本文是本人借鉴了网上的一些资料和本人在实际制作OpenStack UBUNTU 12.04的系统镜像过程中进行的总结。记录下来以便日后使用方便。
安装 Ubuntu 镜像
首先下载要安装的 ubuntu 版本:
# wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/lucid/ubuntu-12.04-desktop-amd64.iso
创建一个 10GB 大小的 “硬盘”(raw 格式):
# kvm-img create -f raw ubuntu.img 10G
Formatting 'ubuntu.img', fmt=raw size=10737418240
使用刚才下载的 ubuntu “安装盘” 和刚创建的 “硬盘” 引导启动系统,为了简单起见,在这里使用 kvm 虚拟技术,避开 xen 繁琐的配置。-vnc 参数代表打开 vnc 访问,以便可以用其他机器远程登录到这个引导界面进行安装操作:
# sudo kvm -m 1024 -cdrom ubuntu-12.04-desktop-amd64.iso -drive file=ubuntu.img -boot d -nographic -vnc :0
用 vncviewer 登录引导界面后按照屏幕的提示完成 ubuntu 的安装工作(和在自己电脑上安装 ubuntu 过程一样)。需要注意的是在分区阶段把 10GB 硬盘全部划分成一个 ext4 root 分区,不要创建多个分区也不要创建 swap 区:
# vncviewer 172.21.6.92:5900
安装完后退出(必要时 kill 掉 kvm 进程),按照下面命令启动刚刚安装好的虚拟机镜像 ubuntu.img,如果出现 failed to find romfile “pxe-rtf8139.bin” 的错误提示可以通过安装 kvm-pxe 解决:
# sudo kvm -m 1024 -drive file=ubuntu.img -boot c -nographic -vnc :0
kvm: pci_add_option_rom: failed to find romfile "pxe-rtl8139.bin"
# sudo apt-get install kvm-pxe
再次用 vnc 登录虚拟机镜像,安装一些必要工具(因为这个镜像将会是模板,所以最好保持最简最小化,不要乱装东西):
# sudo kvm -m 1024 -drive file=ubuntu.img -boot c -nographic -vnc :0
# vncviewer 172.21.6.92:5900
# apt-get update
# apt-get upgrade
# apt-get install openssh-server cloud-init
70-persistent-net.rules 会自动添加其他的网络接口,需要删除这个文件避免自动添加除了 eth0 以外的接口。删除后系统基本就准备好了,关闭虚拟机:
# sudo rm -rf /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
# sudo shutdown -h now
调整 Ubuntu 镜像
因为 OpenStack 只接受 ext4 文件系统格式的镜像,所以需要把上面创建的 raw 镜像(kvm-img create -f raw)转换成 ext4 镜像。下面的步骤用来找出镜像文件里面的分区起点是从哪里开始的:
# losetup -f ubuntu.img
# losetup -a
/dev/loop0: [0801]:17432601 (/home/shinian/NovaUbuntuImage/ubuntu.img)
# fdisk -l /dev/loop0
Disk /dev/loop0: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders, total 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00073f87
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/loop0p1 * 2048 20969471 10483712 83 Linux
上面最后一行显示分区是从扇区(sector)2048开始的,每个扇区是512个字节,所以是从 2048 x 512 = 1048576个字节开始的。记住这个1048576,下面会用到。
卸载 loop 后重新从1048576字节开始挂载:
# sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0
# sudo losetup -f -o 1048576 ubuntu.img
# sudo losetup -a
/dev/loop0: [0801]:17432601 (/home/shinian/NovaUbuntuImage/ubuntu.img), offset 1048576
把这整个分区拷贝到一个新文件就是一个我们要的 ext4 文件系统镜像:
# sudo dd if=/dev/loop0 of=ubuntutemplate.img
20969472+0 records in
20969472+0 records out
10736369664 bytes (11 GB) copied, 219.291 s, 49.0 MB/s
用完 loop 后记得卸载:
# sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0
挂载(mount)刚创建的 ext4 文件系统镜像,并修改分区加载表(/etc/fstab),注释或删除以前的,加上 UUID=uec-rootfs 一行:
# sudo mount -o loop ubuntutemplate.img /mnt
# sudo vi /mnt/etc/fstab
#UUID=1dc3a59e-faab-41ee-b232-3300163676bf / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
UUID=uec-rootfs / ext4 defaults 0 0
把刚才的虚拟机镜像 ubuntutemplate.img 的文件系统标志改成 ‘uec-rootfs’:
# sudo tune2fs -L uec-rootfs ubuntutemplate.img
tune2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011)
发布 Ubuntu 镜像
好了,ubuntu 镜像已经做好了,现在可以发布到云里了,需要3个东西,虚拟机的内核文件、虚拟机的内存盘文件和虚拟机镜像文件:
# cp /mnt/boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-23-generic /home/shinian/NovaUbuntuImage
# cp /mnt/boot/initrd.img-3.2.0-23-generic /home/shinian/NovaUbuntuImage
# glance add name="ubuntu initrd" disk_format=qcow2 container_format=ovf is_public=true < initrd.img-3.2.0-23-generic
Added new image with ID: b7680f8f-867a-47cb-a887-3dc6846de2d6
# glance add name="ubuntu vmlinuz" disk_format=qcow2 container_format=ovf is_public=true < vmlinuz-3.2.0-23-generic
Added new image with ID: 89627d66-7536-4c38-8a15-8e0353985b9d
# glance add name="ubuntu OS" disk_format=qcow2 container_format=ovf is_public=ture ramdisk_id="b7680f8f-867a-47cb-a887-3dc6846de2d6" kernel_id="89627d66-7536-4c38-8a15-8e0353985b9d" < ubuntutemplate.img
Added new image with ID: d402ac7d-7508-4519-a8e9-2994c19659da
# glance index
ID Name Disk Format Container Format Size
------------------------------------ ------------------------------ -------------------- -------------------- --------------
d402ac7d-7508-4519-a8e9-2994c19659da ubuntu OS qcow2 ovf 10736369664
89627d66-7536-4c38-8a15-8e0353985b9d ubuntu vmlinuz qcow2 ovf 4965840
b7680f8f-867a-47cb-a887-3dc6846de2d6 ubuntu initrd qcow2 ovf 14178168
镜像在物理机上的实际位置:
root@node02:/var/lib/glance# ls
glance.sqlite image-cache images keystone-signing
创建虚拟机密钥对:
# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): /root/.ssh/id_rsa2
/root/.ssh/id_rsa2 already exists.
Overwrite (y/n)? y
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa2.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa2.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
eb:6c:b0:8d:c0:71:c6:00:d3:eb:43:44:7c:af:60:d5 root@node02
The key's randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| o=. . |
| .= o E |
| . * . |
| * + . |
| = = .S |
| = o . |
| o =. |
| ooo |
| .o |
+-----------------+
导入密钥:
# nova keypair-list
# nova keypair-add --pub_key .ssh/id_rsa2.pub key2
查看镜像:
# nova image-list
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+--------+
| ID | Name | Status | Server |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+--------+
| d402ac7d-7508-4519-a8e9-2994c19659da | ubuntu OS | ACTIVE | |
| b7680f8f-867a-47cb-a887-3dc6846de2d6 | ubuntu initrd | ACTIVE | |
| 89627d66-7536-4c38-8a15-8e0353985b9d | ubuntu vmlinuz | ACTIVE | |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+--------+
查看虚拟机规格:
# nova flavor-list
+----+-----------+-----------+------+-----------+------+-------+-------------+-----------+-------------+
| ID | Name | Memory_MB | Disk | Ephemeral | Swap | VCPUs | RXTX_Factor | Is_Public | extra_specs |
+----+-----------+-----------+------+-----------+------+-------+-------------+-----------+-------------+
| 1 | m1.tiny | 512 | 0 | 0 | | 1 | 1.0 | True | {} |
| 2 | m1.small | 2048 | 20 | 0 | | 1 | 1.0 | True | {} |
| 3 | m1.medium | 4096 | 40 | 0 | | 2 | 1.0 | True | {} |
| 4 | m1.large | 8192 | 80 | 0 | | 4 | 1.0 | True | {} |
| 5 | m1.xlarge | 16384 | 160 | 0 | | 8 | 1.0 | True | {} |
+----+-----------+-----------+------+-----------+------+-------+-------------+-----------+-------------+
创建虚拟机:
# nova boot --flavor 2 --key_name key2 --image d402ac7d-7508-4519-a8e9-2994c19659da test05
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| Property | Value |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| OS-EXT-STS:task_state | scheduling |
| image | ubuntu OS |
| OS-EXT-STS:vm_state | building |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:instance_name | instance-00000006 |
| flavor | m1.small |
| id | c4978044-c86e-4797-bac3-ff9c33a3b237 |
| security_groups | [{u'name': u'default'}] |
| user_id | 66b5f4f637384bc9883978c782b03e50 |
| OS-DCF:diskConfig | MANUAL |
| accessIPv4 | |
| accessIPv6 | |
| progress | 0 |
| OS-EXT-STS:power_state | 0 |
| OS-EXT-AZ:availability_zone | nova |
| config_drive | |
| status | BUILD |
| updated | 2013-08-09T04:49:33Z |
| hostId | |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:host | None |
| key_name | key2 |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:hypervisor_hostname | None |
| name | test05 |
| adminPass | d5b2iW5k6by6 |
| tenant_id | a8da1a4eaabf4eafb566ca92902bdb5f |
| created | 2013-08-09T04:49:32Z |
| metadata | {} |
+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
--flavor:指定虚拟机规格
--image:指定使用镜像
--key_name:指定使用key
“test05”为虚拟机名
(一个image可以创建多个虚拟机,但需要你的image,是采用qcow2的格式。)
查看新创建的虚拟机:
# nova show test05
+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Property | Value |
+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| status | ERROR |
| updated | 2013-08-09T04:49:33Z |
| OS-EXT-STS:task_state | None |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:host | None |
| key_name | key2 |
| image | ubuntu OS (d402ac7d-7508-4519-a8e9-2994c19659da) |
| hostId | |
| OS-EXT-STS:vm_state | error |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:instance_name | instance-00000006 |
| OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:hypervisor_hostname | None |
| flavor | m1.small (2) |
| id | c4978044-c86e-4797-bac3-ff9c33a3b237 |
| security_groups | [{u'name': u'default'}] |
| user_id | 66b5f4f637384bc9883978c782b03e50 |
| name | test05 |
| created | 2013-08-09T04:49:32Z |
| tenant_id | a8da1a4eaabf4eafb566ca92902bdb5f |
| OS-DCF:diskConfig | MANUAL |
| metadata | {} |
| accessIPv4 | |
| accessIPv6 | |
| fault | {u'message': u'NoValidHost', u'code': 500, u'details': u'No valid host was found. |
| | ', u'created': u'2013-08-09T04:49:33Z'} |
| OS-EXT-STS:power_state | 0 |
| OS-EXT-AZ:availability_zone | nova |
| config_drive | |
+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
注:公网没有配置,所以建立实例的状态暂时为error;