卷积神经网络经典backbone

特征提取是数据分析和机器学习中的基本概念，是将原始数据转换为更适合分析或建模的格式过程中的关键步骤。特征，也称为变量或属性，是我们用来进行预测、对对象进行分类或从数据中获取见解的数据点的特定特征或属性。

1.AlexNet

paper：https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3065386

作者： Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton

显然该网络是按照作者名字命名的,但是现在这个bacbone比较老了，性能欠佳

框架：

整体结构主要由五个卷积层、三个全连接层构成，中间穿插着最大池化、ReLU、Dropout

使用ReLu非线性激活函数

code_Pytorch

class AlexNet(nn.Module):
    """
    Neural network model consisting of layers propsed by AlexNet paper.
    """
    def __init__(self, num_classes=1000):
        """
        Define and allocate layers for this neural net.

        Args:
            num_classes (int): number of classes to predict with this model
        """
        super().__init__()
        # input size should be : (b x 3 x 227 x 227)
        # The image in the original paper states that width and height are 224 pixels, but
        # the dimensions after first convolution layer do not lead to 55 x 55.
        self.net = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=96, kernel_size=11, stride=4),  # (b x 96 x 55 x 55)
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.LocalResponseNorm(size=5, alpha=0.0001, beta=0.75, k=2),  # section 3.3
            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),  # (b x 96 x 27 x 27)
            nn.Conv2d(96, 256, 5, padding=2),  # (b x 256 x 27 x 27)
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.LocalResponseNorm(size=5, alpha=0.0001, beta=0.75, k=2),
            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),  # (b x 256 x 13 x 13)
            nn.Conv2d(256, 384, 3, padding=1),  # (b x 384 x 13 x 13)
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Conv2d(384, 384, 3, padding=1),  # (b x 384 x 13 x 13)
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Conv2d(384, 256, 3, padding=1),  # (b x 256 x 13 x 13)
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),  # (b x 256 x 6 x 6)
        )
        # classifier is just a name for linear layers
        self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(in_features=(256 * 6 * 6), out_features=4096),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=True),
            nn.Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=4096),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=num_classes),
        )
        self.init_bias()  # initialize bias

    def init_bias(self):
        for layer in self.net:
            if isinstance(layer, nn.Conv2d):
                nn.init.normal_(layer.weight, mean=0, std=0.01)
                nn.init.constant_(layer.bias, 0)
        # original paper = 1 for Conv2d layers 2nd, 4th, and 5th conv layers
        nn.init.constant_(self.net[4].bias, 1)
        nn.init.constant_(self.net[10].bias, 1)
        nn.init.constant_(self.net[12].bias, 1)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Pass the input through the net.

        Args:
            x (Tensor): input tensor

        Returns:
            output (Tensor): output tensor
        """
        x = self.net(x)
        x = x.view(-1, 256 * 6 * 6)  # reduce the dimensions for linear layer input
        return self.classifier(x)

2.VGG

paper:https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556

作者：Karen Simonyan, Andrew Zisserman

超级超级经典的网络，从14年到现在还是广泛使用

框架：

相比AlexNet而言加深了网络的深度，VGG16（13层conv+3层FC）和VGG19（16层conv+3层FC）是指表中的D、E两个模型。

code_vgg_Pytorch

'''
Modified from https://github.com/pytorch/vision.git
'''
import math

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.init as init

__all__ = [
    'VGG', 'vgg11', 'vgg11_bn', 'vgg13', 'vgg13_bn', 'vgg16', 'vgg16_bn',
    'vgg19_bn', 'vgg19',
]


class VGG(nn.Module):
    '''
    VGG model 
    '''
    def __init__(self, features):
        super(VGG, self).__init__()
        self.features = features
        self.classifier = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Dropout(),
            nn.Linear(512, 512),
            nn.ReLU(True),
            nn.Dropout(),
            nn.Linear(512, 512),
            nn.ReLU(True),
            nn.Linear(512, 10),
        )
         # Initialize weights
        for m in self.modules():
            if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
                n = m.kernel_size[0] * m.kernel_size[1] * m.out_channels
                m.weight.data.normal_(0, math.sqrt(2. / n))
                m.bias.data.zero_()


    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.features(x)
        x = x.view(x.size(0), -1)
        x = self.classifier(x)
        return x


def make_layers(cfg, batch_norm=False):
    layers = []
    in_channels = 3
    for v in cfg:
        if v == 'M':
            layers += [nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2)]
        else:
            conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, v, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
            if batch_norm:
                layers += [conv2d, nn.BatchNorm2d(v), nn.ReLU(inplace=True)]
            else:
                layers += [conv2d, nn.ReLU(inplace=True)]
            in_channels = v
    return nn.Sequential(*layers)


cfg = {
    'A': [64, 'M', 128, 'M', 256, 256, 'M', 512, 512, 'M', 512, 512, 'M'],
    'B': [64, 64, 'M', 128, 128, 'M', 256, 256, 'M', 512, 512, 'M', 512, 512, 'M'],
    'D': [64, 64, 'M', 128, 128, 'M', 256, 256, 256, 'M', 512, 512, 512, 'M', 512, 512, 512, 'M'],
    'E': [64, 64, 'M', 128, 128, 'M', 256, 256, 256, 256, 'M', 512, 512, 512, 512, 'M', 
          512, 512, 512, 512, 'M'],
}


def vgg11():
    """VGG 11-layer model (configuration "A")"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['A']))


def vgg11_bn():
    """VGG 11-layer model (configuration "A") with batch normalization"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['A'], batch_norm=True))


def vgg13():
    """VGG 13-layer model (configuration "B")"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['B']))


def vgg13_bn():
    """VGG 13-layer model (configuration "B") with batch normalization"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['B'], batch_norm=True))


def vgg16():
    """VGG 16-layer model (configuration "D")"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['D']))


def vgg16_bn():
    """VGG 16-layer model (configuration "D") with batch normalization"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['D'], batch_norm=True))


def vgg19():
    """VGG 19-layer model (configuration "E")"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['E']))


def vgg19_bn():
    """VGG 19-layer model (configuration 'E') with batch normalization"""
    return VGG(make_layers(cfg['E'], batch_norm=True))

3.ResNet

paper:https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385

作者：Kaiming He、Xiangyu Zhang、Shaoqing Ren；Microsoft Research；

使用残差网络避免模型变深带来的梯度爆炸和梯度消失的问题，使得网络层数可以达到很深。

框架：

残差连接：

（1）完成恒等映射：浅层特征可以直接的传递到深层特征中。

（2）梯度回传：深层的梯度可以通过残差的结构直接传递到浅层的网络中。

基于上面的分析提出残差连接结构，构建了不同的网络，有18、34、50、101、152等。

code_ResNet_Pytorch

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torchvision.models.resnet
from torchvision.models.resnet import BasicBlock, Bottleneck


class ResNet(torchvision.models.resnet.ResNet):
    def __init__(self, block, layers, num_classes=1000, group_norm=False):
        if group_norm:
            norm_layer = lambda x: nn.GroupNorm(32, x)
        else:
            norm_layer = None
        super(ResNet, self).__init__(block, layers, num_classes, norm_layer=norm_layer)
        if not group_norm:
            self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=0, ceil_mode=True) # change
            for i in range(2, 5):
                getattr(self, 'layer%d'%i)[0].conv1.stride = (2,2)
                getattr(self, 'layer%d'%i)[0].conv2.stride = (1,1)


def resnet18(pretrained=False):
    """Constructs a ResNet-18 model.

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
    """
    model = ResNet(BasicBlock, [2, 2, 2, 2])
    if pretrained:
        model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet18']))
    return model


def resnet34(pretrained=False):
    """Constructs a ResNet-34 model.

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
    """
    model = ResNet(BasicBlock, [3, 4, 6, 3])
    if pretrained:
        model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet34']))
    return model


def resnet50(pretrained=False):
    """Constructs a ResNet-50 model.

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
    """
    model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3])
    if pretrained:
        model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet50']))
    return model

def resnet50_gn(pretrained=False):
    """Constructs a ResNet-50 model.

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
    """
    model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3], group_norm=True)
    if pretrained:
        model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet50']))
    return model


def resnet101(pretrained=False):
    """Constructs a ResNet-101 model.

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
    """
    model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3])
    if pretrained:
        model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet101']))
    return model

def resnet101_gn(pretrained=False):
    """Constructs a ResNet-101 model.

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
    """
    model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3], group_norm=True)
    return model


def resnet152(pretrained=False):
    """Constructs a ResNet-152 model.

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
    """
    model = ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 8, 36, 3])
    if pretrained:
        model.load_state_dict(model_zoo.load_url(model_urls['resnet152']))
    return model