课本知识点重点见上周博客
实践代码部分如下
#include <stdio.h>//标准输入输出 #include <stdlib.h>//C标准函数库 #include <unistd.h>//Unix类系统定义符号常量 #include <fcntl.h>//定义了很多宏和open,fcntl函数原型 #define BUFFERSIZE 4096//定义存储器容量 #define COPYMODE 0644//定义复制的长度 void oops(char *, char *); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int in_fd, out_fd, n_chars;//三个描述符值 char buf[BUFFERSIZE];//存储器位置 /*cp的参数有两个,分别是要复制的文件,和目的目录,这样一共应该是有三个操作数 所以要先检查argc的值是否为三,如果不是,返回标准错误*/ if (argc != 3) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s source destination\n", *argv); exit(1); } /*检查cp的第一个参数,要复制的文件,用open打开,in_fd为open返回的描述符 如果返回-1,代表打开失败,提示错误*/ if ((in_fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY)) == -1) oops("Cannot open ", argv[1]); /*检查cp的第二个参数,复制的目的地址,用create在目的地址创建新文件,out_fd为open返回的描述符 如果返回-1,代表创建失败,提示错误*/ if ((out_fd = creat(argv[2], COPYMODE)) == -1) oops("Cannot creat", argv[2]); /*cp指令的动作就是读取一个文件的内容到存储器,在新的地址创建空白文件,再从存储器将内容写入新文件。 这里判断复制是否成功: 如果能读取顺利,而读取的位数和写的位数不同,是写错误; 如果读取失败,是读错误。*/ while ((n_chars = read(in_fd, buf, BUFFERSIZE)) > 0) if (write(out_fd, buf, n_chars) != n_chars) oops("Write error to ", argv[2]); if (n_chars == -1) oops("Read error from ", argv[1]); /*这里执行的是关闭文件的动作,in_fd和out_fd两个文件描述符 所指向的文件只要有一个关闭错误,就提示关闭错误。*/ if (close(in_fd) == -1 || close(out_fd) == -1) oops("Error closing files", ""); } /*这个是用来输出错误信息的函数*/ void oops(char *s1, char *s2) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s ", s1); perror(s2);//用来将上一个函数发生错误的原因输出到标准设备(stderr) exit(1); }
运行示例:复制main.c,命名为1.c
#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <dirent.h> void do_ls(char []); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /*如果操作数只有1个,表明ls后面没有带参数,默认为当前目录,.表示当前目录。*/ if ( argc == 1 ) do_ls( "." ); /*如果ls后面有参数,就把参数读入argv中。*/ else while ( --argc ){ printf("%s:\n", *++argv ); do_ls( *argv ); } return 0; } /*因为ls和dir功能相近,用dir来实现ls*/ void do_ls( char dirname[] ) { DIR *dir_ptr; struct dirent *direntp; /*如果没有指向的那个地址,报错*/ if ( ( dir_ptr = opendir( dirname ) ) == NULL ) fprintf(stderr,"ls1: cannot open %s\n", dirname); else { /*递归的方式来读取*/ while ( ( direntp = readdir( dir_ptr ) ) != NULL ) printf("%s\n", direntp->d_name ); closedir(dir_ptr); } }
运行示例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
void do_ls(char[]);
void dostat(char *);
void show_file_info( char *, struct stat *);
void mode_to_letters( int , char [] );
char *uid_to_name( uid_t );
char *gid_to_name( gid_t );
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if ( argc == 1 )
do_ls( "." );
else
while ( --argc ){
printf("%s:\n", *++argv );
do_ls( *argv );
}
return 0;
}
void do_ls( char dirname[] )
{
DIR *dir_ptr;
struct dirent *direntp;
if ( ( dir_ptr = opendir( dirname ) ) == NULL )
fprintf(stderr,"ls1: cannot open %s\n", dirname);
else
{
while ( ( direntp = readdir( dir_ptr ) ) != NULL )
dostat( direntp->d_name );
closedir(dir_ptr);
}
}
void dostat( char *filename )
{
struct stat info;
if ( stat(filename, &info) == -1 )
perror( filename );
else
show_file_info( filename, &info );
}
void show_file_info( char *filename, struct stat *info_p )
{
char *uid_to_name(), *ctime(), *gid_to_name(), *filemode();
void mode_to_letters();
char modestr[11];
mode_to_letters( info_p->st_mode, modestr );
printf( "%s" , modestr );
printf( "%4d " , (int) info_p->st_nlink);
printf( "%-8s " , uid_to_name(info_p->st_uid) );
printf( "%-8s " , gid_to_name(info_p->st_gid) );
printf( "%8ld " , (long)info_p->st_size);
printf( "%.12s ", 4+ctime(&info_p->st_mtime));
printf( "%s\n" , filename );
}
void mode_to_letters( int mode, char str[] )
{
strcpy( str, "----------" );
if ( S_ISDIR(mode) ) str[0] = 'd';
if ( S_ISCHR(mode) ) str[0] = 'c';
if ( S_ISBLK(mode) ) str[0] = 'b';
if ( mode & S_IRUSR ) str[1] = 'r';
if ( mode & S_IWUSR ) str[2] = 'w';
if ( mode & S_IXUSR ) str[3] = 'x';
if ( mode & S_IRGRP ) str[4] = 'r';
if ( mode & S_IWGRP ) str[5] = 'w';
if ( mode & S_IXGRP ) str[6] = 'x';
if ( mode & S_IROTH ) str[7] = 'r';
if ( mode & S_IWOTH ) str[8] = 'w';
if ( mode & S_IXOTH ) str[9] = 'x';
}
#include <pwd.h>
char *uid_to_name( uid_t uid )
{
struct passwd *getpwuid(), *pw_ptr;
static char numstr[10];
if ( ( pw_ptr = getpwuid( uid ) ) == NULL ){
sprintf(numstr,"%d", uid);
return numstr;
}
else
return pw_ptr->pw_name ;
}
#include <grp.h>
char *gid_to_name( gid_t gid )
{
struct group *getgrgid(), *grp_ptr;
static char numstr[10];
if ( ( grp_ptr = getgrgid(gid) ) == NULL ){
sprintf(numstr,"%d", gid);
return numstr;
}
else
return grp_ptr->gr_name;
}
ls2比ls1功能更全,能够显示文件的详细信息(用户名,群组名,大小,创建时间,读写权限等)
运行示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <utmp.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> #define SHOWHOST int show_info( struct utmp *utbufp ) { printf("%-8.8s", utbufp->ut_name); printf(" "); printf("%-8.8s", utbufp->ut_line); printf(" "); printf("%10ld", utbufp->ut_time); printf(" "); #ifdef SHOWHOST printf("(%s)", utbufp->ut_host); #endif printf("\n"); return 0; } int main() { struct utmp current_record; int utmpfd; int reclen = sizeof(current_record); /*打开UTMP_FILE读取信息,如果打开失败则输出失败信息。*/ if ( (utmpfd = open(UTMP_FILE, O_RDONLY)) == -1 ){ perror( UTMP_FILE ); exit(1); } /*读取信息到存储器中,reclen就是是读的字节数,然后再调用函数打印出来。*/ while ( read(utmpfd, ¤t_record, reclen) == reclen ) show_info(¤t_record); close(utmpfd); return 0; }
该代码功能为从UTMP_FILE文件中读取想要的信息到存储器中,然后再用标准输出函数打印到屏幕上,最后关闭文件
运行示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <termios.h> int main() { struct termios info; int rv; rv = tcgetattr( 0, &info ); /* read values from driver */ if ( rv == -1 ){ perror( "tcgetattr"); exit(1); } if ( info.c_lflag & ECHO ) printf(" echo is on , since its bit is 1\n"); else printf(" echo is OFF, since its bit is 0\n"); return 0; }
该代码用于检查命令行中的提示符是否显示,如果显示,输入的命令都可见,不显示则表示输入的命令不可见
运行示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <termios.h> #define oops(s,x) { perror(s); exit(x); } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct termios info; if ( argc == 1 ) exit(0); if ( tcgetattr(0,&info) == -1 ) oops("tcgettattr", 1); if ( argv[1][0] == 'y' ) info.c_lflag |= ECHO ;/*打开提示符*/ else info.c_lflag &= ~ECHO ;/*隐藏提示符*/ if ( tcsetattr(0,TCSANOW,&info) == -1 ) oops("tcsetattr",2); return 0; }
该代码用于改变echo的状态
运行示例:(其中第八行输入的ls命令隐藏不可见)
#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> void show_stat_info(char *, struct stat *); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct stat info; if (argc>1) { if( stat(argv[1], &info) != -1 ){ show_stat_info( argv[1], &info ); return 0; } else perror(argv[1]); } return 1; } void show_stat_info(char *fname, struct stat *buf) { printf(" mode: %o\n", buf->st_mode); printf(" links: %d\n", buf->st_nlink); printf(" user: %d\n", buf->st_uid); printf(" group: %d\n", buf->st_gid); printf(" size: %d\n", (int)buf->st_size); printf("modtime: %d\n", (int)buf->st_mtime); printf(" name: %s\n", fname ); }
该代码用于实现显示文件信息,建立了一个stat数据结构。先判断命令是否有操作数,有的话才能继续进行下去,如果没有报错就打印出来相关文件信息,报错就用perror将报错信息打印出来
运行示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/stat.h> int main() { struct stat infobuf; if ( stat( "/etc/passwd", &infobuf) == -1 ) perror("/etc/passwd"); else printf(" The size of /etc/passwd is %d\n", infobuf.st_size ); }
该代码用于计算文件字节数大小
运行示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <dirent.h> ino_t get_inode(char *); void printpathto(ino_t); void inum_to_name(ino_t , char *, int ); int main() { printpathto( get_inode( "." ) ); putchar('\n'); return 0; } void printpathto( ino_t this_inode ) { ino_t my_inode ; char its_name[BUFSIZ]; if ( get_inode("..") != this_inode ) { chdir( ".." ); inum_to_name(this_inode,its_name,BUFSIZ); my_inode = get_inode( "." ); printpathto( my_inode ); printf("/%s", its_name ); } } void inum_to_name(ino_t inode_to_find , char *namebuf, int buflen) { DIR *dir_ptr; struct dirent *direntp; dir_ptr = opendir( "." ); if ( dir_ptr == NULL ){ perror( "." ); exit(1); } while ( ( direntp = readdir( dir_ptr ) ) != NULL ) if ( direntp->d_ino == inode_to_find ) { strncpy( namebuf, direntp->d_name, buflen); namebuf[buflen-1] = '\0'; closedir( dir_ptr ); return; } fprintf(stderr, "error looking for inum %d\n", (int) inode_to_find); exit(1); } ino_t get_inode( char *fname ) { struct stat info; if ( stat( fname , &info ) == -1 ){ fprintf(stderr, "Cannot stat "); perror(fname); exit(1); } return info.st_ino; }
运行示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sys/ioctl.h> int main() { struct winsize size; if( isatty(STDOUT_FILENO) == 0) exit(1); if (ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, &size) < 0) { perror("ioctl TIOCGWINSZ error"); exit(1); } printf("%d rows %d columns\n", size.ws_row, size.ws_col); return 0; }
运行示例:
参考资料:1.上周博客:http://www.cnblogs.com/20135310cqr/p/4947215.html
2.课程QQ群中压缩文件fs.tar.gz
3.20135202上周博客:http://www.cnblogs.com/20135202yjx/p/4947272.html