What is packet fragmentation?
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Every packet-based network has an MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) size. The MTU is the size of the largest packet which that network can transmit.
| |
Packets larger than the allowable MTU must be divided into multiple smaller packets, or fragments, to enable them to traverse the network.
| Network | Standard MTU |
|---|---|
| Ethernet | 1500 |
| Token Ring | 4096 |
Packet Headers
Every IP packet has an IP (Internet Protocol) header which stores information about the packet, including:
- Version
- IHL
- Type of Service
- Total Length
- Identification
- Flags
- Fragment Offset
- Time to Live
- Protocol
- Header Checksum
- Source Address
- Destination Address
- Options
Note: For more information on the IP header, see RFC 791 - Internet Protocol.
Three of these fields are involved in packet fragmentation.
- Identification
- Flags
- Fragment Offset
Identification: 16 bits
An identifying value assigned by the sender to aid in assembling the fragments of a datagram.
Flags: 3 bits
Various Control Flags.
Bit 0: reserved, must be zero
Bit 1: (DF) 0 = May Fragment, 1 = Don't Fragment.
Bit 2: (MF) 0 = Last Fragment, 1 = More Fragments.
0 1 2
+---+---+---+
| | D | M |
| 0 | F | F |
+---+---+---+
Fragment Offset: 13 bits
This field indicates where in the datagram this fragment belongs.
The fragment offset is measured in units of 8 octets (64 bits). The first fragment has offset zero.
Much like the IP header, the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) header stores information about the packet:
- Source Port
- Destination Port
- Sequence Number
- Acknowledgement Number
- Data Offset
- Flags
- Window
- Checksum
- Urgent Pointer
- Options
- Padding
Note: For more information on the TCP header, see RFC 793 - Transmission Control Protocol.
A Packet Fragmentation Example
If a 2,366 byte packet enters an Ethernet network with a default MTU size, it must be fragmented into two packets.
The first packet will:
- Be 1,500 bytes in length. 20 bytes will be the IP header, 24 bytes will be the TCP header, and 1,456 bytes will be data.
- Have the DF bit equal to 0 to mean "May Fragment" and the MF bit equal to 1 to mean "More Fragments."
- Have a Fragmentation Offset of 0.
The second packet will:
- Be 910 bytes in length. 20 bytes will be the IP header, 24 bytes will be the TCP header, and 866 bytes will be data.
- Have the DF bit equal to 0 to mean "May Fragment" and the MF bit equal to 0 to mean "Last Fragment."
- Have a Fragmentation Offset of 182 (Note: 182 is 1456 divided by 8).
The Packet Fragmentation Attack
Packet fragmentation can be utilized to get around blocking rules on some firewalls.
This is done by cheating with the value of the Fragment Offset. The trick is to set the value of the Fragment Offset on the second packet so low that instead of appending the second packet to the first packet, it actually overwrites the data
and part of the TCP header of the first packet.
Let's say you want to `telnet` into a network where TCP port 23 is blocked by a packet filtering firewall. However, SMTP port 25 is allowed into that network.
What you would do is to send two packets:
The first packet would:
- Have a Fragmentation Offset of 0.
- Have the DF bit equal to 0 to mean "May Fragment" and the MF bit equal to 1 to mean "More Fragments."
- Have a Destination Port in the TCP header of 25. TCP port 25 is allowed, so the firewall would allow that packet to enter the network.
The second packet would:
- Have a Fragmentation Offset of 1. This means that the second packet would actually overwrite everything but the first 8 bits of the first packet.
- Have the DF bit equal to 0 to mean "May Fragment" and the MF bit equal to 0 to mean "Last Fragment."
- Have a Destination Port in the TCP header of 23. This would normally be blocked, but will not be in this case!
The packet filtering firewall will see that the Fragment Offset is greater than zero on the second packet. From this data, it will deduce that the second packet is a fragment of another packet and it will not check the second packet against the rule set.
When the two packets arrive at the target host, they will be reassembled. The second packet will overwrite most of the first packet and the contents of the combined packet will go to port 23.