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rpm软件包管理管理

简介

RPM是RPMPackage Manager（RPM软件包管理器）的缩写，这一文件格式名称虽然打上了RedHat的标志，但是其原始设计理念是开放式的，现在包括OpenLinux、S.u.S.E.以及Turbo Linux等Linux的分发版本都有采用，可以算是公认的行业标准了。

主要组成部分

●RPM数据库

●RPM软件包文件

●RPM可执行文件

RPM数据库

默认使用RPM作为软件包管理器的OS，一般其RPM数据库信息存放于/var/lib/rpm/目录下。当我们使用rpm相关命令时，它会到数据库中查找相关的数据(软件包名，校验信息，依赖，已安装的软件包，软件包组…)。可以使用file命令查看目录下的文件信息，可以发现几乎都是二进制的数据库文件信息。

rpm重建数据库的命令是

rpm --rebuilddb

# file /var/lib/rpm/*

/var/lib/rpm/Basenames: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Conflictname: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/__db.001: Applesoft BASIC program data

/var/lib/rpm/__db.002: data

/var/lib/rpm/__db.003: data

/var/lib/rpm/__db.004: data

/var/lib/rpm/Dirnames: Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Filedigests: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Group: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Installtid: Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Name: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Obsoletename: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Packages: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Providename: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Provideversion: Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Pubkeys: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Requirename: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Requireversion: Berkeley DB (Btree, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Sha1header: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Sigmd5: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

/var/lib/rpm/Triggername: Berkeley DB (Hash, version 9, native byte-order)

RPM软件包文件

红帽或者一些开源组织使用rpm软件包文件发布软件，类似于tar归档文件打包。包文件中包含许多的信息(软件本身，包名，安装大小，软件包简述信息，依赖信息，包校验信息…)

包命名规则

例子：kernel-2.6.32-358.el6.i686

kernel	软件包的名称
2.6.32	版本号
358	发行号
el6	发行商版本，适用于rhel6/centos6系统上
i686	x86硬件架构

RPM可执行文件

RPM可执行文件是管理员操作rpm数据库的前端，通过可执行文件可达到不同功能安装，查询，卸载

安装命令：

安装：

rpm{-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE ...

-v:verbose

-vv:显示详细过程

-h:以#显示程序包管理执行进度；每个#表示2%的进度

rpm -ivh PACKAGE_FILE ...

常用的格式

# rpm -ivh lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm

warning: lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

Preparing... ################################# [100%]

Updating / installing...

1:lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7 ################################# [100%]

显示详细的安装过程

# rpm -ivvh lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm

D: ============== lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm

D: loading keyring from pubkeys in /var/lib/rpm/pubkeys/*.key

D: couldn't find any keys in /var/lib/rpm/pubkeys/*.key

D: loading keyring from rpmdb

D: opening db environment /var/lib/rpm cdb:0x401

D: opening db index /var/lib/rpm/Packages 0x400 mode=0x0

D: locked db index /var/lib/rpm/Packages

D: opening db index /var/lib/rpm/Name 0x400 mode=0x0

D: Expected size: 79376 = lead(96)+sigs(1284)+pad(4)+data(77992)

D: Actual size: 79376

warning: lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY

D: added binary package [0]

D: found 0 source and 1 binary packages

D: opening db index /var/lib/rpm/Conflictname 0x400 mode=0x0

D: ========== +++ lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7 x86_64/linux 0x2

D: opening db index /var/lib/rpm/Providename 0x400 mode=0x0