一个图书打折系统的设计

书店推出打折消息:
[1] 对于“新书”,没有折扣;
[2] 对于“计算机”类图书,固定折扣为 10 元;
[3] 对于“经管”类图书,折扣的书价的 10%
[4] 购买 5 本以上的图书,固定折扣为 20 元;
[5] 在所有的折扣计算后,总的折扣价不得超过 50 元。
 
1. 使用 Strategy 模式
对于打折消息 [1],[2],[3] 针对三种类型的图书,可以使用 Strategy 模式。

NoDiscountStrategy 代表购买“新书”的打折策略 - 没有折扣;
FlatRateStrategy 代表购买“计算机”类图书的打折策略 - 固定折扣价;
PercentageStrategy 代表购买“经管”类图书的打折策略 - 百分比折扣价。
<<abstract>>DiscountStrategy.java
package com.zj.books.strategy;
 
public abstract class DiscountStrategy {
    protected double _price = 0.0;
 
    public DiscountStrategy( double price) {
       _price = price;
    }
 
    abstract public double calculateDiscount();
……
}
_price 代表图书的价格;抽象方法 calculateDiscount() 表示具体的打折计算逻辑,延迟到子类中实现。下面的三个子类的部分逻辑。
 
NoDiscountStrategy.java
package com.zj.books.strategy;
 
public class NoDiscountStrategy extends DiscountStrategy {
 
    public NoDiscountStrategy( double price) {
       super (price);
    }
 
    public double calculateDiscount() {
       return 0.0;
    }
}
 
FlatRateStrategy.java
package com.zj.books.strategy;
 
public class FlatRateStrategy extends DiscountStrategy {
    private double _discount = 0.0;
 
    public FlatRateStrategy( double price, double discount) {
       super (price);
       _discount = discount;
    }
   
    public double calculateDiscount() {
       return _discount ;
    }
……
}
 
PercentageStrategy.java
package com.zj.books.strategy;
 
public class PercentageStrategy extends DiscountStrategy {
    private double _percent = 1.0;
 
    public PercentageStrategy( double price, double percent) {
       super (price);
       if (percent > 1.0)
           percent = 1.0;
       _percent = percent;
    }
 
    public double calculateDiscount() {
       return _price * _percent ;
    }
……
}
使用一个抽象基类 Book 持有一个策略引用,这个策略是抽象基类的引用。这个类中提供一个重要的方法 getDiscount() 通过分配的具体策略的 _strategy .calculateDiscount() 方法来得到折扣。而如何实现 Book 具体子类与 Strategy 具体子类的配对,将使用工厂方法模式。

<<abstract>> Book.java
package com.zj.books;
 
import com.zj.books.strategy.DiscountStrategy;
 
public abstract class Book {
    protected String _name ;
    protected int _typeCode ;
    protected double _price ;
    protected DiscountStrategy _strategy ;
 
    public Book(String name, int bookType, double price) {
       _name = name;
       _typeCode = bookType;
       _price = price;
    }
 
    public double getDiscount() {
       return _strategy .calculateDiscount();
    }
   
……
}
2. 使用 Factory Method 模式
对于策略的分配,使用 Factory Method 模式。这样对于书的种类和打折策略都是可以扩展的。

三个具体的 Publish 类分别针对三种类型的书和三种打折策略,给出具体的对象。
<<interface>> Publisher.java
package com.zj.purchase;
 
import com.zj.books.Book;
 
public interface Publisher {
    Book bookFactory(String name, double price);
}
三个具体的子类实现 bookFactory 方法,分别生成配对的具体 Book 类和具体 Strategy 类。
ComputerBookPublish.java
package com.zj.purchase;
 
import com.zj.books.Book;
import com.zj.books.ComputerBook;
import com.zj.books.strategy.FlatRateStrategy;
 
public class ComputerBookPublish implements Publisher{
    private double _discount =0.0;
   
    public ComputerBookPublish( double discount){
       _discount =discount;
    }
 
    public Book bookFactory(String name, double price) {
       Book book= new ComputerBook(name,price);
       book.setStrategy( new FlatRateStrategy(price, _discount ));
       return book;
    }
……
}
 
ManagementBookPublish.java
package com.zj.purchase;
 
import com.zj.books.Book;
import com.zj.books.ManagementBook;
import com.zj.books.strategy.PercentageStrategy;
 
public class ManagementBookPublish implements Publisher{
    private double _percent =1.0;
   
    public ManagementBookPublish( double percent){
       _percent =percent;
    }
 
    public Book bookFactory(String name, double price) {
       Book book= new ManagementBook(name,price);
       book.setStrategy( new PercentageStrategy(price, _percent ));
       return book;
    }
……
}
 
NewReleaseBookPublisher.java
package com.zj.purchase;
 
import com.zj.books.Book;
import com.zj.books.NewReleaseBook;
import com.zj.books.strategy.NoDiscountStrategy;
 
public class NewReleaseBookPublisher implements Publisher{
 
    public Book bookFactory(String name, double price) {
       Book book= new NewReleaseBook(name,price);
       book.setStrategy( new NoDiscountStrategy(price));
       return book;
    }
}
3. 使用 Decorate 模式
对于 [4] [5] 可使用 Decorate 模式实现。

Order 类是一个接口,定义了所有客户端可以使用的行为。其中 buy() 方法表示购买书,其中的参数依次表示册数,书名,单价,和图书类型; originalPay() 方法表示原始货款; actualPay() 表示实际货款; discount() 表示折扣; addPolicy() 方法将被应用于 Decorate 模式。
<<interface>>Order.java
package com.zj.order;
 
public interface Order {
    void buy( int copies,String name, int price, int type);
   
    double originalPay();
 
    double actualPay();
   
    void setActualPay( double pay);
 
    double discount();
   
    void setDiscount( double discount);
   
    int getCopies();
   
    void printPayList();
   
    void addPolicy();
}
PayOrder 类是一个基于打折消息 [1],[2],[3] 的应用,在 buy() 方法中,根据具体的图书类型,产生一个具体的 publisher 类,继而可以获得相应的图书实例及折扣策略实例。
PayOrder.java
package com.zj.order;
 
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
 
import com.zj.books.Book;
import com.zj.books.BookType;
import com.zj.purchase.ComputerBookPublish;
import com.zj.purchase.ManagementBookPublish;
import com.zj.purchase.NewReleaseBookPublisher;
 
public class PayOrder implements Order {
    private Map<String, Integer> payList = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
    private double _pay = 0.0;
    private double _discount = 0.0;
    private int _copies = 0;
 
    private double _discountPolicy = 0.0;
    private double _percentagePolicy = 1.0;
 
    public PayOrder( double discountPolicy, double percentagePolicy) {
       _discountPolicy = discountPolicy;
       _percentagePolicy = percentagePolicy;
    }
 
    public void buy( int copies, String name, int price, int type) {
       Book book = null ;
       switch (type) {
       case BookType. NEW_RELEASE :
           book = new NewReleaseBookPublisher().bookFactory(name, price);
           break ;
       case BookType. COMPUTER :
           book = new ComputerBookPublish( _discountPolicy ).bookFactory(name,
                  price);
           break ;
       case BookType. MANAGEMENT :
           book = new ManagementBookPublish( _percentagePolicy ).bookFactory(
                  name, price);
           break ;
       default :
           throw new RuntimeException( "Type not found." );
       }
 
       _copies += copies;
       payList .put(book.getName(), copies);
       _pay += copies * book.getPrice();
       _discount += copies * book.getDiscount();
    }
 
    public double originalPay() {
       return _pay ;
    }
 
    public double actualPay() {
       return _pay - _discount ;
    }
 
    public void setActualPay( double pay) {
       _pay = pay;
    }
 
    public double discount() {
       return _discount ;
    }
 
    public void setDiscount( double discount) {
       _discount = discount;
    }
 
    public int getCopies() {
       return _copies ;
    }
 
    public void printPayList() {
       System.out.println(toString());
    }
 
    public void addPolicy() {
    }
 
    public String toString() {
       return payList .toString();
    }
}
OrderDecorator 是一个装饰角色,它持有一个 Order 的引用。
OrderDecorator.java
package com.zj.order.decorator;
 
import com.zj.order.Order;
 
public class OrderDecorator implements Order {
    protected Order _order ;
 
    public OrderDecorator(Order order) {
       _order = order;
    }
 
    public double actualPay() {
       return _order .actualPay();
    }
 
    public void setActualPay( double pay) {
       _order .setActualPay(pay);
    }
 
    public void buy( int copies, String name, int price, int type) {
       _order .buy(copies, name, price, type);
    }
 
    public double discount() {
       return _order .discount();
    }
 
    public void setDiscount( double discount) {
       _order .setDiscount(discount);
    }
 
    public double originalPay() {
       return _order .originalPay();
    }
 
    public int getCopies() {
       return _order .getCopies();
    }
 
    public void printPayList(){
       _order .printPayList();
    }
   
    public void addPolicy(){
       _order .addPolicy();
    }
}
根据打折消息 [4] :“购买 5 本以上的图书,固定折扣为 20 元”,得到具体装饰角色 CopyDecorator 。它将重写 addPolicy() 方法。
CopyDecorator.java
package com.zj.order.decorator;
 
import com.zj.order.Order;
 
public class CopyDecorator extends OrderDecorator {
 
    public CopyDecorator(Order order) {
       super (order);
    }
 
    public void addPolicy() {
       if (getCopies() > 5)
           setDiscount(discount() + 20);
       super . _order .addPolicy();
    }
}
根据打折消息 [5] :“在所有的折扣计算后,总的折扣价不得超过 50 元”,得到具体装饰角色 PayDecorator 。它将重写 addPolicy() 方法。
必须注意两个装饰类产生的先后顺序。
PayDecorator.java
package com.zj.order.decorator;
 
import com.zj.order.Order;
 
public class PayDecorator extends OrderDecorator {
 
    public PayDecorator(Order order) {
       super (order);
    }
 
    public void addPolicy() {
       if (discount() > 50)
           setDiscount(50);
       super . _order .addPolicy();
    }
}
4. 客户端实现
Client 中先演示了没有装饰类,即只实现打折消息 [1],[2],[3] 的情况,此时原价 300 元的货款折扣为 36 元;而后加上了两个装饰类后,由于购买六本书,另加 29 元折扣后总折扣变为 56 ,超过 50 元的折扣上限,所以最终折扣为 50 元。
Client.java
package com.zj.client;
 
import com.zj.books.BookType;
import com.zj.order.Order;
import com.zj.order.PayOrder;
import com.zj.order.decorator.CopyDecorator;
import com.zj.order.decorator.PayDecorator;
 
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       Order order = new PayOrder(10, 0.1);
       order.buy(1, "Java" , 40, BookType. COMPUTER );
       order.buy(1, "C++" , 60, BookType. COMPUTER );
       order.buy(1, "Design Pattern" , 100, BookType. COMPUTER );
       order.buy(1, "Manager" , 60, BookType. MANAGEMENT );
       order.buy(1, " Apo " , 20, BookType. NEW_RELEASE );
       order.buy(1, "droAq" , 20, BookType. NEW_RELEASE );
      
       order.printPayList();
       System. out .println( "===========" );
      
       System. out .println( "original\t" +order.originalPay());
       System. out .println( "discount\t" +order.discount());
       System. out .println( "actual\t\t" +order.actualPay());
       System. out .println( "===========" );
 
       order= new CopyDecorator( new PayDecorator(order));
       order.addPolicy();
       System. out .println( "original\t" +order.originalPay());
       System. out .println( "discount\t" +order.discount());
       System. out .println( "actual\t\t" +order.actualPay());
    }
}
结果
{Apo=1, Manager=1, droAq=1, C++=1, Design Pattern=1, Java=1}
===========
original   300.0
discount   36.0
actual     264.0
===========
original   300.0
discount   50.0
actual     250.0
 

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