过拟合是神经网络中常见的问题,尤其是在深度神经网络中,诸如决策树等。为解决这一问题,研究了许多方法,其中Dropout是最常见的方法之一。
1. 准备数据和超参数
import torch
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# torch.manual_seed(1) # reproducible
N_SAMPLES = 20
N_HIDDEN = 300
# training data
x = torch.unsqueeze(torch.linspace(-1, 1, N_SAMPLES), 1)
y = x + 0.3*torch.normal(torch.zeros(N_SAMPLES, 1), torch.ones(N_SAMPLES, 1))
# test data
test_x = torch.unsqueeze(torch.linspace(-1, 1, N_SAMPLES), 1)
test_y = test_x + 0.3*torch.normal(torch.zeros(N_SAMPLES, 1), torch.ones(N_SAMPLES, 1))
2. 预览数据
# show data
plt.scatter(x.data.numpy(), y.data.numpy(), c='magenta', s=50, alpha=0.5, label='train')
plt.scatter(test_x.data.numpy(), test_y.data.numpy(), c='cyan', s=50, alpha=0.5, label='test')
plt.legend(loc='upper left')
plt.ylim((-2.5, 2.5))
plt.show()
3. 构建神经网络
net_overfitting = torch.nn.Sequential(
torch.nn.Linear(1, N_HIDDEN),
torch.nn.ReLU(),
torch.nn.Linear(N_HIDDEN, N_HIDDEN),
torch.nn.ReLU(),
torch.nn.Linear(N_HIDDEN, 1),
)
4. 构建含Dropout的神经网络
net_dropped = torch.nn.Sequential(
torch.nn.Linear(1, N_HIDDEN),
torch.nn.Dropout(0.5), # drop 50% of the neuron
torch.nn.ReLU(),
torch.nn.Linear(N_HIDDEN, N_HIDDEN),
torch.nn.Dropout(0.5), # drop 50% of the neuron
torch.nn.ReLU(),
torch.nn.Linear(N_HIDDEN, 1),
)
print(net_overfitting) # net architecture
print(net_dropped)
5. 选择优化器和损失函数
optimizer_ofit = torch.optim.Adam(net_overfitting.parameters(), lr=0.01)
optimizer_drop = torch.optim.Adam(net_dropped.parameters(), lr=0.01)
loss_func = torch.nn.MSELoss()
6. 训练和优化
for t in range(500):
pred_ofit = net_overfitting(x)
pred_drop = net_dropped(x)
loss_ofit = loss_func(pred_ofit, y)
loss_drop = loss_func(pred_drop, y)
optimizer_ofit.zero_grad()
optimizer_drop.zero_grad()
loss_ofit.backward()
loss_drop.backward()
optimizer_ofit.step()
optimizer_drop.step()
7. 数据可视化
plt.ion() # something about plotting
if t % 10 == 0:
# change to eval mode in order to fix drop out effect
net_overfitting.eval()
net_dropped.eval() # parameters for dropout differ from train mode
# plotting
plt.cla()
test_pred_ofit = net_overfitting(test_x)
test_pred_drop = net_dropped(test_x)
plt.scatter(x.data.numpy(), y.data.numpy(), c='magenta', s=50, alpha=0.3, label='train')
plt.scatter(test_x.data.numpy(), test_y.data.numpy(), c='cyan', s=50, alpha=0.3, label='test')
plt.plot(test_x.data.numpy(), test_pred_ofit.data.numpy(), 'r-', lw=3, label='overfitting')
plt.plot(test_x.data.numpy(), test_pred_drop.data.numpy(), 'b--', lw=3, label='dropout(50%)')
plt.text(0, -1.2, 'overfitting loss=%.4f' % loss_func(test_pred_ofit, test_y).data.numpy(), fontdict={'size': 20, 'color': 'red'})
plt.text(0, -1.5, 'dropout loss=%.4f' % loss_func(test_pred_drop, test_y).data.numpy(), fontdict={'size': 20, 'color': 'blue'})
plt.legend(loc='upper left'); plt.ylim((-2.5, 2.5));plt.pause(0.1)
# change back to train mode
net_overfitting.train()
net_dropped.train()
plt.ioff()
plt.show()