我以为,能与你到老:最美抒情诗人

叶芝,我最喜欢的外国诗人。

When You Are Old
当你老了
When you are old and grey and full of sleep,
当你老了,头发灰白,睡意沉沉,
And nodding by the fire, take down this book,
倦坐在炉边,取下这本书来,
And slowly read, and dream of the soft look
慢慢读着,追梦当年的眼神
Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;
那柔美的神采与深幽的晕影;
How many loved your moments of glad grace,
多少人爱过你青春的片影,
And loved your beauty with love false or true,
爱慕你的美貌,以虚伪或是真情,
But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,
唯独一人爱你那朝圣者的心,
And loved the sorrows of your changing face;
爱你哀戚的脸上岁月的留痕。
And bending down beside the glowing bars,
在炉栅边,你弯下了腰,
Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled
低语着,带着浅浅的伤感
And paced upon the mountains overhead
爱情是怎样逝去,又怎样步上群山,
And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.
怎样在繁星之间藏住了脸。

第一次读叶芝,还是这首脍炙人口的爱情诗。
而诗人写这首诗时,他所爱恋的对象正值青春年少,有着靓丽的容颜和迷人的风韵。

诗人偏要穿越悠远的时光隧道,想到红颜少女的垂暮之年,想象她白发苍苍、身躯佝偻的样子。
对一位正享受青春之果的少女宣讲她的暮年,这太残酷了,就像对一个刚出世的儿童说他一定要死一样,但这却是不可抗拒的自然规律。诗人这样写并非只是要向她说出这个“真理”,而是要通过这种方式向她表达自己的爱
本诗与其说是诗人在想象中讲述少女的暮年,不如说是诗人在向少女、向滔滔流逝的岁月剖白自己天地可鉴的真情

若把话说在前面,这首诗我是完全喜欢不起来的。
是的,我们还不够年龄,不够成熟,我们叹服却难以共情。读起来颇有种《锦瑟》般的追忆与伤感
我们有时会崇尚真情,却难以真正理解。
直到后来,无意间得到一本《叶芝诗选》,我认识到这样一位诗人:

他在爱而不得中诉说着、践行着真情,
并顺手,将19世纪英文世界最美、最梦幻的诗句创造了出来。


叶芝

The Rose of the World
尘世玫瑰
Who dreamed that beauty passes like a dream?
谁梦见美如梦而逝?
For these red lips, with all their mournful pride,
这些红艳的唇,满含哀叹的骄傲,
Mournful that no new wonder may betide,
哀叹再无可期待的奇迹——
Troy passed away in one high funeral gleam,
特洛伊在冲天葬火中焚毁,
And Usna's children died.
尤斯纳之子尽数死去。
We and the labouring world are passing by:
我们与这辛劳的世界一起
Amid men's souls, that waver and give place
在人类的灵魂间掠过,那些灵魂
Like the pale waters in their wintry race,
如冬日里苍冷的河川奔腾,
Under the passing stars, foam of the sky,
在泡沫般流逝的星空底下
Lives on this lonely face.
这孤独的面容永生。
Bow down, archangels, in your dim abode:
鞠躬吧,众天使,从你们晦暗的住所:
Before you were, or any hearts to beat,
在你们受造之前,或任何心脏跳动之前,
Weary and kind one lingered by His seat;
那疲倦而善良的人徘徊在神座下;
He made the world to be a grassy road
神造这世界成一条青草大道
Before her wandering feet.
在她浪游的双脚前边。

韵脚解读:英文诗不同于中文古诗,主要以ABAB式、ABBA式(如前四句的dream、pride、betide、gleam)等的交替押韵

也许多人更喜欢轻柔淡写的文字而非华丽地堆砌辞藻,但叶芝,却在极致的浪漫主义中用诗词砌出了一个个梦境。
是的,叶芝的诗,绝不仅仅是像《当你老了》这样缠绵地吐露着深沉的真情。

我想,在这里,只为大家带来叶芝众多”主义“与元素中,最打动我的二者:唯美与永恒。
正如上诗《尘世玫瑰》,叶芝通过赋予玫瑰以永恒,并无刻意地塑造意境,却流于诗句将爱与唯美洋溢得淋漓尽致。
同时,他也会借助各种意象、诗句重复、对称:

The Lover Tells of the Rose in His Heart
恋人诉说他心中的玫瑰

All things uncomely and broken, all things worn out and old, 破损的、残缺的、衰败的万物,
The cry of a child by the roadway, the creak of a lumbering cart,
路边,婴儿的啼哭,马车的尖响,
The heavy steps of the ploughman, splashing the wintry mould,
农人的沉重的步子,苍冷的田野,
Are wronging your image that blossoms a rose in the deeps of my heart.
都在消损着你的影像:一枝玫瑰在我心头开放。
The wrong of unshapely things is a wrong too great to be told;
那丑陋的万物,沉重,难于言表,
I hunger to build them anew and sit on a green knoll apart, With the earth and the sky and the water, re-made, like a casket of gold
我渴望重塑世界,然后歇在青草地上,看新生的世界如一只金匣,
For my dreams of your image that blossoms a rose in the deeps of my heart.
因我梦中的你的影像:一枝玫瑰在我心头开放。

韵脚解读:前四句ABAB与后四句BAAB 中间的B共用

叶芝对于她的终身恋人茅德·冈一见钟情,而且一往情深,叶芝这样描写过他第一次见到茅德·冈的情形:“她伫立窗畔,身旁盛开着一大团苹果花;她光彩夺目,仿佛自身就是洒满了阳光的花瓣。”叶芝深深的爱恋着她。

下面这首诗多赋予了一种轮回与永恒的味道

Ephemera
蜉蝣

‘Your eyes that once were never weary of mine
“你那从未厌倦过我的眼睛
Are bowed in sorrow under pendulous lids,
忧伤地藏进低垂的眼睑了,
Because our love is waning.'
因为爱已褪色。”
And then she:
然后,她说:
‘Although our love is waning, let us stand
“尽管爱已褪色,就让我们
By the lone border of the lake once more,
再站在曾经的湖畔,
Together in that hour of gentleness
分享温柔的时光,
When the poor tired child, Passion, falls asleep:
当激情——那疲倦的孩子——入眠:
How far away the stars seem, and how far
星星看起来真远,远得
Is our first kiss, and ah, how old my heart!'
像我们的初吻。我的老去的心啊!”
Pensive they paced along the faded leaves,
在积满落叶的路上,他们沉默地走着,
While slowly he whose hand held hers replied:
他牵住她的手,慢慢作答:
‘Passion has often worn our wandering hearts.'
“激情常常消损了我们漂泊的心。”
The woods were round them, and the yellow leaves 走在林间,纷纷的黄叶
Fell like faint meteors in the gloom, and once
如流星暗然坠落,有次
A rabbit old and lame limped down the path;
一只老兔子瘸着腿跳过小径;
Autumn was over him:and now they stood
秋意笼在头顶,他们站住了,
On the lone border of the lake once more:
在曾经的湖畔:
Turning, he saw that she had thrust dead leaves
他转过身,见她无语间把落叶拾起,
Gathered in silence, dewy as her eyes,
放入怀中、发髻,
In bosom and hair.
落叶湿如她的眼睛。
‘Ah, do not mourn,'he said,
“别难过了,”他说,
‘That we are tired, for other loves await us;
“我们倦了,却还有别样的爱等着我们,
Hate on and love through unrepining hours.
去恨,去爱,没什么抱怨。
Before us lies eternity;our souls
我们向着永恒,我们的心
Are love, and a continual farewell.'
就是爱,是一场无尽的道别。”

“去恨,去爱,没什么抱怨。”
又有多少人能做到呢?
“求不得”——失意引发诗意从1889年遇到她的第一次起,茉德•冈昂就如影随形,不断出现在叶慈的梦里,心里,诗里;即便如今她已去世多年,却在叶慈的诗歌中永生。此后,叶慈又陆续向她求婚四次,一次一次地被惨拒。1917年,叶芝第五次,也是最后一次向茉德•冈昂求婚,失败。好友格雷戈里夫人鼓励他继续努力,而他只回答了一句话,“不,我已经累了,不想再折腾了。”这时,离他在苹果花下对茉德•冈昂一见钟情,已经过去28年了。这一年,叶慈已经52岁了。


He Gives His Beloved Certain Rhymes
他赠给恋人一些诗句

Fasten your hair with a golden pin,
用金发卡束紧你的头发,
And bind up every wandering tress;
束紧每一缕松散的发卷;
I bade my heart build these poor rhymes:
我命我心写这些稚嫩的诗行,
It worked at them, day out, day in,
昼夜不息,
Building a sorrowful loveliness
从悠远的战歌里面
Out of the battles of old times.
谱一曲忧郁的爱情。
You need but lift a pearl-pale hand,
而你,只需抬起手来,
And bind up your long hair and sigh;
拢起长发,一声轻叹,
And all men's hearts must burn and beat;
便可让所有人疯狂、痴迷;
And candle-like foam on the dim sand,
沙滩上烛火般的浪花,以及
And stars climbing the dew-dropping sky,
星辰如恒河沙数,都只为了
Live but to light your passing feet.
照亮你经过的脚步。

He Tells of the Perfect Beauty
倾国

O cloud-pale eyelids, dream-dimmed eyes,
那云样的眼睑,梦样的瞳子啊!
The poets labouring all their days
诗人们日夜的辛勤
To build a perfect beauty in rhyme
用诗韵造就的倾国之美
Are overthrown by a woman's gaze
却被一个女人的眼神轻易击溃,
And by the unlabouring brood of the skies:
被天穹里悠然的群星轻易击溃。
And therefore my heart will bow, when dew
于是,当露水打湿睡意,
Is dropping sleep, until God burn time,
我的心就会倾倒,直到上帝燃尽时间
Before the unlabouring stars and you.
在群星与你的面前。

娓娓读来,诗人似乎宁愿愿意失去这世界,而仅仅是沉醉在纯粹的美中。
纯粹,这亦是我所推崇的,抛去”接受美学“,不去过多理解诗人或背景,而从纯粹的诗句中获得纯粹的美感。

你是否能想象,所有的诗,都为了一个求而不得的女人所写,以至于人们感谢这位名为茅德·冈的女子的拒绝,让诺贝尔文学奖上再添了一位伟大的诗人。
他的艺术代表着英语诗从传统到现代过渡的缩影。叶芝早年的创作具有浪漫主义的华丽风格,善于营造梦幻般的氛围。后期转向了神秘主义与自我想象的象征主义。
本文重点仍在欣赏前者。
不妨看一眼除了”唯美“以外的主题。

The Wild Swans at Coole
柯尔的野天鹅

The trees are in their autumn beauty,
树林已着上美丽的秋色,
The woodland paths are dry,
林间道路也不再阴湿,
Under the October twilight the water
在十月的黄昏的光影下,
Mirror a still sky;
水面有天空的镜像;
Upon the brimming water among the stones
而在乱石间的溪流里
Are nine-and-fifty swans.
是九十五只天鹅。
The nineteenth autumn has come upon me
从我最初的屈指,
Since I first made my count;
现在已是第十九个秋天,
I saw, before I had well finished,
天鹅乍然飞起,
All suddenly mount
飞起,在天空盘旋,
And scatter wheeling in great broken rings
嘈杂的翅膀拍动的声音。
Upon their clamorous wings.
我曾欣赏过这些美丽的生灵,
I have looked upon those brilliant creatures,
而现在我却倦了。
And now my heart is sore.
从我初次在这湖边的暮色里
All's changed since I, hearing at twilight,
蹑足倾听
The first time on this shore,
那翅膀的和声,
The bell-beat of their wings above my head,
一切都已变了。
Trod with a lighter tread.
它们却还未倦,成双
Unwearied still, lover by lover,
在泠泠的溪涧里
They paddle in the cold
划行,或者飞升;
Companionable streams or climb the air;
还是年轻的心啊,无论
Their hearts have not grown old;
漫游到了哪里,
Passion or conquest, wander where they will,
仍有征服,仍有激情。
Attend upon them still.
现在,它们浮在平静的水面,
But now they drift on the still water,
神秘、优雅;
Mysterious, beautiful;
在怎样的水草间它们栖息?
Among what rushes will they build,
在怎样的湖边它们营筑?
By what lake's edge or pool
又怎样陶醉了我的眼睛,
Delight men's eyes when I awake some day
在我哪天醒来
To find they have flown away?
目送它们飞远的时候?

——我最喜欢的诗之一
天鹅是叶芝的诗中经常出现的意象,通常,叶芝以天鹅象征人类的灵魂层面。
即使灵魂失去了某些激情之时,少些刻意地追寻美,而是去发现美。
试着如同天鹅般变得平静、优雅,也许,我们仍能收获远飞。

纵然是举案齐眉,到底意难平“——而他一生爱慕的那个人,到死也未求得。

他淡淡写下墓志铭:
cast a cold eye , on life , on death , horseman , pass by .
冷眼一瞥,生与死,骑者且前行。


叶芝墓

就这样,遗憾永远留在那个美丽而战乱的时代,一个传统而追逐美丽的诗歌时代。
而,诗以美本身必将永恒。

作者:深圳大学2020届计算机系林沛杰
引用:
知乎文章:https://www.zhihu.com/question/28253987/answer/5122777
作者:凌夏的爱尔兰
本文所有诗篇译者:李立玮
推荐诗集:《我以为能与你到老:最美抒情诗人叶芝典藏诗咏》
除本文外推荐诗篇:《The Stolen Child》

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