电磁波在均匀、线性、各向同性的空间中沿着 z z z轴传播,可用分离变量法将时间轴、 z z z轴与 x , y x,y x,y轴分离,电磁波的形式可表示为:
E ⃗ = E ⃗ ( x , y ) e − γ z e j ω t H ⃗ = H ⃗ ( x , y ) e − γ z e j ω t \begin{align} \vec E&=\vec E(x,y) \textrm e^{-\gamma z} \textrm e^{j\omega t}\\ \vec H&=\vec H(x,y) \textrm e^{-\gamma z} \textrm e^{j\omega t}\\ \end{align} EH=E(x,y)e−γzejωt=H(x,y)e−γzejωt
对于这种波的求解,可以先求出电场、磁场在 z z z轴的分量,然后根据,然后再根据麦克斯韦方程组求出电磁场在 x , y x,y x,y, 由导行电磁波的数学表达式(1), (2)可知, ∂ ∂ z H x = − γ H x \frac{\partial}{\partial z}H_x=-\gamma H_x ∂z∂Hx=−γHx, ∂ ∂ z H y = − γ H y \frac{\partial}{\partial z}H_y=-\gamma H_y ∂z∂Hy=−γHy, ∂ ∂ z E x = − γ E x \frac{\partial}{\partial z}E_x=-\gamma E_x ∂z∂Ex=−γEx, ∂ ∂ z E y = − γ E y \frac{\partial}{\partial z}E_y=-\gamma E_y ∂z∂Ey=−γEy.
麦克斯韦方程组可表示如下:
∇ × H ⃗ = ∂ D ⃗ ∂ t + J ⃗ ∇ × E ⃗ = − ∂ B ⃗ ∂ t ∇ ⋅ D ⃗ = ρ ∇ ⋅ B ⃗ = 0 \begin{align} \nabla \times \vec H &= \frac{\partial \vec D}{\partial t}+\vec J\\ \nabla \times \vec E &= - \frac{\partial \vec B}{\partial t}\\ \nabla \cdotp \vec D &= \rho\\ \nabla \cdotp \vec B &= 0 \end{align} ∇×H∇×E∇⋅D∇⋅B=∂t∂D+J=−∂t∂B=ρ=0
如果已知 H z , E z H_z, E_z Hz,Ez并且知道导行电磁波的形式如公式(1)和(2)所示,并认为传播空间中不存在电荷与电流, J ⃗ = 0 , ρ = 0 \vec J=0, \rho=0 J=0,ρ=0,方程式(3)-(4)可表示为:
∇ × H ⃗ = [ i j k ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z H x H y H z ] = j ω ε E ⃗ ∇ × E ⃗ = [ i j k ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z E x E y E z ] = − j ω μ H ⃗ \begin{align} \nabla \times \vec H &=\begin{bmatrix} i & j & k \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ H_x &H_y&H_z \end{bmatrix} = j\omega \varepsilon \vec E\\ \nabla \times \vec E &= \begin{bmatrix} i & j & k \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ E_x &E_y&E_z \end{bmatrix} =- j\omega \mu \vec H\\ \end{align} ∇×H∇×E= i∂x∂Hxj∂y∂Hyk∂z∂Hz =jωεE= i∂x∂Exj∂y∂Eyk∂z∂Ez =−jωμH
将(7)式 x x x 分量展开得到(9),将(8)式 y y y 分量展开得到(10)
∂ ∂ y H z + γ H y = j ω ε E x ∂ ∂ x E z + γ E x = j ω μ H y \begin{align} \frac{\partial}{\partial y}H_z+\gamma H_y &=j\omega \varepsilon E_x\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x}E_z+\gamma E_x &=j\omega \mu H_y\\ \end{align} ∂y∂Hz+γHy∂x∂Ez+γEx=jωεEx=jωμHy
根据(9)和(10),得到用 H z , E z H_z, E_z Hz,Ez表示的 H y , E x H_y, E_x Hy,Ex:
[ E x H y ] = − 1 k c 2 [ γ j ω μ j ω ε γ ] [ ∂ ∂ x 0 0 ∂ ∂ y ] [ E z H z ] \begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} E_x \\ H_y \end{bmatrix} &= -\frac{1}{k_c^2} \begin{bmatrix} \gamma & j\omega\mu \\ j\omega\varepsilon & \gamma \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} E_z \\ H_z \end{bmatrix} \\ \end{align} [ExHy]=−kc21[γjωεjωμγ][∂x∂00∂y∂][EzHz]
将(7)式 y y y 分量展开得到(12),将(8)式 x x x 分量展开得到(13)
− ∂ ∂ x H z − γ H x = j ω ε E y ∂ ∂ y E z + γ E x = j ω μ H x \begin{align} -\frac{\partial}{\partial x}H_z-\gamma H_x &=j\omega \varepsilon E_y\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial y}E_z+\gamma E_x &=j\omega \mu H_x\\ \end{align} −∂x∂Hz−γHx∂y∂Ez+γEx=jωεEy=jωμHx
根据(12)和(13),得到用 H z , E z H_z, E_z Hz,Ez表示的 H x , E y H_x, E_y Hx,Ey:
[ E y H x ] = − 1 k c 2 [ γ − j ω μ − j ω ε γ ] [ ∂ ∂ y 0 0 ∂ ∂ x ] [ E z H z ] \begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} E_y \\ H_x \end{bmatrix} &= -\frac{1}{k_c^2} \begin{bmatrix} \gamma & -j\omega\mu \\ -j\omega\varepsilon & \gamma \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} E_z \\ H_z \end{bmatrix} \\ \end{align} [EyHx]=−kc21[γ−jωε−jωμγ][∂y∂00∂x∂][EzHz]