Android 一、Handler 相关知识

一、Handler 相关知识
1、Handler Looper Message 关系是什么?
分析Handler
首先我们来分析分析一下Handler的用法,我们知道,要创建一个Handler对象非常的简单明了,直接进行new一个对象即可,但是你有没有想过,这里会隐藏着什么注意点呢。现在可以试着写一下下面的一小段代码,然后自己运行看看:

public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity {

private Handler mHandler0;

private Handler mHandler1;

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

    mHandler0 = new Handler();
    new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            mHandler1 = new Handler();
        }
    }).start();
}

这一小段程序代码主要创建了两个Handler对象,其中,一个在主线程中创建,而另外一个则在子线程中创建,现在运行一下程序,则你会发现,在子线程创建的Handler对象竟然会导致程序直接崩溃,提示的错误竟然是Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()
于是我们按照logcat中所说,在子线程中加入Looper.prepare(),即代码如下:

new Thread(new Runnable(){
@override
public void run(){
Looper.prepare();
mHandler1 = new Handler()l
}}).start();
再次运行一下程序,发现程序不会再崩溃了,可是,单单只加这句Looper.prepare()是否就能解决问题了。我们探讨问题,就要知其然,才能了解得更多。我们还是先分析一下源码吧,看看为什么在子线程中没有加Looper.prepare()就会出现崩溃,而主线程中为什么不用加这句代码?我们看下Handler()构造函数:

public Handler() {
this(null, false);}
构造函数直接调用this(null, false),于是接着看其调用的函数,
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}

    mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
    if (mLooper == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
    }
    mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
    mCallback = callback;
    mAsynchronous = async;
}

不难看出,源码中调用了mLooper = Looper.myLooper()方法获取一个Looper对象,若此时Looper对象为null,则会直接抛出一个“Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()”异常,那什么时候造成mLooper是为空呢?那就接着分析Looper.myLooper(),
public static Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
这个方法在sThreadLocal变量中直接取出Looper对象,若sThreadLocal变量中存在Looper对象,则直接返回,若不存在,则直接返回null,而sThreadLocal变量是什么呢?
static final ThreadLocat sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal();
它是本地线程变量,存放在Looper对象,由这也可看出,每个线程只有存有一个Looper对象,可是,是在哪里给sThreadLocal设置Looper的呢,通过前面的试验,我们不难猜到,应该是在Looper.prepare()方法中,现在来看看它的源码:
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));}
由此看到,我们的判断是正确的,在Looper.prepare()方法中给sThreadLocal变量设置Looper对象,这样也就理解了为什么要先调用Looper.prepare()方法,才能创建Handler对象,才不会导致崩溃。但是,仔细想想,为什么主线程就不用调用呢?不要急,我们接着分析一下主线程,我们查看一下ActivityThread中的main()方法,代码如下:
public static void main(String[] args) {
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

// CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
// disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
// StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

Environment.initForCurrentUser();

// Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());

Security.addProvider(new AndroidKeyStoreProvider());

// Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);

Process.setArgV0("");

Looper.prepareMainLooper();

ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);

if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
    sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}

if (false) {
    Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
            LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}

Looper.loop();

throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");}

代码中调用了Looper.prepareMainLooper()方法,而这个方法又会继续调用了Looper.prepare()方法,代码如下:
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}}
分析到这里已经真相大白,主线程中google工程师已经自动帮我们创建了一个Looper对象了,因而我们不再需要手动再调用Looper.prepare()再创建,而子线程中,因为没有自动帮我们创建Looper对象,因此需要我们手动添加,调用方法是Looper.prepare(),这样,我们才能正确地创建Handler对象。
发送消息
当我们正确的创建Handler对象后,接下来我们来了解一下怎么发送消息,有一点基础的朋友肯定对这个方法已经了如指掌了。具体是先创建出一个Message对象,然后可以利用一些方法,如setData()或者使用arg参数等方式来存放数据于消息中,再借助Handler对象将消息发送出去就可以了。
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Message msg = Message.obtain();
msg.arg1 = 1;
msg.arg2 = 2;
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putChar("key", 'v');
bundle.putString("key","value");
msg.setData(bundle);
mHandler0.sendMessage(msg);
}
}).start();
通过Message对象进行传递消息,在消息中添加各种数据,之后再消息通过mHandler0进行传递,之后我们再利用Handler中的handleMessage()方法将此时传递的Message进行捕获出来,再分析得到存储在msg中的数据。但是,这个流程到底是怎么样的呢?具体我们还是来分析一下源码。首先分析一下发送方法sendMessage():
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg){
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);}
通过调用sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0)方法
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis){
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);}
再能过调用sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis),方法中第一个参数是指发送的消息msg,第二个参数是指延迟多少毫秒发送,我们着重看一下此方法:
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);}

由这里可以分析得出,原来消息Message对象是建立一个消息队列MessageQueue,这个对象MessageQueue由mQueue赋值,而由源码分析得出mQueue = mLooper.mQueue,而mLooper则是Looper对象,我们由上面已经知道,每个线程只有一个Looper,因此,一个Looper也就对应了一个MessageQueue对象,之后调用enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis)直接入队操作:
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);}
方法通过调用MessageQueue对enqueueMessage(Message msg, long uptimeMills)方法:
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}

synchronized (this) {
    if (mQuitting) {
        IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
        Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
        msg.recycle();
        return false;
    }

    msg.markInUse();
    msg.when = when;
    Message p = mMessages;
    boolean needWake;
    if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
        // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
        msg.next = p;
        mMessages = msg;
        needWake = mBlocked;
    } else {
        // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
        // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
        // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
        needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
        Message prev;
        for (;;) {
            prev = p;
            p = p.next;
            if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                break;
            }
            if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                needWake = false;
            }
        }
        msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
        prev.next = msg;
    }

    // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
    if (needWake) {
        nativeWake(mPtr);
    }
}
return true;}

首先要知道,源码中用mMessages代表当前等待处理的消息,MessageQueue也没有使用一个集合保存所有的消息。观察中间的代码部分,队列中根据时间when来时间排序,这个时间也就是我们传进来延迟的时间uptimeMills参数,之后再根据时间的顺序调用msg.next,从而指定下一个将要处理的消息是什么。如果只是通过sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue()方法来发送消息
public final boolean sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(Message msg) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, 0);}
它也是直接调用enqueueMessage()进行入队,但没有延迟时间,此时会将传递的此消息直接添加到队头处,现在入队操作已经了解得差不多了,接下来应该来了解一下出队操作,那么出队在哪里进行的呢,不要忘记MessageQueue对象是在Looper中赋值,因此我们可以在Looper类中找,来看一看Looper.loop()方法:
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

for (;;) {
    Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
    if (msg == null) {
        // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
        return;
    }

    // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
    Printer logging = me.mLogging;
    if (logging != null) {
        logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
    }

    msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

    if (logging != null) {
        logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
    }

    // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
    // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
    final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    if (ident != newIdent) {
        Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
    }

    msg.recycleUnchecked();
}}

代码比较多,我们只挑重要的分析一下,我们可以看到下面的代码用for(;;)进入了一个死循环,之后不断的从MessageQueue对象queue中取出消息msg,而我们不难知道,此时的next()就是进行队列的出队方法,next()方法代码有点长,有兴趣的话可以自行翻阅查看,主要逻辑是判断当前的MessageQueue是否存在待处理的mMessages消息,如果有,则将这个消息出队,然后让下一个消息成为mMessages,否则就进入一个阻塞状态,一直等到有新的消息入队唤醒。回看loop()方法,可以发现当执行next()方法后会执行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)方法,而不难看出,此时msg.target就是Handler对象,继续看一下dispatchMessage()方法:
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}}
先进行判断mCallback是否为空,若不为空则调用mCallback的handleMessage()方法,否则直接调用handleMessage()方法,并将消息作为参数传出去。这样我们就完全一目了然,为什么我们要使用handleMessage()来捕获我们之前传递过去的信息。
现在我们根据上面的理解,不难写出异步消息处理机制的线程了。
class myThread extends Thread{
public Handler myHandler;

@Override
public void run() {
    Looper.prepare();
    myHandler = new Handler(){
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            super.handleMessage(msg);
            //处理消息
        }
    };
   Looper.loop();
}}

当然除了发送消息外,还有以下几个方法可以在子线程中进行UI操作:
View的post()方法
Handler的post()方法
Activity的runOnUiThread()方法
其实这几个方法的本质都是一样的,只要我们勤于查看这几个方法的源码,不难看出最后调用的也是Handler机制,也是借用了异步消息处理机制来实现的。
总结
通过上面对异步消息处理线程的讲解,我们不难真正地理解到了Handler、Looper以及Message之间的关系,概括性来说,Looper负责的是创建一个MessageQueue对象,然后进入到一个无限循环体中不断取出消息,而这些消息都是由一个或者多个Handler进行创建处理。

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