for. He says having excess of what’s forbidden helps him lose his desire to eat.
There is a catch to this no-diet diet, however: Intuitive eaters only eat when they’re hungry and stop when they’re full.
The trade-off is the opportunity to eat whatever your heart desires when you are actually hungry.
“One of the advantages of intuitive eating is you’re always eating things that are most appealing to you, not out of emotional reasons, not because it’s there and tastes good,” he said. “Whenever you feel the physical urge to eat something, accept it and eat it. The longings tend to fall down. I don’t have anywhere near the longings I would as a ‘restrained eater’.”
Slowly and steadily his weight began to drop. Exercise helped.
The one thing all diets have in common is that they restrict food, said Michael Goran, an obesity (肥胖) expert at the University of Southern California. Ultimately, that’s why they usually fail, he said.
In a small study published in the American Journal of Health Education, Hawks and a team of researchers examined a group of BYU students and found those who were intuitive eaters typically weighed less and had a lower risk of heart disease than other students.
He said the study indicates intuitive eating is a possible approach to long-term weight management and he plans to do a larger study across different countries.
71. What is the main feature of the no-diet diet?
A) It is a way to lose weight by eating less.
B) It is an approach to losing weight without constraining eating.
C) It requires people to take fewer calories in order to lose weight.
D) It encourages people to eat whatever they like when hungry.
答案：D
解析：第三段提到Hawks把他的计划叫做“直觉饮食法”，他认为如果人们停止计算卡路里，而去关心饥饿时的不舒服感，并吃自己想吃的，社会就会更美好（Hawks calls his plan “intuitive eating” and thinks the rest of the country would be better off if people stopped counting calories, started paying attention to hunger discomfort and ate whatever they wanted），由此可推断出选项D为正确答案，所以选D。
72. What does Steven Hawks say about excessive unhealthy foods?
A) They may help to lose weight.
B) They are part of intuitive eating.
C) They can help him to lose appetite.
D) He is extremely fond of them.
答案：C
解析：从第四段第二句可知，吃过多限制吃的食物让他没有了吃的欲望（having excess of what’s forbidden helps him lose his desire to eat），所以选C。
73. How can people benefit from intuitive eating?
A) They can put chips in their eating list.
B) They would be allowed to eat whether hungry or not.
C) They can select food according to their tastes.
D) They would be fed just by nourishing food.
答案：C
解析：从第七段第一句可知，直觉饮食的优点之一就是你总是能吃到最吸引你的食物并不是因为情感的原因，也不是因为它味道好（One of the advantages of intuitive eating is you’re always eating things that are most appealing to you, not out of emotional reasons, not because it’s there and tastes good），所以选C。
74. According to Michael Goran, why do people often fail in losing weight?
A) Because they are not permitted to eat enough.
B) Because they cannot persist in eating less.
C) Because they are not allowed to eat what they like.
D) Because they are too fat to lose weight successfully.
答案：B
解析：从第九段开头可知，所有的节食方法的共同点都是限制食物的摄入（The one thing all diets have in common is that they restrict food），而最终（ultimately），这些节食者都失败了。由此推断，是因为人们不能长期坚持节食，而减肥失败了，所以选B。
75. What does the study by Hawks imply?
A) Intuitive eating might cause fewer diseases than other diets.
B) People might not accept intuitive eating.
C) Intuitive eating might be beneficial to losing weight in the long run.
D) A wider-scope study might be carried out in other countries.
答案：C
解析：从最后一段可知，Hawks说他的研究表明直觉饮食法也许可以进行长期的体重控制（He said the study indicates intuitive eating is a possible approach to long-term weight management），所以选C。
16试题解析：
本文主要讨论了不同种族学生混住的利弊。文章引用大量相关研究结果、研究人员来列举分析问题。不同种族学生混住能增强忍耐力、减少偏见并促使学生的朋友圈更具有种族多样性、学习成绩更好等。然而，问题也随之产生，不同种族的学生成为室友后更容易产生矛盾和冲突。文章最后，专家建议大家不要基于以上研究结果形成任何泛化的结论，同时强调需要进一步分析、研究学生们的背景特点。
Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict.
Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.
An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.
In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye—the only black student on his freshman year floor—said that “if you’re surrounded by whites, you have something to prove.”
Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.
According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.
An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.
Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. “This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race,” she said.
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.
“One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly,” said Undergraduate Assembly Chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration.”
“I’ve experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes,” said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts “provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合),” there were also “jarring cultural confrontations.”
The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.
Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.
76. What can we learn from some recent studies?
A) Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.
B) Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.
C) Interracial lodging does more harm than good.
D) Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.
答案：D
解析：文章引述相关研究结果，前四段说明了不同种族学生混住的好处，即增强忍耐力（increased tolerance）、减少偏见并促使学生的朋友圈更具有种族多样性（decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships）、学习成绩更好（higher academic success）等。从第五段开始说明其弊端（problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences)。综合来看，不同种族学生同室混住利弊皆有，所以选D。
77. What does Sam Boakye’s remark mean?
A) White students tend to look down upon their black peers.
B) Black students can compete with their white peers academically.
C) Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.
D) Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.
答案：D
解析：文章第四段中，Sam Boakye提到，如果周围白人多，你就会想证明自己的能力（if you’re surrounded by whites, you have something to prove）。也就是说白人能成为黑人努力、成功的动力，选项D中motivate意思是“激励、激发”，与原文内容吻合，所以选D。
78. What does the Indiana University study show?
A) Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.
B) Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.
C) Roommates of different races just don’t get along.
D) Assigning students’ lodging randomly is not a good policy.
答案：C
解析：从题干信息定位于文章第七段，说这一研究发现不同种族混住的室友学期末不再住一起的可能性是两个白人室友不再同住可能性的三倍（interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester）。也就是说不同种族的学生相处不太融洽，选项A中fall out意思是“闹翻”，所以选C。
79. What does Alec Webley consider to be the “definition of integration”?
A) Students of different races are required to share a room.
B) Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.
C) Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.
D) The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.
答案：D
解析：文章第十段提到了Alec Webley说这就是融合的定义（This is the definition of integration）。根据语法，此句中的this就是指前句出现的内容，即新生住宿申请的一大好处是，除少数例外，整个申请过程把大家随机地安排在一起（One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly）。采用排除法，所以选D。
80. What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?
A) It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.
B) Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.
C) Students’ racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.
D) Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.
答案：A
解析：根据题干中人名定位于文章第八段和最后一段。其中第八段Grace Kao说她对研究结果并不感到惊讶（she was not surprised by the findings），最后一段中Grace Kao提醒大家不要基于以上研究结果形成任何泛化的结论（she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies），同时强调需要进一步分析、研究学生们的背景特点（more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained），与选项A的内容一致，所以选A。
17试题解析：本文首先说明了工业科学家从商界回到学术界工作遇到的一些问题，其中一个就是薪资降低。其次论述了工业科学家在大学工作带来的好处。
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.
The impact of a salary cut is probably less severe for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制药的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (转换) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. “Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate,” says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”
81. By “a one-way street” (Para. 1), the author means ________.
A) university researchers know little about the commercial world
B) there is little exchange between industry and academia
C) few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university
D) few university professors are willing to do industrial research
答案：C
解析：根据原文：While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction可知，大学老师在生意场上闯荡是很常见的，但是相反的情况却很少见。相反的情况就是工业科学家到大学工作。答案为C。
82. The word “deterrent” (Para. 1) most probably refers to something that ________.
A) keeps someone from taking action
B) helps to move the traffic
C) attracts people’s attention
D) brings someone a financial burden
答案：A
解析：Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job，即人们去学校工作以后承担不了薪资水平的下降，可见薪资是一个阻碍，答案为A。
83. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?
A) Flexible work hours.
B) Her research interests.
C) Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.
D) Prospects of academic accomplishments.
答案：B
解析：Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions，即Helen Lee回到学术界主要原因是有更大的自由选择研究课题，因此她主要考虑的是她的研究兴趣。答案为B。
84. Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________.
A) do financially more rewarding work
B) raise his status in the academic world
C) enrich his experience in medical research
D) exploit better intellectual opportunities
答案：D
解析：He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities，虽然Guy Grant的薪水减少了，但是他开拓了更好的学术机会，就很值得，可见他是因为更好的学术机会才来到剑桥工作的。
85. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?
A) Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market.
B) Develop its students’ potential in research.
C) Help it to obtain financial support from industry.
D) Gear its research towards practical applications.
答案：A
解析：They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development。Lee说到，他们还可以给学术教学带来一些额外的东西，能帮助学生毕业后找到一份工作，也许是生产时间和产品开发方面的经验。可知，工业科学家能够使学生增加就业竞争力。
18试题解析：传统意义上认为，人是通过大脑来感知躯体位置的，其中包括耳朵、眼睛和肌肉中微小的感觉器官。近期研究表明人体腹部传感器也有同样作用，通过海军船员的例子说明呼吸技巧可控制晕船，因为控制呼吸能减少传感器之间的冲突，同时也能减轻晕船症状。
If you get seasick easily, you may prepare for boat rides with some medicine and other helpful stuff. Now there’s one more remedy: Timing your breathing to control the nauseating (作呕的) motion. The technique presumably works because it helps control gravity sensors (传感器) in the abdomen (腹部)—a lesser-known input to our fine-tuned balance system.
The brain is traditionally thought to sense body position in three ways. The inner ears sense motions of the head; the eyes see where the head is; and tiny sensory organs in muscles and tendons (筋) sense where the rest of the body is. More recently, researchers have realized that sensors in many other parts of the body also play a role: in the abdomen, the lower organs, and even blood vessels. As long as all of these sensors send matching signals to the brain, we feel directed. But if one or two don’t match up, the brain gets confused and we become nauseated.
Scientists knew the most sickening motions closely match the rate of natural breathing; they also knew that people naturally tend to breathe in time with a motion. In fact, Navy seamen in World War II discovered that they could use certain breathing tricks to combat motion sickness. But no one had ever tested whether breathing out of time with a motion could prevent nausea.
Researchers from Imperial College London invited 26 volunteers to sit in a leaning, rocking flight simulator and coordinate their breathing in various ways with the motion. The tests lasted up to 30 minutes, or until subjects felt moderately sick. The natural tendency was for volunteers to breathe in on every backward leaning move, in rhythm with the rocking. But if the subjects breathed out on every backward leaning move, they didn’t get sick as quickly. They felt even better if they breathed slightly faster or slower than the periodical heaving of the chair; using that technique, the time until the start of nausea was 50% longer than during normal breathing.
So why do these strategies work? Abdominal sensors are known to send motion signals to the brain more slowly than those in the inner ear because they’re farther away from the brain and because abdominal organs have more mass, which means they resist movement a tiny bit longer. The time lag between the two types of sensors creates a wrong match that builds up in the brain and makes us gradually sicker, the researchers say. But if the diaphragm (横膈膜) opposes gravity-induced stomach motions with controlled breaths, there is less sensory conflict and less nausea. “This technique is very good for mild everyday challenges,” says medical research scientist Michael Gresty, a member of the study team. “It’s completely safe, and it’s not a drug.”
86. According to the passage, which of the following helps control gravity sensors in the abdomen?
A) Some medicine.
B) Our fine-tuned balance system.
C) Timing one’s breathing.
D) The nauseating motion.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：根据文章内容，什么能帮助控制腹部重力传感器？根据关键词control gravity sensors in the abdomen可以定位在文章第一段第三句和第四句。Timing your breathing to control the nauseating motion说明调节呼吸可以控制呕吐，The technique works because it helps control gravity sensors in the abdomen中的the technique指前面提到的timing your breathing，所以选C。
87. When do people get nauseated?
A) When one or two sensors don’t match up.
B) When the brain senses body position in three ways.
C) When sensors send matching signals to the brain.
D) When we feel directed.
答案：A
解析：题干的意思是：人什么时候感到恶心？文章第二段最后一句说But if one or two don’t match up, the brain gets confused and we become nauseated，说明当一两个传感器不协调时人就恶心，所以选A。
88. In Paragraph 3, the writer cites the case of Navy seamen to show that ________.
A) motion sickness can be controlled
B) they were strong in fighting against motion sickness
C) breathing out of time with a motion could prevent nausea
D) motions need to match the rate of natural breathing
答案：A
解析：题干的意思是：在第三段，作者引用海军船员的例子要说明什么。本题题干已经说明根据第三段来回答问题，需要考生综合理解第三段才能分析出作者引用海军船员的例子的目的。根据本段第一句可以看出是在讨论sickening motions（晕船）与natural breathing（呼吸）的关系问题，同时use certain breathing tricks to combat motion sickness说明用一定的呼吸技巧可以控制晕船，所以选A。
89. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A) Abdominal sensors resist movement better than those in the inner ear.
B) Research from Imperial College shows nausea can be completely avoided.
C) The time lag between two types of sensors forces one to breathe slower.
D) Controlled breaths lead to less sensory conflict and less nausea.
答案：D
解析：题干的意思是：根据文章内容，下列哪个论述是对的？这种题型有一定难度，考生不能从某一个语言点定位，只能通过对全文的综合理解才能判断正误。文章最后一段第二句说由于腹部传感器比内耳离大脑远一些，所以信号传送慢一些，腹部器官可以抵制摆动的时间稍长一点，选项A说腹部传感器抵制运动，所以排除选项A；文章第三段最后一句说明晕船症状只能减轻，还没有事实证明可以完全消除，所以排除选项B；最后一段第三句又说两种传感器时间的差异导致建立在大脑中的反应也不匹配，所以排除选项C；只有选项D“控制呼吸能减少传感器之间的冲突，同时也能减轻晕船症状”为正确答案，所以选D。
90. What does the word “subjects” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A) Those who conduct the experiment.
B) The various organs of a human body.
C) Those that are tested.
D) The abdominal sensors.
答案：C
解析：题干的意思是：第四段中的subjects指什么？本题考查考生是否能够根据上下文的理解正确判断词义。文章第四段第一句就提到研究者邀请volunteers（志愿者）做实验，第二句又说the tests（测试）持续了将近三十分钟，直到subjects felt moderately sick（感到有些恶心）。由此判断subjects即指参加测试的志愿者，所以选C。
19. In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.
This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.
“Hunger isn’t controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal,” Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought.”
These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 30-calorie (卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 15 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calorie shake.
What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.
The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.
91. What is said to be a factor affecting our appetite and food intake?
A) How we perceive the food we eat.
B) What ingredients the food contains.
C) When we eat our meal.
D) How fast we eat our meals.
答案：A
解析：首段提到，除了身体对于能量的需求外，用餐的环境以及对面前食物的认知这些因素都能影响我们的食欲和食量，A是对our perception of the food in front of us的同义转述，故答案为A。
92. What would happen at meal time if you remembered eating a lot in the previous meal?
A) You would probably be more picky about food.
B) You would not feel like eating the same food.
C) You would have a good appetite.
D) You would not feel so hungry.
答案：D
解析：从第3段可知，短期记忆对食欲有影响，人们的饥饿程度与记得吃过多少有关。从第4段可知，上一顿饭的记忆对我们的食欲影响很大。第5段进一步说，对上一顿饭的记忆对饥饿起作用。综合三段话内容，可以推断，如果你记得上一顿饭吃了很多的话，这一顿可能就不会感觉那么饿了，故答案为D。
93. What do we learn from the 2011 study?
A) Food labels may mislead consumers in their purchases.
B) Food labels may influence our body’s response to food.
C) Hunger levels depend on one’s consumption of calories.
D) People tend to take in a lot more calories than necessary.
答案：B
解析：第6段第2句用2011年的研究举例说明前一句的观点：我们对食物的认知有时会欺骗我们对于食物本身的反应，例如，在不同时间喝了含有同样热量的奶昔，但是标签上所标注的热量会影响人们的饥饿程度，由此可见，2011年的研究说明，食品的标签会影响人们的身体对于食物的反应，故答案为B。
94. What does Brunstrom suggest we do to control our appetite?
A) Trick ourselves into eating less.
B) Choose food with fewer calories.
C) Concentrate on food while eating.
D) Pick dishes of the right size.
答案：C
解析：末段指出了布伦斯托姆的建议：这些所谓的全神贯注进食法可以抵抗分散注意力的事情，并帮助我们控制食欲。句中的the so-called mindful-eating strategies指上段末句中的focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating，C项是布伦斯托姆的建议，故答案为C。
95. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Eating distractions often affect our food digestion.
B) Psychological factors influence our hunger levels.
C) Our food intake is determined by our biological needs.
D) Good eating habits will contribute to our health.
答案：B
解析：文中提到，用餐时分心、视觉效果、对于上一顿饭的记忆、对食物的认知都会对饥饿程度产生影响，而这些影响因素概括起来就是心理因素（psychological factors），故答案为B。
20. When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unbearable levels of debt, the conversation is almost always about student loan debt. But there’s a growing body of evidence suggesting that today’s young adults are also drowning in credit-card debt—and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.
More than 20% overspent their income by more than $100 every single month. Since they haven’t built up their credit histories yet, it’s a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.
Although many young people blame “socializing” as a barrier to saving money, most of them aren’t knocking back $20 drinks in trendy (时尚的) lounges. They’re struggling with much more daily financial demands.
To a disturbingly large extent, the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday. This obviously isn’t sustainable in the long run, and it’s going to put a huge drag on their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years, because they’ll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice or box of spaghetti (意式面条) they bought a decade earlier.
A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accumulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups, and that they’re slower at paying it off. "If what we found continues to hold true, we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future,” warns Lucia Dunn, professor of economics at Ohio State. “If our findings persist, we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who can’t pay off their credit cards.”
Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt. “Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life, which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks.”
96. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A) Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts.
B) Credit cards play an increasingly important role in college life.
C) Credit cards are doing more harm than students loans.
D) The American credit card system is under criticism.
答案：A
解析：第1段共有两句，第1句做铺垫，指出人们在谈到刚成年的美国人承担的债务时，话题几乎总是关于学生贷款的债务问题；第2句笔锋一转，直接切入本文要探讨的主题：现在年轻人也深陷信用卡债务。文中多次用到了表达“难以承受”观点的字眼：saddled with unbearable levels of debt和drowning in以及many of them will take this debt to their graves，可见，该段的主要目的是指出，许多年轻的美国人将永远都没有能力偿还他们欠下的债务。选项A符合原文，故为答案。
97. Why do young people have to pay a higher interest on their credit card debt?
A) They tend to forget about the deadlines.
B) They haven’t developed a credit history.
C) They are often unable to pay back in time.
D) They are inexperienced in managing money.
答案：B
解析：第2段第2句指出，由于他们还没有建立起自己的信用记录，这些年轻人相当可能将要为他们欠下的信用卡债务支付相对较高的利息。本题正是对该句内容的考查，选项B是对原文they haven’t built up their credit histories的同义转述，故为答案。
98. What is said to be the consequence of young adults relying on credit cards to make ends meet?
A) It will place an unnecessary burden on society.
B) It will give them no motivation to work hard.
C) It will exert psychological pressure on them.
D) It will affect their future spending power.
答案：D
解析：第4段承接第3段，进一步介绍了那些入不敷出、依赖信用卡勉强维持生活的年轻人的状况。第1句介绍了现象，第2句对其进行了评论：这种做法不是长久之计，而且可能会严重拖累他们未来的支付能力。选项D是对原文内容it’s going to put a huge drag on their spending power的同义转述，故为答案。
99. What will happen to young adults if their credit card debt keeps accumulating according to Lucia Dunn?
A) They will have to pay an increasingly higher interest rate.
B) They may experience a financial crisis in their old age.
C) Their quality of life will be affected.
D) Their credit cards may be cancelled.
答案：B
解析：第5段介绍了俄亥俄州立大学的相关研究成果，并引用该校经济学家露西娅·邓恩的话指出，那些积累了大量信用卡债务的人，他们在上了年纪之后将会面临经济问题甚至经济危机。选项B符合原文，故为答案。
100. What does Lucia Dunn think might be a risk for the credit card issuing banks?
A) They go bankrupt as a result of over-lending.
B) They lose large numbers of their regular clients.
C) Their clients leave their debts unpaid upon death.
D) Their interest rates have to be reduced now and then.
答案：C
解析：第6段继续引用露西娅•邓恩的话，指出这些用信用卡借了大笔钱的人可能永远都没有能力偿清债务，这将会使发行信用卡的银行面临遭受损失的风险。选项C是对原文中…that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life的同义转述，故为答案C。
21.试题解析：
本文主要讲述了人们交谈中所隐藏的人与人之间的关系。人们在对话时都不是想什么说什么，因为人们说话的目的除要传递信息外，还要维持双方现有的关系，所以人们说话,都是有讲究有玄机的——谈话人之间的关系决定了双方的谈话方式。
Why don’t people just say what they mean? The reason is that conversational partners are not computers downloading information into each other’s brain. People are very, very sensitive about their relationships. Whenever you speak to someone, you are assuming the two of you have a certain degree of familiarity—which your words might alter. So every sentence has to do two things at once: convey a message and continue to negotiate that relationship.
The clearest example is ordinary politeness. When you are at a dinner party and want the salt, you don’t say directly, “Give me the salt.” Rather, you use what language experts call a whimperative (婉转请求), as in “Do you think you could pass the salt?” or “If you could pass the salt, that would be great.”
Taken by words, these sentences are mindless. The second is an overstatement, and the answer to the first is obvious. Fortunately, the hearer assumes that the speaker is rational and listens between the lines. Yes, your point is to request the salt, but you’re doing it in such a way that first takes care to establish a precondition to making a sensible request. The fundamental reason is that the hearer not be given a command but simply be asked or advised about one of the necessary conditions for passing the salt. Your goal is to have your need satisfied without treating the listener as a servant who can be bossed around at will.
Warm acquaintances go out of their way not to look as if they are presuming a dominant-subordinate (从属) relationship but rather one of equals. It works the other way too. When people are in a subordinate relationship (like a driver with police), they can’t sound as if they are thinking of anything more than that, so any bribe must be hidden. Fund raisers, creating an atmosphere of warm friendship with their supporters, also can’t break the spell with a simple businesslike suggestion.
101. According to the passage, for what reason do people speak?
A) Sending and receiving information.
B) Keeping in touch with each other.
C) Dealing with information and personal relationships.
D) Becoming more familiar with each other.
答案：C
解析：从第一段最后一句可知，每一句话都有两个目的（every sentence has to do two things）：传递信息（convey a message）和处理说话者之间的关系（negotiate that relationship），所以答案选C。选项A、B、D都只是表示了其中一方面。
102. How can a hearer better understand the real meaning of a speaker?
A) By listening to the speaker in the most obvious way.
B) By adopting the more polite way of speaking.
C) By listening to the speaker more rationally.
D) By trying to understand the speaker in context.
答案：D
解析：从第三段第三句可知，听话者要从说话者的字里行间去揣摩他的意思（listens between the lines），所以选D。
103. Why do people need to take a precondition before making a request?
A) Because they want to create a friendly atmosphere.
B) Because they want the hearer to feel more comfortable.
C) Because they intend to be good-mannered and better served.
D) Because they want the hearer to better understand them.
答案：B
解析：第三段第五句提到，这么做最基本的原因（the fundamental reason）是听话者不是被命令（not be given a command），只是简单地被建议或要求（simply be asked or advised），第三段最后一句提到不把听话者当仆人看待（without treating the listener as a servant），这都是为了让听话者觉得更舒服，所以选B。
104. Why would people with familiar relationships choose to speak carefully to each other?
A) Because they want to show politeness to the hearer.
B) Because they intend to establish a more advanced relationship.
C) Because they would like to keep their status on the same level.
D) Because they need to show respect to each other.
答案：C
解析：从最后一段第一句可知，熟悉的人之间特别努力地不让彼此看上去是在追求一种从属关系，而是为了追求平等的关系（Warm acquaintances go out of their way not to look as if they are presuming a dominant-subordinate relationship but rather one of equals），所以选C。
105. According to the author, what would a person do if he wants to raise some money?
A) Create a warm atmosphere with potential supporters.
B) Talk in a business way to show respect.
C) Show their goal directly.
D) Hide their aim from others.
答案：A
解析：从最后一段最后一句话可知，对于筹款者（fund raisers）来说，和他的支持者之间形成一个友好的氛围（creating an atmosphere of warm friendship with their supporters）是有益于筹款的，所以选A。
22.试题解析：
曼•文森特•皮尔在其巅峰之作《积极思考》中提出，积极思考能够使人们充满力量、无所不能。然而是否所有的积极思考都能产生这样的效果呢？本文对这个问题给出了否定的答案：人们在逼迫下进行积极思考事实上只会适得其反，这只会凸显他们的郁郁不得志。文章以加拿大研究员的发现作为例证，有力地支持了这一观点：过度的积极思考亦不可取。
The $11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like “I never do anything right” into positive ones like “I can succeed.” But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking?
Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are.
The study’s authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you’re just underlining his faults. In one 1990s experiment, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton asked participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled. When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written.
In this experiment, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students’ self-esteem. The participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves, “I am lovable.”
Those with low self-esteem didn’t feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group, who weren’t urged to think positive thoughts.
The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy (心理治疗) that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make things worse. Meditation (静思) techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.
106. What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?
A) It is a highly profitable industry.
B) It is based on the concept of positive thinking.
C) It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.
D) It has yielded positive results.
答案：B
解析：文章第一句说明了自助行业是建立在把消极思考转化为积极思考的基础之上，因此选项B符合题意。虽然文章开篇提及自我帮助产业的规模有110亿美元，但这并不能说明该行业利润率高，因此排除选A。文中并未提到该行业是由诺曼•文森特•皮尔创立的，因此不选C。从第一段末，我们可以看出作者的立场，他质疑积极思考是否真的有效，因此选项D说法不正确。
107. What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?
A) Encouraging positive thinking many do more harm than good.
B) There can be no simple therapy for psychological problems.
C) Unhappy people cannot think positively.
D) The power of positive thinking is limited.
答案：A
解析：文章第二段提到加拿大研究员在其发表的文章中谈到，让人们更积极地思考实际上会适得其反，这只会强调人们有多么闷闷不乐。随后又用实验来说明了这个观点，故选A。
108. What does the author mean by “… you’re just underlining his faults” (Para. 3)?
A) You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.
B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed.
C) You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.
D) You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.
答案：B
解析：文中提到过度的积极思考反而会让人感觉更糟（when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better），随后举例：如果你对朋友说他有爱因斯坦那样的潜能，结果很显然只会让他感觉更糟，认为你在指出他的缺点和错误。underlining his faults从字面上理解就是用横线划出某人的过失，故选B。
109. What do we learn from the experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic?
A) It is important for people to continually boost their self-esteem.
B) Self-affirmation can bring a positive change to one’s mood.
C) Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem.
D) People with low self-esteem seldom write down their true feelings.
答案：C
解析：文章第五段谈到被试者在被迫进行多次自我肯定后，自卑的情况并没有得到改善，反而加重了（Those with low self-esteem didn’t feel better after the forced self-affirmation），故选项C符合文意。
110. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A) The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person.
B) Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy.
C) Different people tend to have different ways of thinking.
D) People can avoid making mistakes through meditation.
答案：B
解析：文章最后一段主要探讨静思的力量，因此排除选项A和选项C。静思有助于人们将自己的缺点放在更广阔、更现实的角度去审视，可推知，作者认为静思是一种有效的心理疗法，因此B项与题目契合。而文章并没有提到静思可以使人们避免犯错。选项D的说法夸大了原文的意思，故选B。
23.试题解析：
本文介绍了黑匣子的发明与改进过程。黑匣子被誉为空难“见证人”，其最早的模型是1960年的飞行记录器，但彼时的记录器无法经受撞击；经过多次改进后，现代的黑匣子具有了极强的抗火、耐压、耐冲击等能力，即便飞机已完全损坏黑匣子里的记录数据也能完好保存。
You never see him, but they’re with you every time you fly. They record where you are going, how fast you’re traveling and whether everything on your airplane is functioning normally. Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book. They’re known as the black box.
When planes fall from the sky, as a Yemeni airliner did on its way to Comoros Islands in the India Ocean June 30, 2009, the black box is the best bet for identifying what went wrong. So when a French submarine (潜水艇) detected the device’s homing signal five days later, the discovery marked a huge step toward determining the cause of a tragedy in which 152 passengers were killed.
In 1958, Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first mode for a black box, which became a requirement on all US commercial flights by 1960. Early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane—the area least subject to impact—from its original position in the landing wells (起落架舱). The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility.
Modern airplanes have two black boxes: a voice recorder, which tracks pilots’ conversations, and a flight-data recorder, which monitors fuel levels, engine noises and other operating functions that help investigators reconstruct the aircraft’s final moments. Placed in an insulated (隔绝的) case and surrounded by a quarter-inch-thick panels of stainless steel, the boxes can withstand massive force and temperatures up to 2,000℉. When submerged, they’re also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 97, which crashed near Brazil on June 1, 2009, are in water nearly that deep, but statistics say they’re still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one plane’s black boxes were never recovered.
111. What does the author say about the black box?
A) It ensures the normal functioning of an airplane.
B) The idea for its design comes from a comic book.
C) Its ability to ward off disasters is incredible.
D) It is an indispensable device on an airplane.
答案：C
解析：原文提到黑匣子能经受几乎所有的灾难，这一点让人十分惊讶（Their ability to withstand almost any disaster makes them seem like something out of a comic book），故选项C符合题意，而选项A、D并未提及。文中提到漫画书是为了突显黑匣子的神奇，而不是说发明黑匣子的灵感源于漫画书，选项B的说法不正确。
112. What information could be found from the black box on the Yemeni airliner?
A) Data for analyzing the cause of the crash.
B) The total number of passengers on board.
C) The scene of the crash and extent of the damage.
D) Homing signals sent by the pilot before the crash.
答案：A
解析：文章以Yemeni飞机失事为例，说明黑匣子的作用：当飞机坠毁时，黑匣子能够确定故障出在哪儿。由此可推断，从黑匣子中可找出Yemeni飞机失事的原因，故正确答案为A。选项B、C、D 在文中并未提及。
113. Why was the black box redesigned in 1965?
A) New materials became available by that time.
B) Too much space was needed for its installation.
C) The early models often got damaged in the crash.
D) The early models didn’t provide the needed data.
答案：C
解析：从原文可得出，之前的黑匣子在飞机坠毁时经不住强烈的撞击，容易遭受毁坏，因此1965年重新设计了黑匣子，故选C。
114. Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black boxes be painted orange or yellow?
A) To distinguish them from the color of the plane.
B) To caution people to handle them with care.
C) To make them easily identifiable.
D) To conform to international standards.
答案：C
解析：The same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes, which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility，将黑匣子漆成橙色或黄色是因为这些颜色比较明显，容易被救援队伍发现，故选C。
115. What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 97?
A) There is still a good chance of their being recovered.
B) There is an urgent need for them to be reconstructed.
C) They have stopped sending homing signals.
D) They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil.
答案：A
解析：原文最后一段说but statistics say they’re still likely to turn up（统计表明法国航空97航班上的黑匣子很有可能被发现），与选项A相符；选项B并未提到；文中提到黑匣子即使被深埋于海底仍然能够发射信号，故选项C的说法不正确；而文中只提到97航班在巴西附近坠毁，而并不是说黑匣子遭受毁坏，选项D偷换了概念，故选A。
24.试题解析：
专家提出警告：休闲中心的自动售货机出售的不健康零食加大了孩子体重超重的危险。而且从抽查的35个地方发现，薯条、香肠、汉堡占据了孩子食品的大部分。慈善组织希望对食品的选择实行严格管理，还呼吁任何经销商都应该确保提供种类多、易于识别的健康食品，其目的都是为了让孩子身体更加健康。从2007年9月以来，甜点、炸薯片、带泡沫的甜饮料一律禁止在英国学校的自动售货机出售。但是也有人表示，自动售货机的便利并不总是意味着不健康，它可以给学生提供额外的选择，培养学生的自主能力。
Vending machines (自动售货机) stocked with unhealthy snacks in leisure centres run the risk of fuelling children’s being overweight, warn experts. Crisps and chocolate are on sale where children exercise despite being banned from schools and children’s TV, the British Heart Foundation found (BHF). And children’s meals on offer at the 35 places spot-checked were dominated by chips, sausages and burgers.
The charity wants stricter regulation over the food choices available. The report, which was prepared by the Food Commission, looked at leisure centres, bowling buildings, ice skating areas and park cafes. The average calorie (卡路里) content of vending machine snacks was 203 calories, which would take a seven-year-old 88 minutes of swimming to use up. Fresh fruit was displayed at less than half of the places visited, and nutritional (营养的) information was displayed at just two of the places visited. The BHF said this severely limits the children’s and parents’ ability to assess the nutritional values of the products they are buying.
The charity is now calling for public and private sector providers to lead the way in ensuring healthy food options are available and easily identifiable. It says it should be made a requirement that vending machines in publicly owned facilities are stocked with healthier products. A Department of Health spokeswoman said, “We are fully committed to encouraging the adoption of healthy vending machines across the country and expect local authorities to make sure there are healthy food options available in their leisure centres.”
Dessert, crisps and sugary drinks with bubbles of gas have been banned from all school vending machines in England since September 2007.
Judy Hargadon, chief executive of the School Food Trust, said, “Convenience doesn’t have to mean unhealthy.” Many schools are using vending to offer pupils extra choice and independence whilst still keeping their options well-balanced and consistent.
116. What is this passage mainly about?
A) Improving facilities in leisure centres.
B) Assessing the value of the annual program.
C) Reducing the risk of being overweight.
D) Banning all school vending machines.
答案：C
解析：文章开头提到，专家提出警告：自动售货机出售的不健康零食增加了孩子体重超重的危险。随后提到慈善组织希望对于孩子食品的选择要实行严格管理，还呼吁任何经销商都应该确保提供种类多、易于识别的健康食品，其目的都是为了让孩子身体更加健康。所以选C。
117. What caused the ignorance of well-balanced food mentioned by BHF?
A) Lack of publications.
B) Lack of exercise.
C) Limited display of healthy food.
D) The business of dessert making and selling.
答案：C
解析：从题干的BHF可定位于原文第二段的最后一句。其中提到The BHF said this severely limits the children’s and parents’ ability to assess the nutritional values of the products they are buying。究其原因，必须从this指代的前面句子着手。其中提到Fresh fruit was displayed at less than half of the places visited, and nutritional information was displayed at just two of the places visited（所到之处只有不到一半的地方出售新鲜水果，仅有两个地方提供营养信息）。所以选C。
118. What did the charity call for?
A) It called for more varieties of food.
B) It called for healthier foods to be introduced.
C) It called for prohibition of food high in sweet.
D) It called for expanding of vending machines across the state.
答案：B
解析：从题干信息可将答案定位于原文第三段第一句。其中提到The charity is now calling for public and private sector providers to lead the way in ensuring healthy food options are available and easily identifiable（慈善部门呼吁任何经销商，无论是集体还是个人，都应该确保提供种类多、易于识别的健康食品）。所以选B。
119. Which snack is allowed to sell in schools of England?
A) Sprite. B) Coke Cola. C) Cereals Bar. D) Candy.
答案：C
解析：从题干中的England可将答案定位于原文第四段。其中提到Dessert, crisps and sugary drinks with bubbles of gas have been banned from all school vending machines in England since September 2007（自从2007年九月以来，甜点、炸薯片、带泡沫的甜饮料一律禁止在英国学校的自动售货机出售）。采用排除法，所以选C。
120. What did Judy Hargadon think of vending machines?
A) They are convenient but unhealthy.
B) Vending machines should be used in schools to offer more choices.
C) Vending machines might be convenient and healthy under control.
D) To some point, it can help students to become independent.
答案：C
解析：从题干中的人名Judy Hargadon可将答案定位于原文的最后一段。其中提到Convenience doesn’t have to mean unhealthy（这种便利并不总是意味着不健康），后面接着提到Many schools are using vending to offer pupils extra choice and independence（许多学校正在利用自动售货机给学生提供额外的选择和自主）。所以选C。
25. Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating away too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.
So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?
“Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖症) assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods,” note the two researchers.
“In contrast,” the researchers continue, “many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance—like food—of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems.”
The research references studies of people’s behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:
Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren’t handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted (分配) based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.
Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores?
Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they’re easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.
121. What does the author say about junk food?
A) People should be educated not to eat too much.
B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.
C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.
D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.
答案：C
解析：第一段中提到Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating a way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.可知垃圾食品对人们具有很强的诱惑力，人们无法抵挡它的诱惑。故选C。
122. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?
A) They should be implemented effectively.
B) They provide misleading information.
C) They are based on wrong assumptions.
D) They help people make rational choices.
答案：C
解析：第三段中提到Many policy measures to control obesity assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat…，而第四段中提到In contrast,…many regulations that don’t assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol，即那些没有假定人们会做出理智选择的规章条例在控酒方面取得了成功，由此可知，大多数控制肥胖症的政策措施都是基于错误的假设前提的。故选C。
123. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?
A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.
B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.
C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.
D) Easy access leads to customers’ over-consumption.
答案：D
解析：第六段中提到These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.可知简单的购买途径会导致消费者过度消费，因此颁布这样一项限制措施，就是为了减少人们购买酒类产品。故选D。
124. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?
A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.
B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.
C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.
D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.
答案：D
解析：文章最后一段提到California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations由此可以推断，禁止在加油站的收款机附近摆放酒是为了让酒类产品远离司机们的视线，因此正确答案为D。
125. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?
A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.
B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.
C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.
D) Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means.
答案：C
解析：第二段中提到So here’s a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?由此可知，兰德的研究人员提出从控酒政策中吸取教训，即借鉴控酒措施的经验，所以选项C正确。
26. Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age. So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors—or doesn’t it?
While such vigilant (警觉的) tracking of cancer is a good thing in general, researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly. With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2015, it’s important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing.
In many cases, screening can lead to additional biopsies and surgeries to remove cancer, which can cause side effects, while the cancers themselves may be slow-growing and may not pose serious health problems in patients’ remaining years. But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained that when health care experts recommended that women under 15 and over 74 stop screening for breast cancer, it caused a riotous reaction among doctors, patients and advocacy groups.
It’s hard to uproot deeply held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data. Certainly, there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening, and gained several extra years of life because of treatment. And clearly, people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer, such as a family history or prior personal experience with the disease, should continue to get screened regularly. But for the remainder, the risk of cancer, while increased at the end of life, must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy (预期寿命).
A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screening—especially considering the explosion of the elderly that will soon swell our population.
It’s not an easy calculation to make, but one that makes sense for the whole patient. Dr. Otis Brawley said, “Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves. We need to think about the rational use of health care and stop talking about the rationing of health care.”
That means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients, and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better.
126. Why do doctors recommend routine cancer screening for elderly people?
A) It is believed to contribute to long life.
B) It is part of their health care package.
C) The elderly are more sensitive about their health.
D) The elderly are in greater danger of tumor growth.
答案：D
解析：文章第一句提到Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age，意即随着年龄的增长，患癌症的几率明显增加。因而D项正确。
127. How do some researchers now look at routine cancer screening for the elderly?
A) It adds too much to their medical bills.
B) It helps increase their life expectancy.
C) They are doubtful about necessity.
D) They think it does more harm than good.
答案：C
解析：由题干中的researchers定位至原文第二段首句。该句讲到，如此警觉地追踪癌症整体上是好的，但是与此同时，研究者们越来越质疑这所有的检查对于年纪大的人来说是否必要。因而C项正确。
128. What is the conventional view about women screening for breast cancer?
A) It applies to women over 15.
B) It is a must for adult women.
C) It is optional for young women.
D) It doesn’t apply to women over 74.
答案：B
解析：由题干中的breast cancer定位至原文第三段最后一句。该句讲到，由于每个人都必须筛查癌症的观点变得如此根深蒂固，因而当医疗保健专家建议15岁以下和74岁以上的女性停止筛查乳腺癌时，这引发了医生、患者以及利益团体的强烈反应。由此可以推知，在女性筛查乳腺癌方面，普遍的观点是所有成年女性都应该进行乳腺癌筛查。因而B项正确。
129. Why do many doctors prescribe routine screening for cancer?
A) They want to protect themselves against medical disputes.
B) They want to take advantage of the medical care system.
C) They want data for medical research.
D) They want their patients to suffer less.
答案：A
解析：由题干中的many doctors可定位至原文倒数第二段。该段中引用了Dr. Otis Brawley的话：很多医生安排这些检查纯粹只是为了自保。B、C、D 三项的内容与此无关，正确答案为A。
130. What does the author say is the general view about health care?
A) The more, the better.
B) Prevention is better than cure.
C) Better early than late.
D) Better care, longer life.
答案：A
解析：文章最后一段提到…the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better，也就是说，普遍认为的医疗保健越多越好是误导人的。因而A项正确。
27.试题解析：
研究表明皮肤癌与家族遗传有关，但很难判断基因和环境因素对皮肤癌的不同影响。一个人的同卵双胞胎兄弟姐妹患有黑色素瘤，那么这个人患病机率将增加十倍；有些皮肤癌发病的原因可以归于遗传因素，尤其是基因之间的交互作用；如果一个人的父母或兄弟姐妹患有某些皮肤癌症，那么这个人很可能患有不同类型的皮肤癌症。
Want to reduce your risk of skin cancer? Wear sun screen, of course. But two new studies suggest that choosing your relatives carefully could also be helpful.
One found that having an identical (同卵的) twin with melanoma (黑色素瘤) increased a person’s own risk of developing the disease much more than having a fraternal (异卵的) twin with this type of skin cancer. The other found that having a brother or sister, or a parent with one of several different types of non-melanoma skin cancer increased risk as well.
Several studies have suggested melanoma and other skin cancers run in families, but it can be difficult to tell the difference between the influence of genes and environment. In the Australian study, Dr. Sri N. Shekar of the University of Queensland and his colleagues attempted to do so by looking at twin pairs in which at least one brother or sister had been diagnosed with melanoma.
They searched through thousands of cases of melanoma reported in Queensland and New South Wales and found 125 twin pairs. In four of the 27 identical twin pairs, both had melanoma, while three of the 98 fraternal twin pairs had both been diagnosed with the deadly skin cancer. Based on these numbers, having an identical twin with melanoma increased a person’s own risk of the disease nearly 10-fold.
This suggests, the researchers say, that some of the increased melanoma risk can be attributed to genes, in particular interactions between genes. They estimate that genes account for about half of the differences in risk between two people.
In the second study, Dr. Shehnaz K. Hussain of the University of California and colleagues looked at the Swedish Family-Cancer Database to estimate the risk for several types of skin cancer among brothers or sisters and children of people diagnosed with these diseases.
They found that people with a brother or sister, or a parent diagnosed with some types of skin cancer were more likely to develop skin cancers of various types, not just the ones their relatives had. When tumors occurred at parts of the body more likely to have been exposed to the sun, the family risk was stronger.
131. Based on the statistics in Para. 4, it can be inferred that ________.
A) skin cancer can be infectious among family members
B) most people who have twin brothers or sisters will have a certain type of skin cancer
C) people having twin brothers are more likely to have skin cancer than those who have twin sisters
D) people having identical twin brothers or sisters are more likely to have skin cancer than those who have none
答案：D
解析：根据第四段研究数字，文章已经下了结论having an identical twin with melanoma increased a person’s own risk of the disease nearly 10-fold（一个人的同卵双胞胎兄弟姐妹患有黑色素瘤，那么这个人患病机率将增加十倍），由此判断选项D为正确答案。
132. According to the passage, deadly skin cancer is caused by ________.
A) gene
B) environment
C) exposure to the sun
D) identical twins with melanoma
答案：A
解析：文章第三段说以往研究表明皮肤癌run in families（在家族内流传），但是后面又说很难说明到底是由genes and environment（基因还是环境）引起，但文章第五段说研究表明皮肤癌的原因can be attributed to genes（可以归于遗传因素），所以选A。
133. In the second study, Dr. Hussain found ________.
A) that different types of skin cancer are mainly due to the environment
B) that family members could develop more than one type of skin cancer
C) that exposure to the sun is beneficial to skin cancer prevention
D) that family members tend to develop the same type of skin cancer
答案：B
解析：由人名Hussain可以定位在文章最后一段第一句likely to develop skin cancers of various types（可以发展成各种各样的皮肤癌），与选项B的内容相符，所以选B。
134. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) the research by Dr. Hussain goes against Dr. Shekar’s findings
B) parents who have identical twins are most likely to be victims of skin cancer
C) Australia has the richest database of twins family in the world
D) interaction between genes may partially account for developing skin cancer
答案：D
解析：文章第五段说some of the increased melanoma risk can be attributed to genes, in particular interactions between genes ，即一些黑色素瘤病症，也就是皮肤病可以归因于基因的影响，尤其是基因之间的交互作用，与选项D的内容相符，所以选D。
135. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Melanoma is a type of deadly skin cancer.
B) Researchers found that skin cancer can be inherited.
C) Both environment and genes cause the risk of skin cancer.
D) Australian scientists made a breakthrough in the treatment of skin cancer.
答案：B
解析：本题是概括总结题，和综合理解题有相似之处，但不同点在于考生需要在综合理解全文的基础上言简意赅地总结归纳文章大意。整篇文章都在叙述皮肤癌的诱因，研究结果表明第一，一个人的同卵双胞胎兄弟姐妹患有黑色素瘤，那么这个人患病机率将增加十倍；第二，皮肤癌发病原因可以归于遗传因素，或者基因之间的交互作用；第三，如果一个人的父母或兄弟姐妹患有黑色素瘤，那么这个人可能患有不同类型的病症；综上所述，皮肤癌诱因的关键词是家族、血缘、基因等等，由此推断皮肤癌是可以遗传的，所以选B。
28.试题解析：
本文以第一夫人Michelle Obama为契机，引出了一个被主流社会曲解的社会群体——非裔美国妇女，继而详细介绍了被误解的观念，文章的最后除了寄希望于Michelle Obama能够令人们改变对这一群体的看法的同时也指出，改变人们固有的偏见还需要一段很长的路要走。
Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. Rightly so. But selfishly, I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world’s attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.
Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, over-sexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒) mothers.
These images have helped define the way all black women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself.
It won’t be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.
Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone—an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that’s been around for far too long.
136. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?
A) She serves as a role model for African-American women.
B) She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.
C) She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.
D) She will pay closer attention to the interests of African-American women.
答案：A
解析：文中说：作为一个非裔美国女人，我更关注Michelle Obama。根据常识，Michelle Obama也是一个非裔美国女人, 且在本文后面还提到了：Michelle将代表我们，由此可推出，Michelle是作为一个典范而让作者产生兴趣的。A符合文意，入选。B、D两项脱离本文主题；C项中的a new image提法与作者观点不符。
137. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?
A) They are victims of family violence.
B) They are an inferior social group.
C) They use quite a lot of body language.
D) They live on charity and social welfare.
答案：B
解析：文中提到stereotype时用了being eye-rolling, oversexed, females raised by our never-married, alcoholic mothers等等普遍用于描写下层社会生活的词句，由此可知，人们的刻板印象是把她们当作了劣等社会群体，应选B。A项中的family violence文中未提到；B中的body language是对eye-rolling的曲解；D是文中片断信息的随意组合发挥。
138. What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?
A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.
C) How proud they are to have black woman in the White House.
D) She will give priority to African-American women’s concerns.
答案：B
解析：文意说很多非裔美国女性已在博客中表达了她们期望Michelle给白宫带去怎样的变化，主要是向世界展示一位黑人女性有能力支持丈夫，照顾好一个黑人家庭等等，最主要是强调作为公众人物的美国第一夫人将如何去表现自己，强调其所作所为，所以答案选B。
139. What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?
A) However many fans she has, she would remain modest.
B) She wouldn’t disappoint the African-American community.
C) However hard she tries, she can’t expect to please everybody.
D) She will give priority to African-American women’s concerns.
答案：C
解析：在介绍完博友的观点后，作者提出了自己的观点：Michelle不得不为取悦每一个人工作——这是一项不可能的任务。由此句看出，让所有人都满意是不可能的。C项与文意相符。A项中的remain modest文中没有提到；B和D均与本文阐述主题无关。
140. What do many African-American women hope Michelle Obama will do?
A) Help change the prevailing view about black women.
B) Help her husband in the task of changing America.
C) Outshine previous First Ladies.
D) Fully display her fine qualities.
答案：A
解析：本文第一段的最后一句中提到：公众第一次有机会近距离了解以前鲜有接触的非裔美国妇女的代表。倒数第二段的最后一句：Michelle将代表我们所有人。以及本文最后一句中的：改变人们长久以来形成的印象还需很长的路要走。可知本题应选A。
29.试题解析：
本文分析了美国高端教育管理人才外流的现象。前两段以一个真实的案例引出本文观点，即教育人才从美国输出的问题，第三段介绍了美国学校不考虑外援的原因，第四、五段则以对比手法阐述了欧洲各大学及其他诸国青睐美国精英的原因。本文最后一段总结了教育全球化给学校带来的好处。
When next year’s crop of high-school graduates arrive at Oxford University in the fall of 2009, they’ll be joined by a new face: Andrew Hamilton, the 55-year-old provost (教务长) of Yale, who’ll become Oxford’s vice-chancellor—a position equivalent to university president in America.
Hamilton isn’t the only educator crossing the Atlantic. Schools in France, Egypt, Singapore, etc. have also recently made top-level hires from abroad. Higher education has become a big and competitive business nowadays, and like so many businesses, it’s gone global. Yet the talent flow isn’t universal. High-level personnel tend to head in only one direction: outward from America.
The chief reason is that American schools don’t tend to seriously consider looking abroad. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of university’s budget. “We didn’t do any global consideration,” says Patricia Hayes, the board’s chair. The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69-year-old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund-raising. Fund-raising is a distinctively American thing, since US schools rely heavily on donations. The fund-raising ability is largely a product of experience and necessity.
Many European universities, meanwhile, are still mostly dependent on government funding. But government support has failed to keep pace with rising student numbers. The decline in government support has made fund-raising an increasingly necessary ability among administrators, and has made hiring committees hungry for Americans.
In the past few years, prominent schools around the world have joined the trend. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen (监督) “a major strengthening of Yale’s financial position.”
Of course, fund-raising isn’t the only skill outsiders offer. The globalization of education means more universities will be seeking heads with international experience of some kind to promote international programs and attract a global student body. Foreigners can offer a fresh perspective on established practices.
141. What is the current trend in higher education discussed in the passage?
A) Institutions worldwide are hiring administrators from the US.
B) A lot of political activists are being recruited as administrators.
C) American universities are enrolling more international students.
D) University presidents are paying more attention to fund-raising.
答案：A
解析：文中说：高级人才都只朝着一个方向发展：从美国输出。结合前面的案例及第二段的首句不难得出高等教育的当前发展趋势为全球机构都倾向于雇佣从美国来的管理者。A与文意一致。B中的political activists只是美国的一个个案；C中的enrolling more international students在文中没有提到；D项“大学校长们更关注融资”过于片面。
142. What is the chief consideration of American universities when hiring top-level administrators?
A) Their political correctness.
B) Their ability to raise funds.
C) Their fame in academic circles.
D) Their administrative experience.
答案：B
解析：本段在提到题眼时说：他们想要一个对州政府比较熟悉的人，因为州政府是大学预算的一个主要来源。在提到聘用Bruce的原因时说：他可能会在现代大学校长职务的主要职责——筹集资金上表现突出。结合本段最后两句当中的信息：美国大学很依赖募捐。可知本题选B。
143. What do we learn about European universities from the passage?
A) The tuitions they charge have been rising considerably.
B) Their operation is under strict government supervision.
C) They are strengthening their position by globalization.
D) Most of their revenues come from the government.
答案：D
解析：原文说：许多欧洲的大学还主要靠政府财政资助。D项是其同义转述，入选。A中的the tuitions应该由学生charge，而不是universities，排除；B中的strict government supervision没有提到，C中“他们在强化他们在全球化当中的位置”是对文中globalization这一片断信息的随意发挥。
144. Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard as its vice-chancellor chiefly because ________.
A) she was known to be good at raising money
B) she would help strengthen its ties with Yale
C) she knew how to attract students overseas
D) she had boosted Yale’s academic status
答案：A
解析：文中在提到这个案例时说到: 学校公开强调她在前任工作中主要监管“巩固耶鲁的财政地位”，由句中的financial可知，任命其的主要原因应是A。
145. In what way do top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development?
A) They can enhance the university’s image.
B) They will bring with them more international faculty.
C) They will view a lot of things from a new perspective.
D) They can set up new academic disciplines.
答案：C
解析：本段表明，教育全球化，使得越来越多的大学寻求具备国际经验的领头人，以期推动国际项目，吸引全球生源。外援能够在已有实践的基础上提出全新看法。C中的a lot of things对应原文的established practices，a new perspective对应原文的a fresh perspective，故选此项。A中的university image的问题，文中未涉及；原文提到的是international program，而不是B中的international faculty；D中的set up new academic disciplines文中未涉及。
30.试题解析：
“排长队等候安检”这样的情形在英国机场司空见惯，要是引进一种简单快速解决这个问题的X射线机器会是什么样呢？这一机器最先在曼彻斯特机场进行试验，因为这种机器要求对乘客进行全身扫描，想看清楚他们是否携带隐藏的武器或炸药，所以并不是每个人都愿意配合。另外，这种机器对身体的每个部位都看的清清楚楚，有乘客认为这是对个人隐私的侵犯。有发言人表示，工作人员只是在远处看见扫描的图像，随后就删除，所以乘客信息会得到保护。至于是否使用这种机器，还得等到试验之后才能决定。
It’s a familiar sight in many of the UK’s airports—long queues of people waiting to go through security to catch their flights. What if there was a simple and quick way to avoid all the trouble of having to take off all metal objects, coats, belts and shoes in order for them to be scanned in the X-ray machine? Surely everybody would jump at the chance to beat the queues and get through security quickly and conveniently without the fuss of a “pat down” search.
A new technological solution to this problem is being trialed at Manchester Airport, but not everybody is happy to take part. That’s because the technology being tested is an X-ray machine that makes a full body scan of passengers to see if they are carrying concealed weapons or explosives.
However, the scan reveals a lot more than that. The images produced by the scan show a clear black and white outline of the passengers’ naked bodies, as well as breast enlargements and piercings.
Although the airport has said that the images are hidden from public view and destroyed immediately after being checked, many people traveling at the airport are uncomfortable with the idea of being viewed in this way. One middle-aged lady, who preferred not to use the scanner, said, “Maybe if I was 18, slim and lovely, I’d take it, but it’s a bit too personal.”
A spokesperson for the airport told the BBC that the images from the scan could only be seen by an officer in a remote location before being deleted, thus protecting the anonymity (信息不公开) of travelers. After the trial, the Department for Transport will decide whether or not to roll out the machines across the UK’s airports.
So if you’re coming to the UK next year, you might end up showing more than you expect.
146. Why is the X-ray machine introduced into the airport security system?
A) Because the X-ray machine solves the problem of labor shortage.
B) Because the X-ray machine can scan all weapons and any dangerous things.
C) Because the X-ray machine can scan but avoid being naked in the airport.
D) Because the X-ray machine can help passengers go through security quickly.
答案：D
解析：原文第一段第二句的what if引出这一想法，紧接着第三句解释说明了这一结果。其中提到Surely everybody would jump at the chance to beat the queues and get through security quickly and conveniently without the fuss of a “pat down” search，即毫无疑问，引进这种设备后，乘客可以避免排队，也能快速方便地通过安检。只有选项D的内容与原意相符。所以选D。
147. Why don’t some passengers of the Manchester Airport like to be checked by the X-ray machine?
A) Because some passengers don’t like to wait a long time for being checked.
B) Because the X-ray machine may outline a person’s curve clearly.
C) Because the X-ray machine probably has bad influence on people’s health.
D) Because the X-ray machine is likely to make passengers feel scared.
答案：B
解析：从题干信息可将答案定位于原文第二段第二句。也就是说，这种机器对乘客要进行全身扫描，想看清楚他们是否携带隐藏的武器或炸药（the technology being tested is an X-ray machine that makes a full body scan of passengers to see if they are carrying concealed weapons or explosives）。由此推断，选项B与原意一致。所以选B。
148. What is the real reason that the lady refused to use the scanner in Paragraph 4?
A) Because the lady worried about her naked body.
B) Because the lady doesn’t accept her old age.
C) Because the lady was afraid of going through the X-ray.
D) Because the lady thought it invaded her privacy.
答案：D
解析：从题干信息定位于原文第四段。女士提到it’s a bit too personal，我们必须理解这句话的引申含义。personal（私人的）与个人隐私有关，所以选D。
14. What can the officer do according to the spokesperson?
A) He can sit near the X-ray machine.
B) He can make a security check as before.
C) He can see the scanned images from a distance.
D) He can delete the images as required.
答案：C
解析：从题干的the spokesperson可将答案定位于原文第五段第一句。其中提到A spokesperson for the airport told the BBC that the images from the scan could only be seen by an officer in a remote location before being deleted, thus protecting the anonymity of travelers（机场的这位发言人说，扫描的图像只能被一位工作人员在很远的地方看见随后就删掉，这样旅客的信息就得到了保护）。所以选C。
15. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A) It discusses the X-ray machine used at the airport.
B) It says the X-ray machine is widely used at the airport.
C) It discusses the future prospects of the X-ray machine at the airport.
D) It states the airport’s development.
答案：A
解析：题目是关于文章主旨的，需从整体把握。文章一开始就提出要是引进the X-ray machine会怎样。然后选择了试点进行实验，对此不同的人有不同的看法。最后文章说实验之后交通部门再做决定是否使用这种检测机器。很显然，D选项与主题词the X-ray machine不符，排除选项D；B、C选项的内容与原意不符，排除选项B和选项C。所以选A。

Online Shopping

A) Why does electronic shopping exist? For customers, it is because of not only the high level of convenience, but also the broader selection, competitive pricing and greater access to information. For organizations, it increases their customers’ value and sustainable capabilities, next to the increased profits.

B) The main idea of online shopping is not in having a good-looking website that could be listed in a lot of search engines and it is not about the art behind the site. Nor is it just about spreading information. However, it is all about building relationships and making money. Mostly, organizations try to adopt techniques of online shopping without understanding these techniques. Rather than supporting the organization’s culture and brand name, the website should satisfy consumers’ expectations.
Design and relation

C) When the customers go to an online shop, a couple of factors determine whether they will return to the site. The most important factors are the ease of use and the presence of user-friendly features. Many researchers notify that the need for the design, which will be user-centered, is very important. Companies should always remember that there are certain things, such as understanding the customer’s needs, living up to promises, never going out of style, because they give reasons for coming back. Organizations, which want people to shop more online, should consume large amounts of time and money to define, design, develop, test, and maintain their websites. Also if a company wants its website to be popular among online shoppers, it should leave the user with a positive impression about the organization.
D) In order to gain a good impression, customers’ concern should be taken into account. Besides, different people may focus on different parts of the site. For example, experienced users focus more on the variables that directly influence the task, while new users focus more on understanding the information.
E) The organization that wants to be acceptable in online shopping needs to remember that it is easier to lose a customer than to gain one. Lots of researchers state that even if the site is a very popular one, it can go nowhere if the organization fails to live up to common etiquette (礼节), such as returning e-mails in time, being polite and keeping promises. Organizations that want to keep their customers or gain new ones have to be even more careful. They should try to get rid of all mistakes and be more appealing to or more desirable for online shoppers. And this is why many designers of web shops consider research outcomes concerning consumer expectations extremely important.
Convenience

F) A majority of consumers choose online shopping for faster and more efficient shopping experience. Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day, and many consumers have Internet access both at work and at home. Other establishments such as Internet cafes and schools provide access as well. A visit to a conventional retail store requires travel and must take place during business hours.
G) Searching or browsing an online catalog can be faster than browsing a physical store. One can avoid crowded shops resulting in long lines, and no parking. But consumers with slow connection speed have much longer load time and thus have a considerably slower online shopping experience.
H) Some consumers may prefer interacting with people rather than computers because they find computers hard to use. And not all online shop owners have succeeded in making their sites easy to use or reliable. But a majority of stores have made it easy to find the style one is looking for, as well as the price range that is acceptable, making the shopping experience quick and efficient. Especially, the Internet has made shopping almost a task requiring no effort.
Receiving packages

I) In most cases, goods must be shipped to the consumer, introducing a significant delay and potential uncertainty about whether or not the item was actually in stock at the time of purchase. Most successful sites will say whether or not a product is in supply. Many stores give consumers the delivery company’s web address and the package number when shipped, so they can check its status online and know exactly when it will arrive. Many web shops inform consumers how long they can expect to wait before receiving a package. A quick response time is sometimes an important factor in consumers’ choice of merchant. Customers can choose the type of shipping. Usually speaking, the quicker the delivery, the higher the shipping costs. A weakness of online shopping is that, even if a purchase can be made 24 hours a day, the customer must often be at home during normal business hours to accept the delivery. When shopping in a retail store, customers can handle and inspect the actual product before they purchase it.
J) In the event of a problem with the item—it is not what the consumer ordered, or it is not what they expected—consumers are concerned with the ease, with which they can return an item for the correct one or for a refund (退款). Consumers may need to contact the merchant, visit the post office and pay return shipping, and then wait for a replacement or refund. Some online companies have more generous return policies to compensate for the traditional advantage of physical stores. For example, the online shoe shop Zappos.com includes labels for free return shipping, and does not charge the fee, even for returns which are not the result of merchant error.
Selection and price

K) One advantage of shopping online is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or services with many different sellers (though some local search engines do exist to help consumers locate products for sale in nearby stores). Search engines and online price comparison services can be used to look up sellers of a particular product or service.
L) Although sometimes shipping costs reduce the price advantage of online shopping, depending on the laws of some places, a lack of sales tax may compensate for this.
M) Shipping a small number of items, especially from another country, is much more expensive than making a larger order. So some sellers, especially those selling small, high-value items like electronics, usually offer free shipping on sufficiently large orders.
【1】 The speed of one’s Internet connection affects how fast he shops online.
【2】Customers can only go shopping at a conventional retail store during a certain time period, which compared with online shopping, is less convenient.
【3】In some places, customers do not have to pay sales tax if they shop online.
【4】Companies should take efforts to improve their websites in order to attract customers back.
【5】Some online shops have favorable return policies for customers which traditional stores cannot offer.
【6】Online shopping may not be a good choice for those who are not good at using computers.
【7】 Most online shops do not understand the techniques of how to establish relationships and make profits.
【8】One disadvantage of online shopping is that the customer must be at home during working hours to receive the package.
【9】Information about the delivery of their packages is readily accessible to consumers on the websites of many online shops.
【10】 If an organization doesn’t care details when doing business with its customers, it will fail to attract them.

GFLCJHBIIE

2 Questions People Ask Career Counselors (咨询师) Most
A) In simpler times, the kind of work Americans did usually depended on chance, a parent’s wishes, or circumstances beyond the individual’s control. Many people either stayed in the same work until retirement, or simply drifted from one job to another.
B) This is less true today. “Men and women think more in terms of a career than of a job, and they want to make their own career choices,” says Frank Burtnett, assistant executive director of the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD). “Personal satisfaction from work is often more important to them than financial rewards. And many are willing to risk job security in exchange for the opportunity to grow professionally.”
C) For these reasons, he claims, more people than ever are seeking the help of various kinds of career counselors—professionals who may be in private practice or part of group workshops, aptitude-testing (能力测试) centers or counseling clinics at colleges or social agencies.
D) What questions about career choices and job changes do people ask career counselors most? To find out, I got the aid of career-counseling experts, many of them members of AACD, which is the largest professional organization in its field. Here is a sampling of their views:
What are the first steps in career planning?

E) The important thing is to make basic decisions about your goals, and then develop skills to reach them. “People repeatedly make self-defeating choices because they don’t know their real skills and priorities,” says Maxine Wineapple, president of a New York City counseling firm. One of her clients, a high-salaried woman in a low-profile securities-analysis job, learned from personality tests that she valued challenge and recognition more than she did money. So she quit her money-making Wall Street post for a lower-paying, more demanding public-relations job.
F) Developing such self-knowledge is the key to wise career decisions. Many counselors tell clients to ask themselves questions like these: What are my work strengths and weaknesses? What are my special talents and interests? What satisfactions do I want from my work? What responsibility (long hours, travel) will I put up with? What didn’t I like about jobs I have had? Do I prefer routine or variety, job security or power? Would I rather work alone or with others? Do I want less pressure or more? How much re-training am I willing to invest in? How much time will I give to learning a new field?
G) A Washington DC counselor tells of a woman who was one career run-away from the post of vice president of a real-estate firm, “Like so many women today, she was caught between career goals and her desire to spend more time with her family. Eventually she decided to give up some income and status in exchange for a three-day workweek.”
In choosing a career, are my abilities or my interests more important?

H) Interests are key to job satisfactions; skills can always be acquired or improved. “Many seemingly successful people are unhappy in their work,” says Elaine Kaback, executive of UCL Extension’s Career Transition Program in Los Angeles. “Material rewards—raises, promotions, titles—do not make up for that fact.” For example, a successful divorce lawyer found her work increasingly unpleasant: “For ten years I help spouses fight over money. I’m good at it, but when I looked in the mirror I didn’t like myself.” After assessing her values and interests, the lawyer discovered she had strong empathy (同情) for people. She re-trained to enter the new field of divorce mediation (调解). “Now I help divorcing couples make peace, not war,” she says.
What does a future employer most want to know about me?
I) “Two things,” says Rory Madden. “First, will you help his company make money? Second, will you get along with your fellow workers?” Though these questions are seldom asked directly, what if an applicant answers “No”? They reveal many of the job interviewers’ inquiries. There are effective ways of handling this. Look at your qualifications from an employer’s viewpoint before you apply for a job. Instead of using an all-purpose (万能的) resume, rewrite it for each interview to highlight skills and experience for that particular company.
Is it right to expect a job to satisfy my personal needs or goals?

J) Yes. And it is perfectly right for a job-seeker to ask questions about the job during the interview. “You have a right to expect more from your job than just a salary,” says Joyce Synder, a doctor in Santa Monaca, Calif.
Is “job-hopping” inadvisable?
K) Some time ago, changing jobs frequently was, in certain fields, considered poor employment risks. But job-hopping is common now in such fields as fashion, publishing and television, as well as in sales and marketing, where one’s skills are easily transferred. And counselors increasingly agree that purposeful change is often a route to job success these days.
L) Many counselors suggest you think twice about changing jobs if you are going through a personal crisis. “Decisions made under emotional stress can hinder because they may be made for the wrong reasons,” cautions Dr. Goulston.
I’ve been offered a job with less pay but with greater chances of promotion. How do I tell if it’s worth the risk?

M) “Successful risk-takers consider the advantages and disadvantages,” says Elaine Kaback. Like most counselors, she has clients draw up a balance sheet, weighing factors such as job security and financial gain, what a spouse will think, whether more stress can be handled, and how previous risk-taking has turned out. Another question is, do you have as much hard information as you need about new job and company? Balance sheets like this one are designed not to yield convincing answers, but to make sure that all important issues are weighed.
N) In most cases where an individual did decide to “go for it”, counselors report that the risk was worth taking. “In my experience,” says Madden, “about 85 percent of those who left ‘secure’ positions for potentially better ones are glad that they did. Follow-ups show they are happier in their new jobs and, just as important, more satisfied with themselves.”
【1】According to Maxine Wineapple, people fail to make appropriate career choices because of their ignorance of themselves.
【2】Before applying for a job, it is advised to review your resume as if you were the employer.
【3】In the past, lots of people either never changed their jobs, or just drifted from one job to another.
【4】AACD is the largest professional organization in career-counseling field.
【5】A Washington DC counselor said that the woman who had held high office changed her job in order to better enjoy family life.
【6】The divorce lawyer’s changing career shows that the key to job satisfaction is that you are interested in what you do.
【7】According to Frank Burtnett, the American people today lay more emphasis on personal satisfaction than on financial rewards.
【8】Balance sheets are used to insure that all important issues are taken into account.
【9】Take deep thinking before quitting your present job if you are experiencing a personal crisis.
【10】In the past, frequently changing jobs might be regarded as high employment risks.

EIADGHBMLK

3 I Think I’m Going to Disappear for a While

A) Chris McCandless had been raised in the comfortable upper-middle-class suburbs of Annandale, Virginia. His father, Walt, is an outstanding space engineer who designed advanced radar systems for the space craft and other high-profile projects while in the employ of NASA and Hughes Aircraft in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1978, Walt went into business for himself, launching a small but eventually prosperous consulting firm, User Systems, Incorporated. His partner in the venture was Chris’s mother, Billie. There were eight children in the extended family: a younger sister, Carine, with whom Chris was extremely close, and six half-brothers and sisters from Walt’s first marriage.

B) In May 1990, Chris graduated from Emory University in Atlanta, where he’d been a columnist (专栏作家) for, and editor of, the student newspaper, The Emory Wheel, and had distinguished himself as a history major with a 3.72 grade-point average. He was offered membership in Phi Beta Kappa but declined, insisting that titles and honors are irrelevant.

C) The final two years of his college education had been paid with a forty-thousand-dollar bequest (遗赠) left by a friend of the family’s; More than twenty-four thousand dollars remained at the time of Chris’s graduation, money his parents thought he intended to use for law school. “We misread him,” his father admits. What Walt, Billie, and Carine didn’t know when they flew down to Atlanta to attend Chris’s graduation ceremony—what nobody knew—was that he would shortly donate all the money in his college fund to OXFAM America, a charity dedicated to fighting hunger.

D) The graduation ceremony was on May 12, a Saturday. The family sat through a tediously long address delivered by Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole, and then Billie snapped pictures of a smiling Chris walking the stage to receive his diploma (学位证书).

E) The next day was Mother’s Day. Chris gave Billie candy, flowers, and a card. She was surprised and extremely touched: It was the first present she had received from her son in more than two years, since he had announced to his parents that, on principle, he would no longer give or accept gifts. Indeed, Chris had only recently complained about Walt and Billie for expressing their desire to buy him a new car as a graduation present and offering to pay for law school if there wasn’t enough money left in his college fund to cover it.

F) He already had a perfectly good car, he insisted: a beloved 1982 Datsun B210, slightly scratched but mechanically sound. “I can’t believe they’d try and buy me a car,” he later complained in a letter to Carine, “or that they think I’d actually let them pay for my law school if I was going to go… I’ve told them a million times that I have the best car in the world, a car that has spanned the continent from Miami to Alaska, a car that has in all those thousands of miles not given me a single problem, a car that I will never sell, a car that I am very strongly attached to—yet they ignore what I say and think I’d actually accept a new car from them! I’m going to have to be really careful not to accept any gifts from them in the future because they will think they have bought my respect.”

G) Chris had purchased the secondhand yellow Datsun when he was a senior in high school. In the years since, he’d been in the habit of taking it on extended road trips when classes weren’t in session, and during that graduation weekend he casually mentioned to his parents that he intended to spend the up-coming summer on the road as well. His exact words were “I think I’m going to disappear for a while.”

H) Neither parent made anything of this announcement at the time, although Walt did gently reminded his son, saying “Hey, make sure you come see us before you go.” Chris smiled and sort of nodded, a response that Walt and Billie took as a confirmation that he would visit them in Annandale before the summer was out, and then they said their good-byes.

I) Toward the end of June, Chris, still in Atlanta, mailed his parents a copy of his final grade report. A brief note was attached. It was the last anyone in Chris’s family would ever hear from him.

J) During that final year in Atlanta, Chris had lived off campus in a room furnished with little more than a thin mattress (床垫) on the floor and a table. And he didn’t have a phone, so Walt and Billie had no way of calling him.

K) By the beginning of August 1990, Chris’s parents had heard nothing from their son since they’d received his grades in the mail, so they decided to drive down to Atlanta for a visit. When they arrived at his apartment, it was empty and a “For Rent” sign was taped to the window. The manager said that Chris had moved out at the end of June. Walt and Billie returned home to find that all the letters they’d sent their son that summer had been returned in a bundle. “Chris had instructed the post office to hold them until August 1, apparently so we wouldn’t know anything was up,” says Billie. “It made us very, very worried.”

L) By then Chris was long gone. Five weeks earlier he’d loaded all his belongings into his little car and headed west. He had spent the previous four years, as he saw it, preparing to fulfill an absurd (荒谬的) duty: to graduate from college. Driving west out of Atlanta, he intended to invent an utterly new life for himself, one in which he would be free to wander around in unfiltered (未过滤的) experience. To symbolize the complete breaking-up from his previous life, he even adopted a new name. No longer would he answer to Chris McCandless; he was now Alexander Super-tramp, master of his own fate.
【1】Chris disappeared without leaving any message which made his parents worried.
【2】Chris was a history major with a 3.72 grade-point average in university.
【3】Billie was deeply moved by the Mother’s Day gifts from Chris.
【4】Chris donated the money which his parents thought would be used for law school to a charity.
【5】Chris wanted to make a complete fresh start in life, so he even changed his own name.
【6】Chris complained to Carine that he already had a perfect car and didn’t want to accept a new car or any other gifts from his parents.
【7】Walt’s wife was his business partner of the consulting firm.
【8】Chris mailed his parents a copy of his final grade report attached a brief note, which was the last Chris’s family members would ever hear from him.
【9】Billie took pictures of Chris on his graduation ceremony.
【10】Chris had taken many trips in his own car.

KB E C L F A I D G

4.Wildlife Rescue Information

A) Wildlife can be injured during bushfires. The Department of Sustainability (维持发展) and Environment (DSE) works with suitably qualified and experienced wildlife care organizations and rehabilitators (修复者) to assist with the recovery, treatment, rehabilitation and release of wildlife affected by fire. Following any bushfire, DSE will monitor wildlife recovery and assist in restoration of their living surroundings.

B) In fire-affected areas, surviving wildlife will get lost, smoke-affected, hungry etc. Many animals will be likely to have been suffering burns to some degree. Wildlife may also be displaced by fires and wander into human’s living areas. Residents can place containers or water above ground in a safe and shady area to assist stressed wildlife in fire-affected areas.

C) Wildlife rescue teams are on standby to assist in fire-affected areas to treat wildlife. Individuals encountering sick or injured wildlife should call DSE Customer Service Centre. Experienced operators can offer advice and arrange assistance.

D) 1. What happens to wildlife during fires? Fire is a natural part of the Australian landscape. The evidence from thousands of years of fire history is that most species have been able to recover after fire time and again. Some plants and animals benefit from fire and need it in order to survive. Mobile animals may be able to move out of burning areas to safer grounds. Other wildlife can take shelter underground, in tree hollows and logs etc.

E) However, most species experience some loss during or immediately after a fire. Some animals may be destroyed directly, and while others may survive, they can become extinct shortly afterwards due to shortage of food. The extent of wildlife loss depends on the intensity and pattern of the fire. Severe fires can remove all vegetation (植被), while small fires will result in parts of unburned vegetation. The area and locations of unburned plants influence how animals and plants recover. The first few seasons after a bushfire are a major regeneration phase for many plants and re-growth is usually very vigorous. Many plant species grow again from protected buds, at or below ground level, and many others regenerate from soil-stored seed (even if the adults were killed by the fires).

F) 2. Treatment of wildlife injured during fire events. As part of the incident management approach to wildlife and fires, the DSE will undertake many actions to save the wildlife following any bushfire. To assist during fire operations, volunteers must be qualified with Basic Wildfire Awareness Training, and must act under the instructions of the Incident Controller. Anyone who takes in injured wildlife must have a Wildlife Shelter permit. Wildlife injured during the fires should be treated by a qualified veterinarian (兽医) as soon as possible and/or transported to an authorized shelter for treatment. The primary goal of wildlife rehabilitation is to assist with animal welfare both during the rehabilitation process and upon release. Animals must be euthanized (施行安乐死) if they are considered unlikely to recover sufficiently to return to the wild.

G) 3. Government assistance for wildlife rehabilitators. The Victorian Government has announced a Bushfire Wildlife Volunteer Grants Program to assist volunteer wildlife rehabilitators, foster carers, and veterinarians in their efforts to rescue and treat wildlife injured by fires. Up to 350,000 dollars will be available as grants to provide additional assistance to those volunteers of saving wildlife. For more information on these grants or to see if you are qualified for funding, please contact the DSE Customer Service Centre on 136 186. The Victorian Government also provides funding opportunities through grant schemes such as the Victorian Volunteer Small Grants Program and other measures. For example, in 2008 the Government provided 500,000 dollars in grants to enable rehabilitators to buy new facilities and equipment.

H) 4. What can you do to help injured wildlife? Wildlife in fire-affected areas may be stressed. It is important not to frighten these animals by approaching or trying to catch them. All wild animals should be treated with caution, especially when they are distressed and injured. Also, domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, should not be allowed to wander, including at night, as they may chase the distressed and injured wildlife. You can help wildlife by leaving water out for them, ensuring that a stick or rock has been placed inside the container so small animals don’t drown.

I) However DSE does not recommend the feeding of wildlife that has been affected by fire for a variety of reasons. In areas of native vegetation, particularly National and State Parks, spreading domestic animal feed may disturb environmental recovery through invasion by weed species. Feed such as hay, often contains weed seeds that invade natural areas. Secondly, long-term feeding also creates dependency upon humans for food. Hand-fed animals may also become tame exposing them to risks from people and dogs. Feeding stations also attract cats and dogs that may prey (捕食) on wildlife. Finally, poorly targeted feeding may support populations of introduced pest species such as rats, mice, and introduced birds into an area.

J) If you feel you must provide food for fire-affected wildlife:

• You should not enter areas where there are fire-affected trees. Falling trees and limbs can injure or kill.
• Only provide feed in areas where you have the permission from the landowner or manager to do so. This includes public and private land.
• Seek advice from wildlife care organizations on the best types of foods for the particular wildlife in question. Foods provided should be as close to the natural diet of the species as possible.
• Restrict feeding to areas away from natural bushland, such as on farmland.
• Place food well away from roadways to prevent animals from being attracted to places where they may be hit by vehicles.
• Use foods that are free of weed seeds.
• Seek advice from wildlife carers if you have animals regularly returning to artificially provided food. Such animals may need to be treated by a veterinarian if they are sick or injured and rely on food provided by people.
• Slowly cease feeding when vegetation shows signs of regeneration.
  【1】The DSE is committed to restoring the fire-affected areas and curing the injured wildlife.
  【2】Wildlife can survive the fires by moving to or hiding in safer places.
  【3】If wild animals get into people’s living areas in a bushfire, people can help them by putting containers or water in a secure and shady place.
  【4】 Volunteers in the DSE must be trained and they are restricted by certain instructions.
  【5】Financial help will be provided by the Victorian Government to DSE volunteers to help injured wildlife.
  【6】People should not enter areas where there are fire-affected trees in case they are injured or killed by falling trees and limbs.
  【7】 The plants usually regenerate quickly in the first few years after a bushfire.
  【8】If people get close to or try to catch the wild animals, they will make the animals scared.
  【9】The wildlife rehabilitation is primarily aimed at helping with animal welfare both during the rehabilitation process and upon release.
  【10】To protect wildlife from being hit by vehicles, the place for people to provide food should be far away from roadways.
  ADBFGJEHFJ

5 V. Moving into a Digital Future, Where Textbooks Are History
A) At Empire High School in Vail, Ariz., students use computers provided by the school to get their lessons, do their homework and hear podcasts (播客) of their teachers’ science lectures. Down the road, at Cienega High School, students who own laptops can register for “digital sections” of several English, history and science classes. And throughout the district, a Beyond Textbooks initiative encourages teachers to create and share lessons that unite their own PowerPoint presentations, along with videos and research materials they find by choosing from reliable Internet sites. Textbooks have not gone the way of the scroll yet, but many educators say that it will not be long before they are replaced by digital versions—or replaced altogether by lessons assembled from the wealth of free courseware, educational games, videos and projects on the Web.
B) In California, Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger this summer announced an initiative that would replace some high school science and math texts with free, “open source” digital versions. The governor hopes free textbooks could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year. And given that students already get so much information from the Internet, iPods and Twitter feeds, he said, digital texts could save them from dragging hard "out-of-date, heavy, expensive textbooks.” The initiative, the first such statewide effort, has attracted widespread attention, since California, together with Texas, dominates the nation’s textbook market.
C) Many superintendents (校负责人) are enthusiastic. “In five years, I think the majority of students will be using digital textbooks,” said William M. Habermehl, superintendent of the 500,000-student Orange County schools. “They can be better than traditional textbooks. Schools that do not make the switch,” Mr. Habermehl said, “could lose their voters.” “We’re still in a brick-and-mortar (笔记和课本), 30-student-to-1-teacher pattern,” Mr. Habermehl said, “but we need to get out of that framework to have 200 or 300 kids taking courses online, at night, 24/7, whenever they want.” “I don’t believe that charters and documents are the threat to schools in Orange County,” he said. “What’s a threat is the digital world—that someone’s going to put together brilliant 200 dolloars courses in French, in geometry by the best teachers in the world.”
D) But the digital future is not quite on the horizon in most classrooms. For one thing, there is still a large digital divide. Not every student has access to a computer, a Kindle electronic reader device or a smartphone (智能手机), and few districts are wealthy enough to provide them. So digital textbooks could widen the gap between rich and poor. “A large portion of our kids don’t have computers at home, and it would be too costly to print out the digital textbooks,” said Tim Ward, assistant superintendent for instruction in California’s 24,000-student Chaffey Joint Union High School District, where almost half of the students are from low-income families.
E) Many educators expect that digital textbooks and online courses will start small, perhaps for those who want to study a subject which cannot fit into their school schedule or for those who need a few more credits to graduate. Although California education authorities are reviewing 20 open-source high school math and science texts to make sure they meet California’s exacting academic standards in time for use this fall—and will announce this week which ones meet state standards—quick adoption is unlikely. “I want our teachers to have the best materials available, and with digital textbooks, we could see the best lessons taught by the most energetic teachers,” said John A. Roach, superintendent of the Carlsbad, Calif. schools. “But they’re not going to replace paper texts right away.”
F) Whenever it comes, the online attack—and the competition from open-source materials—poses a real threat to traditional textbook publishers. Pearson, the nation’s largest one, submitted four texts in California, all of them already available online, as free supplements to their texts. “We believe that the world is going digital, but the jury’s still out on how this will evolve,” said Wendy Spiegel, a Pearson spokeswoman. “We’re agnostic, so we’ll provide digital, we’ll provide print, and we’ll see what our customers want.”
G) Most of the digital texts submitted for review in California came from a non-profit group, CK-12 Foundation, which develops free “flexbooks” that can be adjusted to meet state standards, and added to by teachers. Its physics flexbook, a Web-based, open-content collection, was introduced in Virginia in March. “The good part of our flexbooks is that they can be anything you want,” said Neeru Khosla, a founder of the group. “You can use them online, you can download them onto a disk, you can print them, you can adjust them, you can make video version. When people get over the traditional way of thinking, they’ll see that there’s no reason to pay 100 dollars for a textbook, when you can have the content you want for free.”

H) The move to open-source materials is well under way in higher education—and may be accelerated by President Obama’s proposal to invest in creating free online courses as part of his push to improve community colleges. Around the world, hundreds of universities, including MIT and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia, now use and share open-source courses. Connexions, a Rice University nonprofit organization devoted to open-source learning, submitted an algebra (代数) text to California.

I) But given the economy, many educators and technology experts agree that the K-12 digital revolution may be further off. “There’s a lot of delayed purchasing and decision making right now,” said Mark Schneiderman, director of federal education policy at the Software & Information Industry Association. “But it’s going to happen.”

J) For all the attention to the California initiative, digital textbooks are only the start of the revolution in educational technology. “We should be bracing ourselves for more interactive, more engaging videos, activities and games,” said Marina Leight of the Center for Digital Education, which promotes digital education through surveys, publications and meetings. Vail’s Beyond Textbooks effort has moved in that direction. In an Empire High School history class on elections, for example, students created their own political parties, campaign websites and videos. “Students learn the same concepts, but in a different way,” said Matt Donaldson, Empire’s principal.

K) “We’ve worked out our state standards,” Mr. Donaldson said, “and our teachers have identified whatever resources they feel best cover them, whether it’s a project they created themselves or an interesting site on the Internet. What they don’t do, generally, is taking chapters from textbooks.”

1. Schools that do not introduce digital textbooks will be at a disadvantageous position.
2. Digital textbooks are subject to approval before they are adopted by schools.
3. Compared with traditional class, online courses can teach more students at a time and students have more flexible study time.
4. Digital textbooks and online courses can start among a small group of students with special needs.
5. Apart from digital textbooks, electrical technology offers a lot more choices for education.
6. With the sluggish economy, it will take a long time for online education to be adopted by schools.
7. Teachers and students can use “flexbooks” in a variety of flexible ways.
8. Pearson provides both digital and paper versions of some textbooks they publish because they are still not sure which is more popular among their customers.
9. California is the first state to launch a statewide plan to use digital textbooks in some high school subjects.
10. Students from poor families cannot enjoy the benefits of digital textbooks, because they cannot afford to buy computers or to print out digital textbooks.
    CECEJIGFBD

Women in the Labor Force
A) Women are considered labor force participants only if they work outside the home. In the past women were expected to be in the labor force only until they married; this reflected the historical, idealized notion of a society in which the man was the breadwinner and the woman the homemaker. This notion of the family was not a reality in the past and is not so today, since more than half of all married women work outside the home. But the idea that women belong in the home has had a significant effect on the conditions under which they participate in the labor force. That participation is characterized by segregation and low pay.
B) The majority of women in the labor force have always been isolated in “female” occupations, called such because they are often extensions of the work women do at home and because the vast majority of the people doing them are women. Some occupations have changed over time and new ones have come into existence, but various occupations are still defined as women’s work. Today women have one unpaid job in the home and one low-paid job in the labor force. Women have always been responsible for work in the home and in the labor force they have always been paid lower wages than men. They have been paid less both when their jobs are not the same as those of men but could be seen as equally valuable and when the work is exactly the same. Women earned 52.8 percent of what men earned in 1911, 58 percent in 1971 and 66 percent in 1996.
C) At the end of the 19th century, factories replaced families as main productive units. Factory work involved long hours, low wages and often brutal working conditions. For example, young girls worked for 60 hours a week for 80 cents, or less than two cents per hour. In 1901 women comprised 13 percent of the total labor force and the female labor-force participation rate was 14 percent (this refers to women who worked for pay; many women worked but were not paid).
D) The majority of women were employed as servants, dressmakers, teachers, seamstresses (女裁缝师), tailors, housekeepers, launderers, milliners (女帽商) and saleswomen. During the first half of the 20th century, the number of jobs available to women was limited and strong sentiment existed against married women working outside the home. Men feared that the cheap labor of large numbers of women would undercut their wages; employers and moral reformers were concerned that work would impair the femininity and high moral standards of women and distract them from their true calling as wives and mothers.
E) During World War I, women replaced men who had joined the armed services, but the labor shortage was not severe enough to warrant their large-scale employment. Although women did men’s jobs, they did not receive men’s wages. By 1921, 65 percent of all women workers were in clerical, domestic service and professional (mainly teaching and nursing) occupations.
F) In the early part of the 20th century, women’s fight for equality focused on political rights and was characterized by the suffrage (选举权) movement. The right to the federal vote was finally won in 1918, and by 1922 women had won the right to vote in all provinces except Quebec, where the struggle continued until 1940. In 1929 women were recognized as “persons” eligible to hold a seat in the Canadian Senate.
G) The expansionary period of the 1920s was cut short by the Great Depression, but production and employment expanded enormously with World War II and once again employers hired single and then married women to do men’s jobs, once again for lower wages. This time, however, many stayed and found employment in the service industries.
H) Greater numbers of women entering the labor force presented male-dominated trade unions with a dilemma. Trade unionists feared the competition from “unskilled” female labor and were concerned as well with maintaining the traditional role of women. Simultaneously, they were interested in protecting all workers, including women. Women workers, however, with or without the support of the trade-union movement, have traditionally fought for higher wages and better working conditions.
I) The 1950s was a time of rapid economic expansion. Changes in the productive process, emphasis by government and private industry on construction and on research and development, expansion in health, welfare and educational services, and the need to advertise, sell and finance new products all created new jobs for women.
J) By mid-20th century many families, in order to be able to afford more goods and to educate their children, needed two income earners. Because young people were staying in school longer, married women entered the labor force to help their families raise their standard of living.
K) Since the 1950s there has been a steady increase in part-time work and by 1994 the number of part-time jobs, which have few benefits and little security, had expanded enormously; 69.4 percent of these were filled by women. Women continued to earn lower wages than men and in 1980 the average wage rate for full-time women workers was 64 percent of that of the average wage rate for men workers. By 1993 women’s wages had increased somewhat and men’s wages had declined, narrowing the gap between their earnings to 72 percent. In 1994, 70 percent of women were still employed in clerical, sales, service, teaching and nursing and health-related occupations; women comprised 43 percent of the total labor force.
L) From 1971 women organized to demand greater equality in wages and working conditions, and to gain recognition of their social, economic, legal and political position in society. The women’s movement of the 1960s had made many women aware of their right to independence and control of their own lives. Women joined unions and other organizations in greater numbers. The women’s movement also raised and debated issues such as wages for housework, pensions for housewives and public childcare.
M) Considerable agreement existed in a wide range of areas: the prohibition of discrimination in employment policies on the grounds of gender or marital status, affirmative action, equal pay for work of equal value, maternity leave and benefits, adequate day care facilities, provision for health and safety, and protection against sexual harassment (骚扰) in the workplace. By 1994, 57 percent of mothers with children five years and under were in the labor force and the crisis in childcare services was a major issue. As the need for the two-income-earner family increases, so does the demand for parental leave and quality daycare programs that recognize women’s role in the labor force and men’s role in child rearing and household work.
N) Achieving the goal of equality would require major social, political and economic changes in order to create structures such as parental leave and childcare programs that support women and overturn existing structures such as labor-force segregation and low wages that are disadvantageous to women. It would also require changes in attitudes that divide work in the labor force and work in the home into “women’s” work and “men’s” work.

【1】Not until the women’s movement of 1960s did women come to realize their right to independence and control of their own lives.

【2】If work would distract women from their true roles as wives and mothers was one of the concerns of employers and moral reformers in the first half of the 20th century.
【3】Major social, political and economic changes would be needed to achieve the goal of equality between working men and women.
【4】 With the expansion of production and employment during World War II, women were hired once again to do men’s jobs but were still paid less than men.
【5】From the 1950s, the number of part-time jobs increased steadily and many of these jobs were filled by women.
【6】 Women in all Canadian provinces gradually obtained the right to vote till 1940.
【7】It is a historical and idealized belief that men are breadwinners while women homemakers in society.
【8】Whether they could get the support from the trade-union movement or not, women workers strove for higher pay and better working conditions.
【9】In the late 19th century, families gave way to factories as prime productive units.
【10】 To get more living expenses and have children educated, many families were in need of two breadwinners by mid-20th century.

L D N G K F A H C J

Work-life Balance: A Growing Struggle

A) We can email, text, face-book and tweet anywhere, anytime. But have smart-phones and tablets (平板电脑) made it easier to balance work with the rest of life?
B) In the decade since John Howard dubbed the work-life balance a “barbecue stopper”, mobile technologies have revolutionized work for many Australians. They have eliminated the physical boundaries that once defined workplaces and allowed employees unprecedented flexibility in where and when they work. But new technologies can be a mixed blessing for workers. The office is always in your pocket.
C) The Australian Work and Life Index, prepared by the Centre for Work + Life at the University of South Australia, has tracked the work-life experience of Australian workers for five years. The latest report, titled “The Big Squeeze”, shows little improvement in work-life outcomes in that time. According to the centre’s director and a co-author of the report, Professor Barbara Pocock, at least a quarter of Australian workers are badly affected by work-life interference. “We are not seeing a runaway train here but we are seeing a problem that is affecting a lot of people and it is very persistent,” Pocock says.
D) However, there is one group for which things are getting worse: full-time women workers. That group’s dissatisfaction with their work-life balance has climbed from 15.9 percent to 27.5 percent over the past five years, while the same rate for full-time men has been fairly steady. Seven out of 10 full-time women workers often or always feel “rushed and pressed for time” and 41 percent of mothers with full-time jobs said they would prefer to work part-time – the largest proportion since 2007.
E) Professor Pocock says mobile technologies are a contributing factor, especially for those who work in the service sector and among managers and professionals. “We’ve got work that’s leaping the spatial boundary of the workplace and that’s particularly affecting full-time women who are holding households together,” she says. “Mobile technologies are a fantastic resource but our data shows there’s a dark side. And it’s often overwhelming the flexibility that new technologies give. People feel good about being able to deal with stuff on the run and when it suits them, but it’s got a real shadow side.”
F) Liz Marchant relies heavily on mobile technologies in her role as a director of the Sydney-based marketing and public relations firm Recognition PR. Checking emails is “the first thing I do when I wake up and the last thing I do before I go to sleep”, she says. “Because I’m a working mum, I typically leave the office at five o’clock on the dot but I always check in of an evening to make sure that I haven’t left anything undone.” She always waits until her six-year-old has gone to bed before checking in on work. “What we have now is an ‘instant response’ society,” she says. “We send an email and we do expect a response no matter what time it is, or even what day it is, and that changes the dynamics of every day.” “Mobile devices provide opportunities we didn’t have a few years ago in that we can leave and pick up the kids from school and not feel guilty,” she says. “But it means you never turn off because you are always connected and there’s an expectation that you will always be across things. Mobile devices enable me to be there with the kids but it also means you might not be paying 100 percent attention – so it’s a catch-22 (进退两难的处境), right?”
G) Melissa Gregg, a Sydney University academic who has done extensive research on the impact of technology on work life, says the flexibility and convenience offered by mobile technologies get much more attention than the costs. “The trouble is that mobile technologies are changing the locations of work,” she says. “We no longer have physical limits on how we access our work and I think that’s something that we’ve avoided thinking about carefully.”
H) Gregg found new technologies meant many employees – especially women who work part-time – are doing large amounts of unpaid work. “During my research women would say to me, ‘It’s so convenient to have my laptop open on the dining room table. I can keep an eye on my email while I’m cooking dinner and while I’m helping my child do his homework’. While that’s described as convenient, they are actually engaging in three different types of unpaid labor in that situation. It’s hardly convenient if your work isn’t being recognized.” She also discovered many workers check emails in the morning to try to gain more control over their work days.
I) Pocock said her team’s study confirms the importance of policies that promote greater flexibility for workers. Two years ago parents with of preschool children, or children under 18 with a disability, were given the “right to request” work flexibility from their employer. But the University of South Australia’s research showed many parents are unaware of the right to request flexibility, or unwilling to ask their employer.
J) “In many workplaces getting flexibility is difficult especially where standard working arrangements are dominant, the climate is hostile to flexibility, or workers anticipate a stigma (耻辱) arising from a request for flexibility,” the report says.
K) Since 2008 the university’s research points to more people saying that work interferes with activities outside their jobs and with spending time with friends. The rates of perceived “work intensification” reported by Australian workers is higher than in Europe using similar measures. Nearly a third of workers feel that they have too much work for one person to do (33.2 percent of women and 30.3 percent of men). Almost one in three men put in more than 48 hours a week and most of them wanted to work less.
L) But there is a paradox. Over the last four years those satisfied with their work-life balance has risen slightly, from 68.3 percent to 69.1 percent. Workers are as stressed or more stressed than ever but there is a level of acceptance about it that this is the way things are. “This is not all a negative story,” Pocock says. “Lots of people are managing fine.”
M) Architect Helena Barriga works 32.5 hours a week, has two daughters aged five and eight, and does much of the unpaid work at home such as taking the girls to gymnastics or swimming. Her schedule allows her to pursue a career she enjoys. “I wouldn’t want to reduce my hours,” she says. “I think it works for the girls and works for me.” Another architect and mother of two, Kirsten Grant, says the balance to manage work and family is part of a life she wants and a career she loves. “Work is important to me so I’m prepared to pay for it. If you do a list of pros and cons, there’d be a significant number of negatives, but I’d say the positives outweigh the negatives.”
【1】Though under greater pressure than ever before, many workers can not only accept it but also manage it well.
【2】It is found that new technologies make many workers, especially part-time working women, do a lot of unpaid work.
【3】Mobile technologies have completely changed many Australians’ way of working, making their working time and place more flexible.
【4】Mobile devices make working mothers have more time to be with their kids, but they are unable to pay all their attention to the kids with the devices kept on all the time.
【5】It is reported that at least one fourth of Australian workers are seriously influenced by work-life interference.
【6】More and more people think that work interferes with their time with friends and their activities outside work.
【7】We pay far more attention to the flexibility and convenience brought by mobile technologies than the costs we have to pay.
【8】In the workplaces where standard working arrangements prevail, it is difficult for workers to ask for flexibility.
【9】Over the past five years, the rate of full-time women workers who are dissatisfied with their work-life balance has been on the rise.
【10】Although parents with preschool children were given the right to request for work flexibility, they are not realizing the existence of the right or unwilling to exercise it.

L H B F C K G J D I

8 How the American Government Measures Unemployment

A) When workers are unemployed, they, their families, and the country suffer losses. Workers and their families lose wages, and the country loses goods or services that could have been produced. In addition, the purchasing power of these workers is lost, which can lead other workers to unemployment.

B) Knowing about unemployment—the extent and nature of the problem—requires information. How many people are unemployed? How did they become unemployed? How long have they been unemployed? Are their numbers growing or declining? Are they men or women? Are they young or old? Are they white or black or of Hispanic ethnicity? Are they skilled or unskilled? Are they the sole support of their families, or do other family members have jobs? Are they more concentrated in one area of the country than another? After these statistics are obtained, they have to be interpreted properly so they can be used—together with other economic data—by policy-makers in making decisions as to what measures should be taken to influence the future course of the economy or to aid those affected by joblessness.

C) Some people think that to get these figures on unemployment, the government uses the number of persons filing claims for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits under the state or federal government programs. But some people are still jobless when their benefits run out, and many more are not eligible for or never apply for the benefits. So, quite clearly, UI information cannot be used as a source for complete information on the number of the unemployed. Other people think that the government counts every unemployed person each month. To do this, every home in the country would have to be contacted—just as in the population census conducted every 10 years. This procedure would take too much time and money. Besides, people would soon grow tired of having a census taker come to their homes every month, year after year, to ask about job-related activities.

D) Because unemployment insurance records relate only to persons who have applied for such benefits, and it is impractical to actually count every unemployed person each month, the government conducts a monthly sample survey called the Current Population Survey (CPS) to measure the extent of unemployment in the country. The CPS has been conducted in the United States every month since 1940, when it began as a Work Projects Administration project. It has been expanded and modified several times since then.

E) There are about 60,000 households in the sample for this survey. This translates into approximately 110,000 individuals, a large sample compared to public opinion surveys which usually cover fewer than 2,000 people. The CPS sample is selected so as to be representative of the entire population of the United States. In order to select the sample, all of the counties and county-equivalent cities in the country first are grouped into 2,025 geographic areas (sampling units). The Census Bureau then designs and selects a sample consisting of 824 of these geographic areas to represent each state and the District of Columbia. The sample is a state-based design and reflects urban and rural areas, different types of industrial and farming areas, and the major geographic divisions of each state.

F) Every month, one-fourth of the households in the sample are changed, so that no household is interviewed more than 4 consecutive months. This practice avoids placing too heavy a burden on the households selected for the sample. After a household is interviewed for 4 consecutive months, it leaves the sample for 8 months, and then is again interviewed for the same 4 calendar months a year later, before leaving the sample for good. This procedure results in approximately 75 percent of the sample remaining the same from month to month and 50 percent from year to year.

G) Each month, 2,200 highly trained and experienced Census Bureau employees interview persons in the 60,000 sample households for information on the labor force activities (job holding and job seeking) or non-labor force status of the members of these households during the survey reference week (usually the week that includes the 12th of the month). At the time of the first enumeration of a household, the interviewer prepares a roster (登记簿) of the household members, including their personal characteristics (date of birth, sex, race, Hispanic ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment, veteran status, and so on) and their relationships to the person maintaining the household. This information, relating to all household members 15 years of age and over, is entered by the interviewer into the computer; at the end of each day’s interviewing, the data collected are transmitted to the Census Bureau’s central computer in Washington, D.C.

H) In addition, a portion of the sample is interviewed by phone through three central data collection facilities. (Prior to 1994, the interviews were conducted using a paper questionnaire that had to be mailed out by the interviewers each month.)

I) All interviews must follow the same procedures to obtain comparable results. Because of the crucial role that the interviewers play in the household survey, a great amount of time and effort is spent maintaining the quality of their work. The interviewers are given intensive training, including classroom lectures, discussion, practice, observation, home-study materials, and on-the-job training. At least once a year, they attend day-long training and review sessions. Also, at least once a year, they are accompanied by a supervisor during a full day of interviewing to determine how well they carry out their assignments. 【题目】The interviewers also conduct telephone interviews with some households to collect information.
【题目】It is impossible to record every unemployed person each month, so that the government employs a monthly sample survey to deal with the problem
【题目】The number of the unemployed can’t be solely calculated based on the unemployment insurance information.

【题目】A household in the sample won’t be interviewed for more than four months continually.
【题目】The unemployment of some workers would give rise to new unemployment for other workers.
【题目】Statistics on the unemployed need to be collected for policy-makers to make decisions.
【题目】The CPS sample is designed on the basis of each state to reflect the different areas and major geographic divisions of the state.
【题目】The interviewers must be trained and devote a lot of time and effort to ensuring the quality of their work.
【题目】If the information of every unemployed person is counted monthly, a great deal of time and money will be needed.
【题目】The interviewer prepares a list of detailed information about the household members when interviewing the household for the first time

H D C F A B E I C G

9Fashion Victims

A) Many people like to follow fashion. But what is fashion? The Macmillan English Dictionary defines it as follows:

1. the activity or business that involves styles of clothes and people’s appearance
2. the fact that something such as a style of a dress or an activity is popular at a particular time
   Notice that in the first meaning we hear of the business of fashion, whereas the second meaning talks about what is popular. These two meanings are related, of course. It is the fashion-business world that drives fashion, not the people who copy what other people wear, or decide that something looks nice or is comfortable. The fashion houses—those famous brand names such as Dior, Gucci, Versace and so on, are big businesses that have enormous power through their use of the media.

B) Picking up a fashion magazine from a newsstand—there are many styles to choose, mostly for women and a few for men. In the magazine you will find page after page of young and beautiful models wearing outrageous clothes. These magazines will tell you what is “in” and what is “out”; what is “hot” and what is not. These terms for what are trendy and what are not could change what people choose to wear almost overnight. If a famous fashion magazine says women should wear short skirts and high heels, then it can be sure many young women will go to buy these things, and stop wearing the long trousers and flat shoes that they had happily worn last month. Many other young women will then follow the lead of these first women and soon most of women that you see on the street are wearing high heels and short skirts. In this way a new fashion is born.

C) The young women who buy the magazines and then buy the clothes, as well as many other women who copy them, are all fashion victims. They wear whatever they are told is fashionable even if it doesn’t suit them. By changing their clothes every season, these fashion victims not only spend a big fortune on clothes but also acquire a fashion-victim mentality. They consider their last year’s clothes to be out of fashion or even “old-fashioned” and would not want to be seen deadly wearing them. How many beautiful, barely worn clothes must rest undisturbed in a fashion victim’s closet?

D) But why do fashion victims do what they do? Why do they copy famous actresses and models, artists and sports stars? Is it just because they want others to say, “You’re looking good today”? There is a real psychological need behind the outward show of fashion. It seems that the people who dress fashionably want to be recognized by others as fashionable people and beautiful people. They want to draw attention to themselves by the clothes they wear. They are making a statement that, “I am an important and worthwhile person—look how trendy I am!”

E) But surely by dressing the latest styles and forever changing their images to suit this year’s models, these fashion victims, however, are actually making an altogether reverse statement: “Look at me. I have no confidence in my taste. I have no sense of my own individuality. I want to follow fashion so that other people will not look down on me. I don’t want to be different from anyone else.” So being fashionable and wearing the latest trends with seeming confidence and even a sense of daring may well hide a sense of unease about oneself. Here the fashionable clothes are literally covering up a person’s sense of insecurity.

F) Is it no surprise, then, that most fashion victims are young? These are the very people most vulnerable to a sense of inferiority and who feel the need to have their egos boosted by others telling them they look “cool”. It is the youth in every country that follow the fashions most closely and who spend the most money achieving just the right look. The middle-aged and elderly generations are no longer such slaves to fashion. They have established their own styles and they no longer care so much what other people think of their appearance (although they probably still care what others think of them). So the fashion business continues to tell the young what to wear tomorrow and continues to make money out of the people who feel the need to look “in”. These people are the willing victims of a multi-billion dollar business which employs hundreds of thousands of workers around the world.

G) It is these garment makers who are the other fashion victims. In tiny sweatshops in South Asia, on Pacific islands and in South American countries, workers spin cotton and sew shirts for a few dollars a day. The conditions are often appalling—with poor lighting, poor equipment and few rest breaks. A worker in a sports shoe factory may work up to 12 hours a day and produce 200 shoes and get paid less for the day’s work than the price of a single pair of Michael Jordan Air shoes in an American shopping mall.

H) The fashion houses claim they are paying fair wages for the workers’ labor and providing jobs in poor countries but they are really protecting their huge profits. The fashion houses know the price of fashion change and so every year they must come up with new goods to sell. No one will buy last year’s coats, so they have to control their stocks carefully. To protect themselves against the very change in taste that they help to promote, they have to seek out ever cheaper places of production.

I) The companies that create the clothes, the workers that the fashion business employs, the people that buy the clothes and the media that publicize the new fashion are all involved in a vicious circle. In the end, perhaps, we are all victims of fashion.
【题目1】For the fashion victims, there might be a psychological need to draw others’ attention to themselves by catching up with fashion.
【题目2】The fashion producers usually make huge profits by coming up with the latest fashions, controlling their stocks and choosing cheaper producing places.
【题目3】Young women are more likely to become fashion victims mentally and spend more money on clothes.
【题目4】Fashion is defined as a big business, not just a trend that is being followed.
【题目5】In fact, every one of us may be part of the vicious circle of fashion.
【题目6】The fashion magazines could have a strong influence upon the way people wear.
【题目7】Comparatively speaking, the youth tend to be the majority targeted by the fashion business.
【题目8】The workers, who may work longer with less payment in the fashion business, are also fashion victims.
【题目9】Those people who keep fashionable may be masking their lack of confidence and sense of insecurity.
【题目10】 Young people usually have a strong desire to increase their sense of confidence by pursuing the fashions.

D H C A I B F G E F

10 English as a Second Language or as a Foreign Language
A) In 2004 a report by the Michel Thomas Language Centre in the United Kingdom suggested that speaking a second language could increase an average worker’s salary by ￡3,000 a year, or ￡145,000 in a lifetime. Further results showed that nine out of ten British companies thought their business could benefit from better language skills. Studies show that a person that is bilingual or multilingual can make a greater salary than a computer programmer or engineer because he or she can use his or her language competence to obtain success in a wide range of career paths. Also due to the increase of international population, a multilingual person can easily communicate with perspective viewers.
B) There are not any major differences in different definitions that different writers have provided about “foreign language” and “second language”, although not many of them differentiate these two terms. The distinction between the name TESL (Teaching of English as a Second Language) and TEFL (Teaching of English as a Foreign Language) shows some attention of different researchers paid to the concepts of “foreign language” and “second language”.
C) Richards and Schmidt provide this information about a second language: In a broad sense, any language learnt after one has learnt one’s native language is called a second language. However, when contrasted with a foreign language, the term refers more narrowly to a language that plays a major role in a particular country or region though it may not be the first language of many people who use it. For example, the learning of English by immigrants in the US and the learning of Catalan by speakers of Spanish in Catalonia (an autonomous region of Spain) are cases of second (not foreign) language learning, because those languages are necessary for survival in those societies. English is also a second language for many people in countries like Nigeria, India, Singapore and the Philippines, because English fulfills many important functions in those countries (including the business of education and government) and learning English is necessary to be successful within that context. (Some people in these countries may acquire English as a first language, if it is the main language used at home).
D) They also define a “foreign language” as a language which is not the native language of large numbers of people in a particular country or region, not used as a medium of instruction in schools and not widely used as a medium of communication in government, media, etc. They note that foreign languages are typically taught as school subjects for the purpose of communicating with foreigners or reading printed materials in foreign languages.
E) Crystal notes that “first language” is distinguishable from “second language” (a language other than one’s mother tongue used for a special purpose, e.g. for education), which in turn is distinguishable from “foreign language” (where no such special status is implied). He also notes that the distinction between the latter two is not universally recognized (especially not in the USA).
F) Stern believes that it is today’s consensus that a necessary distinction is to be made between a non-native language learnt and used within one country to which the term “second language” has been applied, and a non-native language learnt and used with reference to a speech community outside national or territorial boundaries to which the term “foreign language” is commonly given. He argues that while the distinction between “second” and “foreign” has a certain justification, it is perhaps less important than it has sometimes been made out to be and it may be misleading. He notes that the distinction became popular after World War II in international organizations, such as UNESCO, in order to meet nationalist susceptibilities (感情) in discussions on language questions.
G) So, the distinction between “second language” and “foreign language” is a geographical and environmental distinction. We can mention “second language situation” and “foreign language situation” as two situations of learning, not two kinds of languages.
H) So a foreign language is not always a foreign language and a second language is not always a second language. Since the distinction is geographical, the two situations (learning a second language and learning a foreign language) can be considered as a continuum. At one extreme, we may find learners learning, without external help and direction, purely from exposure to the non-native language through living in the target language environment (second language learning) and at the other we find learners learning the non-native language exclusively in language teaching settings and classrooms (foreign language learning).
I) A second language usually has an official status or a recognized function within a country which a foreign language does not have and furthermore these two different situations frequently have important consequences to which attention has been drawn in some books. For example, Persian is a second language for Kurdish people, but not vice versa, because there is no Kurdish environment for Persian speakers who are learning Kurdish. On the other hand, English is a foreign language for both groups, because there is no contact between Kurdish or Persian people and English people. However, if an Iranian person goes to the USA, then English becomes a second language for him or her. Thus British immigrants to Iran learn Persian as a second language and Persian speakers study English in Britain as a second language. In Kermanshah or Kurdistan, we can speak of learning Kurdish by Persian speakers as a second rather than foreign language.

1. In the USA, the distinction between a foreign language and a second language is widely overlooked.
2. Ninety percent of companies in Great Britain agree that workers with better language skills can bring about more benefits.
3. Persian is a second language for a British person in Iran, and vice versa.
4. There are no significant differences between a foreign language and a second language considering their definitions.
5. A second language is learnt in the target language environment while a foreign language is learnt in language teaching settings.
6. A second language often has a formal status and an accepted function in a country, but a foreign language doesn’t have.
7. A second language and a foreign language are distinguished geographically and environmentally.
8. People in Singapore may learn English as a second language since it is one of the official languages in the country.
9. A scholar believes that the difference between a second language and a foreign language is sometimes overemphasized.
10. A foreign language is not spoken as the native language by a large majority of people within a country or region.

E A I B H I G C F D