进阶篇:以IL为剑,直指async/await

接上篇:30分钟?不需要,轻松读懂IL,这篇主要从IL入手来理解async/await的工作原理。

先简单介绍下async/await,这是.net 4.5引入的语法糖,配合Task使用可以非常优雅的写异步操作代码,它本身并不会去创建一个新线程,线程的工作还是由Task来做,async/await只是让开发人员以直观的方式写异步操作代码,而不像以前那样到处都是callback或事件。

async/await IL翻译

先写个简单的例子:

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 3 
 4 namespace ILLearn
 5 {
 6     class Program
 7     {
 8         static void Main(string[] args)
 9         {
10             DisplayDataAsync();
11 
12             Console.ReadLine();
13         }
14 
15         static async void DisplayDataAsync()
16         {
17             Console.WriteLine("start");
18 
19             var data = await GetData();
20 
21             Console.WriteLine(data);
22 
23             Console.WriteLine("end");
24         }
25 
26         static async Task<string> GetData()
27         {
28             await Task.Run(async () => await Task.Delay(1000));
29             return "data";
30         }
31     }
32 }

编译: csc /debug- /optimize+ /out:program.exe program.cs 生成program.exe文件,用ildasm.exe打开,如下:

进阶篇:以IL为剑,直指async/await_第1张图片

发现多出来两个结构,带<>符号的一般都是编译时生成的:<DisplayDataAsync>d_1和<GetData>d_2,

<DisplayDataAsync>d_1是我们这次的目标,来分析一下:

这个结构是给DisplayDataAsync用的,名字不好,实现了IAsyncStateMachine接口,看名字知道一个状态机接口,原来是编译时生成了一个状态机,有3个字段,2个接口函数,我们整理一下状态机代码:

 1 struct GetDataAsyncStateMachine : IAsyncStateMachine
 2 {
 3     public int State;
 4 
 5     public AsyncVoidMethodBuilder Builder;
 6 
 7     private TaskAwaiter<string> _taskAwaiter;
 8 
 9     void IAsyncStateMachine.MoveNext();
10 
11     void IAsyncStateMachine.SetStateMachine(IAsyncStateMachine stateMachine);
12 }

这样就好看多了。

再来看看我们写的DisplayDataAsync的IL:

双击

 1 .method private hidebysig static void  DisplayDataAsync() cil managed
 2 {
 3   .custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncStateMachineAttribute::.ctor(class [mscorlib]System.Type) = ( 01 00 26 49 4C 4C 65 61 72 6E 2E 50 72 6F 67 72   // ..&ILLearn.Progr
 4                                                                                                                                      61 6D 2B 3C 44 69 73 70 6C 61 79 44 61 74 61 41   // am+<DisplayDataA
 5                                                                                                                                      73 79 6E 63 3E 64 5F 5F 31 00 00 )                // sync>d__1..
 6   // 代码大小       37 (0x25)
 7   .maxstack  2
 8   .locals init (valuetype ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1' V_0,  //这里还是局部变量,第1个是valuetype也就是值类型<DisplayDataAsync>d__1,在上面知道这是一个状态机 DisplayDataAsyncStateMachine
 9            valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder V_1) //第2个局部变量也是值类型,叫AsyncVoidMethodBuilder,在System.Runtime.CompilerServices命名空间下
10   IL_0000:  ldloca.s   V_0  //加载第1个局部变量的地址,因为是结构,在栈上,通过地址来调用函数
11   IL_0002:  call       valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder::Create()  //调用AsyncVoidMethodBuilder的create函数,用的是call,并且没有实例,所以create()是个静态函数
12   IL_0007:  stfld      valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>t__builder'  //把create()的结果存到DisplayDataAsyncStateMachine结构的Builder字段
13   IL_000c:  ldloca.s   V_0  //加载第1个局部变量的地址,还是为了给这个结构的变量赋值
14   IL_000e:  ldc.i4.m1  //加载整数 -1,上篇没有说,这个m表示minus,也就是负号
15   IL_000f:  stfld      int32 ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>1__state'  //把-1存到DisplayDataAsyncStateMachine的State字段
16   IL_0014:  ldloc.0   //加载第1个局部变量
17   IL_0015:  ldfld      valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>t__builder' //获取第1个局部变量的Builder字段,也就是上面create()出来的
18   IL_001a:  stloc.1  //存到第2个局部变量中 V_1 = DisplayDataAsyncStateMachine.Builder
19   IL_001b:  ldloca.s   V_1  //加载第1个局部变量地址
20   IL_001d:  ldloca.s   V_0  //加载第2个局部变量地址
21   IL_001f:  call       instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder::Start<valuetype ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'>(!!0&)  //调用V_0的start方法,方法有个参数!!0&,这看上去有点奇怪,指的是上面加载的V_1的地址
22   IL_0024:  ret //返回
23 } // end of method Program::DisplayDataAsync

好了,这个函数的意思差不多搞懂了,我们先把它翻译成容易看懂的C#代码,大概是这个样子:

 1 public void DisplayDataAsync()
 2 {
 3     DisplayDataAsyncStateMachine stateMachine;
 4 
 5     stateMachine.Builder = AsyncVoidMethodBuilder.Create();
 6 
 7     stateMachine.State = -1;
 8 
 9     AsyncVoidMethodBuilder builder = stateMachine.Builder;
10 
11     builder.Start(ref stateMachine);
12 }

与源代码完全不一样。

GetDataAsyncStateMachine还有两个接口函数的IL需要看下,接下来先看看这两个函数SetStateMachine和MoveNext的IL代码,把它也翻译过来,注意:IL里用的<DisplayDataAsync>d_1,<>1_state,<>_builder,<>u_1都可以用GetDataAsyncStateMachine,State, Builder,_taskAwaiter来表示了,这样更容易理解一些。

MoveNext:

  1 .method private hidebysig newslot virtual final 
  2         instance void  MoveNext() cil managed
  3 {
  4   .override [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IAsyncStateMachine::MoveNext
  5   // 代码大小       175 (0xaf)
  6   .maxstack  3
  7   .locals init (int32 V_0,  
  8            valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string> V_1,
  9            class [mscorlib]System.Exception V_2)  //3个局部变量
 10   IL_0000:  ldarg.0  //加载第0个参数,也就是本身
 11   IL_0001:  ldfld      int32 ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>1__state'  //加载字段State
 12   IL_0006:  stloc.0  //存到第1个局部变量中,也就是V_0 = State
 13   .try //try 块
 14   {
 15     IL_0007:  ldloc.0  //加载第1个局部变量
 16     IL_0008:  brfalse.s  IL_0048  //是false也就是 V_0 == 0则跳转到IL_0048
 17     IL_000a:  ldstr      "start"  //加载string "start"
 18     IL_000f:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)  //调用Console.WriteLine("start")
 19     IL_0014:  call       class [mscorlib]System.Threading.Tasks.Task`1<string> ILLearn.Program::GetData()  //调用静态方法Program.GetData()
 20     IL_0019:  callvirt   instance valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<!0> class [mscorlib]System.Threading.Tasks.Task`1<string>::GetAwaiter() //调用GetData()返回Task的GetAwaiter()方法
 21     IL_001e:  stloc.1  //把GetAwaiter()的结果存到第2个局部变量中也就是V_1 = GetData().GetAwaiter()
 22     IL_001f:  ldloca.s   V_1  //加载第2个局部变量V_1的地址
 23     IL_0021:  call       instance bool valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string>::get_IsCompleted()  //调用实例属性 IsCompleted
 24     IL_0026:  brtrue.s   IL_0064  //如果V_1.IsCompleted == true则跳转到IL_0064
 25     IL_0028:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 26     IL_0029:  ldc.i4.0  //加载整数0
 27     IL_002a:  dup  //复制, 因为要存两份
 28     IL_002b:  stloc.0  //存到第1个局部变量中,V_0=0
 29     IL_002c:  stfld      int32 ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>1__state' //存到State,State=0
 30     IL_0031:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 31     IL_0032:  ldloc.1  //加载第2个局部变量
 32     IL_0033:  stfld      valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string> ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>u__1'  //存到<>u__1也就是_taskAwaiter中,_taskAwaiter = V_1
 33     IL_0038:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 34     IL_0039:  ldflda     valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>t__builder' //加载Builder的地址
 35     IL_003e:  ldloca.s   V_1  //加载V_1的地址
 36     IL_0040:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 37     IL_0041:  call       instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder::AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted<valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string>,valuetype ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'>(!!0&,!!1&)//调用Builder的AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted函数,第1个参数是v1的地址,第2个是this,都是引用
 38     IL_0046:  leave.s    IL_00ae  // 跳到IL_00ae,也就是return
 39     IL_0048:  ldarg.0  //从IL_0008跳过来,加载this
 40     IL_0049:  ldfld      valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string> ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>u__1'  //加载_taskAwaiter
 41     IL_004e:  stloc.1  //存到第2个局部变量,V_1 = _taskAwaiter
 42     IL_004f:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 43     IL_0050:  ldflda     valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string> ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>u__1'  //加载_taskAwaiter地址
 44     IL_0055:  initobj    valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string>  //初始化结构,也就是_taskAwaiter = default(TaskAwaiter<string>)
 45     IL_005b:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 46     IL_005c:  ldc.i4.m1  //加载-1
 47     IL_005d:  dup  //复制
 48     IL_005e:  stloc.0  //把-1存到V_0中,V_0 = -1
 49     IL_005f:  stfld      int32 ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>1__state'  //存到State,State=-1
 50     IL_0064:  ldloca.s   V_1  //从IL_0026跳过来的,加载V_1的地址
 51     IL_0066:  call       instance !0 valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string>::GetResult()  //调用V_1.GetResult()
 52     IL_006b:  ldloca.s   V_1 //加载V_1的地址
 53     IL_006d:  initobj    valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.TaskAwaiter`1<string>  //初始化结构,也就是V_1 = default(TaskAwaiter<string>)
 54     IL_0073:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)  // Console.WriteLine 写GetResult返回的值
 55     IL_0078:  ldstr      "end"
 56     IL_007d:  call       void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)  //Console.WriteLine("end")
 57     IL_0082:  leave.s    IL_009b  //没异常,跳到IL_009b
 58   }  // end .try
 59   catch [mscorlib]System.Exception  //catch 块
 60   {
 61     IL_0084:  stloc.2  //把异常存到V_2
 62     IL_0085:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 63     IL_0086:  ldc.i4.s   -2  //加载-2
 64     IL_0088:  stfld      int32 ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>1__state'  //State = -2
 65     IL_008d:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 66     IL_008e:  ldflda     valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>t__builder'  //加载Builder的地址
 67     IL_0093:  ldloc.2  //加载第3个局部变量Exception
 68     IL_0094:  call       instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder::SetException(class [mscorlib]System.Exception)  //调用Builder.SetException,参数就是第3个局部变量
 69     IL_0099:  leave.s    IL_00ae  //return
 70   }  // end handler
 71   IL_009b:  ldarg.0  //加载this
 72   IL_009c:  ldc.i4.s   -2 //加载-2
 73   IL_009e:  stfld      int32 ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>1__state'  //State = -2
 74   IL_00a3:  ldarg.0 //加载this
 75   IL_00a4:  ldflda     valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>t__builder'//加载Builder的地址
 76   IL_00a9:  call       instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder::SetResult()  //Builder.SetResult()
 77   IL_00ae:  ret  //return
 78 } // end of method '<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::MoveNext
 79 
 80 翻译整理一下:  81 V_0用state表示, V_1用awaiter表示,V_2用ex表示
 82 
 83 void IAsyncStateMachine.MoveNext()
 84 {
 85     int state = State;
 86     try
 87     {
 88         TaskAwaiter<string> awaiter;
 89         if (state != 0)  // 状态不是0就进来,默认是-1
 90         {
 91             Console.WriteLine("start");  //  执行 await 之前的部分
 92 
 93             awaiter = Program.GetData().GetAwaiter();  // 获取 awaiter
 94 
 95             if (!awaiter.IsCompleted)  //判断是否完成,完成的话就不用分开了,直接执行后面的
 96             {
 97                 state = 0;
 98                 State = 0;  // 把状态变为0, awaiter执行完成后就不用进这里了
 99                 _taskAwaiter = awaiter;  // 保存awaiter, awaiter回来后要靠_taskAwaiter来取结果
100                 Builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted(ref awaiter, ref this);  // 这里面主要是构造一个action - MoveNextRunner,用来在awaiter.complete事件触发后走到这个状态机的MoveNext(),上面把state变了0了,再走这个函数的话就可以走到await后面的部分,后面再详细讲
101                 return;  // 返回
102             }
103         }
104         else
105         {
106             awaiter = _taskAwaiter;
107             state = -1;
108             State = -1;
109         }
110 
111         var result = awaiter.GetResult(); //awaiter回来后取得结果
112 
113         Console.WriteLine(result);  // 走 await 后面的部分
114 
115         Console.WriteLine("end");
116     }
117     catch(Exception ex)
118     {
119         State = -2;
120         Builder.SetException(ex);
121     }
122     
123     State = -2;
124     Builder.SetResult();
125 }

SetStateMachine:

 1 .method private hidebysig newslot virtual final 
 2         instance void  SetStateMachine(class [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IAsyncStateMachine stateMachine) cil managed
 3 {
 4   .custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Diagnostics.DebuggerHiddenAttribute::.ctor() = ( 01 00 00 00 ) 
 5   .override [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IAsyncStateMachine::SetStateMachine
 6   // 代码大小       13 (0xd)
 7   .maxstack  8
 8   IL_0000:  ldarg.0
 9   IL_0001:  ldflda     valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder ILLearn.Program/'<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::'<>t__builder'
10   IL_0006:  ldarg.1
11   IL_0007:  call       instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncVoidMethodBuilder::SetStateMachine(class [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IAsyncStateMachine)
12   IL_000c:  ret
13 } // end of method '<DisplayDataAsync>d__1'::SetStateMachine
14 
15 这个很简单,就不一一写了,直接翻译: 16 void IAsyncStateMachine.SetStateMachine(IAsyncStateMachine stateMachine)
17 {
18     Builder.SetStateMachine(stateMachine);
19 }

因为是照着IL直译,代码可能有点冗余,不过不伤大雅。

async/await原理

现在疏理一下,从DisplayDataAsync开始,先是创建一个状态机,把状态变量State初始化为-1,Builder使用AsyncVoidMethodBuilder.Create来创建,既而调用这个builder的Start函数并把状态机的引用传过去。

那重点就是这个AsyncVoidMethodBuilder的作用,AsyncVoidMethodBuilder在命名空间System.Runtime.CompilerServices下,我们来读一下它的源码,.net的BCL已经开源了,所以直接去github上找就行了。

https://github.com/dotnet/coreclr/blob/master/src/mscorlib/src/System/Runtime/CompilerServices/AsyncMethodBuilder.cs

这文件里面有这么几个重要类AsyncVoidMethodBuilder,AsyncTaskMethodBuilder,AsyncTaskMethodBuilder<T>,AsyncMethodBuilderCore及AsyncMethodBuilderCore内的MoveNextRunner。

首先为什么DsiplayDataAsync用到的是AsyncVoidMethodBuilder,因为DisplayDataAsync返回的是void,在ildasm里双击GetData你会发现如下IL:

1 IL_0002: call valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncTaskMethodBuilder`1<!0> valuetype [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.AsyncTaskMethodBuilder`1<string>::Create()

GetData用的是AsyncTaskMethodBuilder<string>,因为GetData返回的是Task<string>。那我们就知道了,AsyncVoidMethodBuilder,AsyncTaskMethodBuilder,AsyncTaskMethodBuilder<T>这三个类分别对应返回为void, Task和Task<T>的异步函数,因为async标记的函数只能返回这三种类型。这三个类的功能差不多,代码大同小异,我们就拿用到的AsyncVoidMethodBuilder来说。

先看最先调用的Create()函数:

1 public static AsyncVoidMethodBuilder Create()
2 {
3     SynchronizationContext sc = SynchronizationContext.CurrentNoFlow;
4     if (sc != null)
5         sc.OperationStarted();
6     return new AsyncVoidMethodBuilder() { m_synchronizationContext = sc };
7 }

SynchronizationContext.CurrentNoFlow作用是取得当前线程的SynchronizationContext,这个有什么用呢,SynchronizationContext可以算是一个抽象概念的类(这个类本身不是抽象的),它提供了线程间通讯的桥梁,一般线程的SynchronizationContext.Current为空,但主线程除外,比如对于WinForm,在第一个窗体创建时,系统会给主线程添加SynchronizationContext,也就是SynchronizationContext.Current = new WinFormSynchronizationContext(),WinFormSynchronizationContext是继承SynchronizationContext并重新实现了一些方法如Send,Post,Send, Post都是通过Control.Invoke/BeginInvoke来实现与UI线程的通讯。

对应的WPF的就是DispatcherSynchronizationContext,Asp.net就是AspNetSynchronizationContext。

当然,这里的SynchronizationContext是用来做跨线程Exception处理的,Task的Exception为什么能在外面捕获到,就靠这个SynchronizationContext,这个后面详细再讲。

好了,Create函数看完,接下来看Start()函数。

 1 public void Start<TStateMachine>(ref TStateMachine stateMachine) where TStateMachine : IAsyncStateMachine
 2 {
 3     if (stateMachine == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("stateMachine");
 4     Contract.EndContractBlock();
 5 
 6     ExecutionContextSwitcher ecs = default(ExecutionContextSwitcher);
 7     RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions();
 8     try
 9     {
10         ExecutionContext.EstablishCopyOnWriteScope(ref ecs);
11  stateMachine.MoveNext(); 12     }
13     finally
14     {
15         ecs.Undo();
16     }
17 }
Contract.EndContractBlock();这个是一个契约标记,一般用在throw后面,没功能性的作用,这里不多讲,有兴趣的可以去翻下契约式编程。

先看看ExecutionContext

https://github.com/dotnet/coreclr/blob/master/src/mscorlib/src/System/Threading/ExecutionContext.cs

ExecutionContext可以认为是一个容器,里面包含了一组context,SynchronizationContext是里面其中一个,还有如SecretContext,LogicContext等,代表了线程所执行的上下文。

ExecutionContextSwitcher这个类型又是干什么的呢,看代码:

 1 internal struct ExecutionContextSwitcher
 2 {
 3     internal ExecutionContext m_ec;
 4     internal SynchronizationContext m_sc;
 5 
 6     internal void Undo()
 7     {
 8         SynchronizationContext.SetSynchronizationContext(m_sc);
 9         ExecutionContext.Restore(m_ec);
10     }
11 }

也是一个结构,主要用来做Undo操作的,也就是在执行MoveNext时如果出现异常,可以恢复原来的上下文。

接着看Start函数,RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions() 就是CER(Constrained Execution Region),一般由RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions() + try..catch..finally组成,用来告诉CLR这段代码很重要,不管是什么异常都不要打断,为了保证不被打断, CER内(catch和finally块)的代码不能在堆上有操作,并且预先编译好CER内的代码,一切都是为了防止被打断。

说到预编译,CLR里还有个操作也是要预编译的,就是派生自CriticalFinalizerObjectFinalizer的类,这些类会确保它们的Finalize会被执行。

GC如果是因为内存不足而触发,而这时Finalize如果没有预编译,就有可能发生没有内存可供Finalize编译,Finalize得不到执行,对象也不能被释放,从而造成资源泄漏。

进入try块,执行ExecutionContext.EstblishCopyOnWriteScope(ref ecs)这个函数,接着看它的代码:

1 static internal void EstablishCopyOnWriteScope(ref ExecutionContextSwitcher ecsw)
2 {
3     ecsw.m_ec = Capture();
4     ecsw.m_sc = SynchronizationContext.CurrentNoFlow;
5 }

原来是给ExecutionContextSwitcher的属性赋值,Capture函数是抓取当前线程的ExecutionContext,这样ExecutionContextSwitcher里的Context就可以保存下来以便异常时恢复了。

继续Start函数,最重要的stateMachine.MoveNext()来了,上面一大堆都是为了这个家伙的安全执行。

整个Start看完,目的也就是执行MoveNext,那我们看看状态机里MoveNext干了些什么:

看看我们上面翻译的结果:

 1 void IAsyncStateMachine.MoveNext()
 2 {
 3     int state = State;
 4 
 5     try
 6     {
 7         TaskAwaiter<string> awaiter;
 8 
 9         if (state != 0) // 状态不是0就进来,默认是-1
10         {
11             Console.WriteLine("start"); // 执行 await 之前的部分
12             awaiter = Program.GetData().GetAwaiter(); // 获取 awaiter
13 
14             if (!awaiter.IsCompleted) //判断是否完成,完成的话就不用分开了,直接执行后面的
15             {
16                 state = 0;
17                 State = 0; // 把状态变为0, awaiter执行完成后再次MoveNext就不用进这里了
18                 _taskAwaiter = awaiter; // 保存awaiter, awaiter回来后要靠_taskAwaiter来取结果
19                 Builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted(ref awaiter, ref this); // 这里面主要是构造一个action - MoveNextRunner,用来在awaiter.complete事件触发后继续走这个状态机的MoveNext(),上面把state变了0了,再走这个函数的话就可以走到await后面的部分,下面再详细讲
20 
21                 return; // 返回
22             }
23         }
24         else
25         {
26             awaiter = _taskAwaiter;
27             state = -1;
28             State = -1;
29         }
30 
31         var result = awaiter.GetResult(); //awaiter回来后取得结果
32         Console.WriteLine(result); // 走 await 后面的部分
33         Console.WriteLine("end");
34     }
35     catch (Exception ex)
36     {
37         State = -2;
38         Builder.SetException(ex);
39     }
40 
41     State = -2;
42     Builder.SetResult();
43 }

可以把原始代码看成三段,如图:

第一次进来由于state是-1,所以先执行第一段,接着是第二段,把state置为0并且拿到awaiter做Builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted(ref awaiter, ref this)操作,这个操作里面会在取到数据后再次MoveNext,因为state为0,所以就走到第三段,整个过程是这样。

我们详细看看Builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted这个操作是怎么调用第二次MoveNext的。

 1 public void AwaitOnCompleted<TAwaiter, TStateMachine>(
 2     ref TAwaiter awaiter, ref TStateMachine stateMachine)
 3     where TAwaiter : INotifyCompletion
 4     where TStateMachine : IAsyncStateMachine
 5 {
 6     try
 7     {
 8         AsyncMethodBuilderCore.MoveNextRunner runnerToInitialize = null;
 9         var continuation = m_coreState.GetCompletionAction(AsyncCausalityTracer.LoggingOn ? this.Task : null, ref runnerToInitialize);
10         Contract.Assert(continuation != null, "GetCompletionAction should always return a valid action.");
11 
12         // If this is our first await, such that we've not yet boxed the state machine, do so now.
13         if (m_coreState.m_stateMachine == null)
14         {
15             if (AsyncCausalityTracer.LoggingOn)
16                 AsyncCausalityTracer.TraceOperationCreation(CausalityTraceLevel.Required, this.Task.Id, "Async: " + stateMachine.GetType().Name, 0);
17                     
18             m_coreState.PostBoxInitialization(stateMachine, runnerToInitialize, null);
19         }
20 
21  awaiter.OnCompleted(continuation);
22     }
23     catch (Exception exc)
24     {
25         AsyncMethodBuilderCore.ThrowAsync(exc, targetContext: null);
26     }
27 }

一点一点看,先调用了m_coreState.GetCompletionAction,m_coreState是AsyncMethodBuilderCore类型,来看看它的实现:

 1 internal Action GetCompletionAction(Task taskForTracing, ref MoveNextRunner runnerToInitialize)
 2 {
 3     Contract.Assert(m_defaultContextAction == null || m_stateMachine != null,
 4         "Expected non-null m_stateMachine on non-null m_defaultContextAction");
 5 
 6     Debugger.NotifyOfCrossThreadDependency();
 7 
 8     var capturedContext = ExecutionContext.FastCapture();  //获取当前线程的ExecutionContext
 9     Action action;
10     MoveNextRunner runner;
11     if (capturedContext != null && capturedContext.IsPreAllocatedDefault)
12     {
13         action = m_defaultContextAction;
14         if (action != null)
15         {
16             Contract.Assert(m_stateMachine != null, "If the delegate was set, the state machine should have been as well.");
17             return action;
18         }
19         runner = new MoveNextRunner(capturedContext, m_stateMachine);  //new一个MoveNextRunner实例,并把ExecutionContext和状态机传过去
20 
21         action = new Action(runner.Run);  //runner.Run的action
22         if (taskForTracing != null)
23         {
24             m_defaultContextAction = action = OutputAsyncCausalityEvents(taskForTracing, action);
25         }
26         else
27         {
28             m_defaultContextAction = action;
29         }
30     }
31     else
32     {
33         runner = new MoveNextRunner(capturedContext, m_stateMachine); 34         action = new Action(runner.Run); 35 
36         if (taskForTracing != null)
37         {
38             action = OutputAsyncCausalityEvents(taskForTracing, action);
39         }
40     }
41 
42     if (m_stateMachine == null)
43         runnerToInitialize = runner;
44 
45     return action; 46 }

这段代码看起来比较简单,主要是针对MoveNextRunner实例,传递上下文和状态机给它,大家应该可以猜到MoveNext就是用这个MoveNextRunner.Run去实现了,这个函数返回的就是MoveNextRunner.Run。

再回头看上面的代码,如果m_coreState.m_stateMachine == null,也就是第一次进来就先做PostBoxInitialization操作,看看PostBoxInitialization:

 1 internal void PostBoxInitialization(IAsyncStateMachine stateMachine, MoveNextRunner runner, Task builtTask)
 2 {
 3     if (builtTask != null)
 4     {
 5         if (AsyncCausalityTracer.LoggingOn)
 6             AsyncCausalityTracer.TraceOperationCreation(CausalityTraceLevel.Required, builtTask.Id, "Async: " + stateMachine.GetType().Name, 0);
 7 
 8         if (System.Threading.Tasks.Task.s_asyncDebuggingEnabled)
 9             System.Threading.Tasks.Task.AddToActiveTasks(builtTask);
10     }
11 
12     m_stateMachine = stateMachine;  //给m_stateMachine赋值,因为m_stateMachine是internal IAsyncStateMachine m_stateMachine;这样定义的,所以把struct stateMachine传给这个接口类型时会装箱,目的是在Builder里面保存这个状态机,下次不会走这了
13  m_stateMachine.SetStateMachine(m_stateMachine); 14 
15     Contract.Assert(runner.m_stateMachine == null, "The runner's state machine should not yet have been populated.");
16     Contract.Assert(m_stateMachine != null, "The builder's state machine field should have been initialized.");
17 
18     runner.m_stateMachine = m_stateMachine; 19 }

这个函数的目的有两个,一个是给状态机装箱保存下来,另一个是给runner的状态机赋值。

再看回上面的AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted函数,到awaiter.UnsafeOnCompleted(continuation)了,这个算是核心,主要就是等这个回来再调用continuation,continuation我们知道是MoveNextRunner的Run函数,先看看这个Run函数:

 1 internal void Run()
 2 {
 3     Contract.Assert(m_stateMachine != null, "The state machine must have been set before calling Run.");
 4 
 5     if (m_context != null)
 6     {
 7         try
 8         {
 9             ContextCallback callback = s_invokeMoveNext; 10             if (callback == null) { s_invokeMoveNext = callback = InvokeMoveNext; } 11 
12             ExecutionContext.Run(m_context, callback, m_stateMachine, preserveSyncCtx: true);  //主要就是用ExecutionContext应用到当前线程来执行这个((IAsyncStateMachine)stateMachine).MoveNext()
13         }
14         finally { m_context.Dispose(); }
15     }
16     else
17     {
18         m_stateMachine.MoveNext();
19     }
20 }
21 
22 private static ContextCallback s_invokeMoveNext;
23 
24 private static void InvokeMoveNext(object stateMachine)
25 {
26  ((IAsyncStateMachine)stateMachine).MoveNext(); 27 }

Run的目的很简单,m_context是await之前的线程上下文,所以就是以执行Console.WriteLine("start")一样的线程上下文去执行MoveNext,用这个ExecutionContext.Run并不是说Console.WriteLine("start")和Console.WriteLine("end")会在同一个线程,ExecutionContext.Run只是在线程池里拿一个空闲的线程,赋予同样的上下文来执行MoveNext()。

现在只有awaiter.UnsafeOnCompleted(continuation)还没讲,不过功能已经清楚,就是awaiter completed后回调continuation,追根到底看看它是怎么实现的:

https://github.com/dotnet/coreclr/blob/master/src/mscorlib/src/System/Runtime/CompilerServices/TaskAwaiter.cs
1 public void UnsafeOnCompleted(Action continuation)
2 {
3     OnCompletedInternal(m_task, continuation, continueOnCapturedContext: true, flowExecutionContext: false);
4 }

continueOnCapturedContext这个是由Task.ConfigureAwait(continueOnCapturedContext)来控制的,true则表示执行完task后转到SynchronizationContext所在的线程上去执行await后面的部分,比如说更新UI就必须在UI线程上,这个就需要设为true,如果不是要更新UI,而是还有很多的数据需要本地计算,则最好设为false,这时会在task执行完成后在线程池中拿出一个空闲的工作线程来做await后面的事,当然在Asp.net里要注意HttpContext.Current可能在false时会为Null,操作时需要注意。接着看OnCompletedInternal的代码:

 1 internal static void OnCompletedInternal(Task task, Action continuation, bool continueOnCapturedContext, bool flowExecutionContext)
 2 {
 3     if (continuation == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("continuation");
 4     StackCrawlMark stackMark = StackCrawlMark.LookForMyCaller;
 5 
 6     if (TplEtwProvider.Log.IsEnabled() || Task.s_asyncDebuggingEnabled)
 7     {
 8         continuation = OutputWaitEtwEvents(task, continuation);
 9     }
10 
11     task.SetContinuationForAwait(continuation, continueOnCapturedContext, flowExecutionContext, ref stackMark); 12 }

主要是调用SetContinuationForAwait:

 1 internal void SetContinuationForAwait(
 2             Action continuationAction, bool continueOnCapturedContext, bool flowExecutionContext, ref StackCrawlMark stackMark)
 3 {
 4     Contract.Requires(continuationAction != null);
 5 
 6 
 7     TaskContinuation tc = null;
 8 
 9     if (continueOnCapturedContext)  //如果需要用到SynchronizationContext
10     {
11         var syncCtx = SynchronizationContext.CurrentNoFlow;  //获取当前SynchronizationContext
12         if (syncCtx != null && syncCtx.GetType() != typeof(SynchronizationContext))  //当前SynchronizationContext和传进来的SynchronizationContext不相等
13         {
14             tc = new SynchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation(syncCtx, continuationAction, flowExecutionContext, ref stackMark);  //用SynchronizationContext来转到目标线程去执行
15         }
16         Else
17                 {
18             var scheduler = TaskScheduler.InternalCurrent;
19             if (scheduler != null && scheduler != TaskScheduler.Default)
20             {
21                 tc = new TaskSchedulerAwaitTaskContinuation(scheduler, continuationAction, flowExecutionContext, ref stackMark);
22             }
23         }
24     }
25 
26     if (tc == null && flowExecutionContext)
27     {
28         tc = new AwaitTaskContinuation(continuationAction, flowExecutionContext: true, stackMark: ref stackMark); // continueOnCapturedContext = false时
29     }
30 
31     if (tc != null)
32     {
33         if (!AddTaskContinuation(tc, addBeforeOthers: false))
34             tc.Run(this, bCanInlineContinuationTask: false);  //开始执行Run
35     }
36     else
37     {
38         Contract.Assert(!flowExecutionContext, "We already determined we're not required to flow context.");
39         if (!AddTaskContinuation(continuationAction, addBeforeOthers: false))
40             AwaitTaskContinuation.UnsafeScheduleAction(continuationAction, this);
41     }
42 }

最主要看是怎么Run的,先看第一种,continueOnCapturedContext为true的:

 1 internal sealed override void Run(Task task, bool canInlineContinuationTask)
 2 {
 3     if (canInlineContinuationTask && this.m_syncContext == SynchronizationContext.CurrentNoFlow)  //如果当前线程的SynchronizationContext和syncContext一样,那表示就是一个线程,直接执行就好了
 4     {
 5         base.RunCallback(AwaitTaskContinuation.GetInvokeActionCallback(), this.m_action, ref Task.t_currentTask);
 6         return;
 7     }
 8     TplEtwProvider log = TplEtwProvider.Log;
 9     if (log.IsEnabled())
10     {
11         this.m_continuationId = Task.NewId();
12         log.AwaitTaskContinuationScheduled((task.ExecutingTaskScheduler ?? TaskScheduler.Default).Id, task.Id, this.m_continuationId);
13     }
14     base.RunCallback(SynchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.GetPostActionCallback(), this, ref Task.t_currentTask);  // 这里用到了GetPostActionCallback()来执行
15 }

看看PostAction:

 1 private static void PostAction(object state)
 2 {
 3     SynchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation synchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation = (SynchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation)state;
 4     if (TplEtwProvider.Log.TasksSetActivityIds && synchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.m_continuationId != 0)
 5     {
 6         synchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.m_syncContext.Post(SynchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.s_postCallback, SynchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.GetActionLogDelegate(synchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.m_continuationId, synchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.m_action));  //看到了吧,用的是SynchronizationContext的Post来执行await后面的,如果SynchronizationContext是UI线程上的,那在Winform里就是control.BeginInvoke,在WPF里就是Dispatcher.BeginInvoke,转到UI线程执行
 7         return;
 8     }
 9     synchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.m_syncContext.Post(SynchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.s_postCallback, synchronizationContextAwaitTaskContinuation.m_action);
10 }

来看看第二种:continueOnCapturedContext为false:

 1 internal override void Run(Task task, bool canInlineContinuationTask)
 2 {
 3     if (canInlineContinuationTask && AwaitTaskContinuation.IsValidLocationForInlining)
 4     {
 5         this.RunCallback(AwaitTaskContinuation.GetInvokeActionCallback(), this.m_action, ref Task.t_currentTask);  //这里去到RunCallback
 6         return;
 7     }
 8     TplEtwProvider log = TplEtwProvider.Log;
 9     if (log.IsEnabled())
10     {
11         this.m_continuationId = Task.NewId();
12         log.AwaitTaskContinuationScheduled((task.ExecutingTaskScheduler ?? TaskScheduler.Default).Id, task.Id, this.m_continuationId);
13     }
14     ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueCustomWorkItem(this, false); // 这也是通过线程池去运行
15 }
16 
17 protected void RunCallback(ContextCallback callback, object state, ref Task currentTask)
18 {
19     Task task = currentTask;
20     try
21     {
22         if (task != null)
23         {
24             currentTask = null;
25         }
26         if (this.m_capturedContext == null)
27         {
28             callback(state);
29         }
30         else
31         {
32             ExecutionContext.Run(this.m_capturedContext, callback, state, true); //就是通过ExecutionContext.Run去运行
33         }
34     }
35     catch (Exception arg_2A_0)
36     {
37         AwaitTaskContinuation.ThrowAsyncIfNecessary(arg_2A_0);
38     }
39     finally
40     {
41         if (task != null)
42         {
43             currentTask = task;
44         }
45         if (this.m_capturedContext != null)
46         {
47             this.m_capturedContext.Dispose();
48         }
49     }
50 }

所以为false时就没SynchronizationContext什么事,线程池里拿个空闲线程出来运行就好了。上面有很大篇幅讲了awaiter.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted的运行原理,因为async/await是配合awaitable用的,所以就一起分析。

那现在这个简单的async/await例子就分析完了,可能有人会觉得状态机貌似没什么用,用if/else也能轻松做到这个,没必要用MoveNext。那是因为这里只有一个await,如果更多呢,if/else就很难控制,MoveNext就只需要关注状态变化就好了。写个有三个await的函数来看看:

 1 static async void DisplayDataAsync()
 2 {
 3     Console.WriteLine("start");
 4 
 5     Console.WriteLine("progress_1");
 6     await GetData();
 7 
 8     Console.WriteLine("progress_2");
 9     await GetData();
10 
11     Console.WriteLine("progress_3");
12     await GetData();
13 
14     Console.WriteLine("end");
15 }

因为IL上面已经讲过,多个await的指令其实差不多,所以用另一种简单的方法:ILSpy来直接看翻译结果,需要在Options里把Decompile async method(async/await)关掉,如图:

MoveNext的代码:

 1 void IAsyncStateMachine.MoveNext()
 2 {
 3     int num = this.<> 1__state;
 4     try
 5     {
 6         TaskAwaiter<string> taskAwaiter;
 7         switch (num)
 8         {
 9             case 0:
10                 taskAwaiter = this.<> u__1;
11                 this.<> u__1 = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
12                 this.<> 1__state = -1;
13                 break;
14             case 1:
15                 taskAwaiter = this.<> u__1;
16                 this.<> u__1 = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
17                 this.<> 1__state = -1;
18                 goto IL_ED;
19             case 2:
20                 taskAwaiter = this.<> u__1;
21                 this.<> u__1 = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
22                 this.<> 1__state = -1;
23                 goto IL_157;
24             default:
25                 Console.WriteLine("start");
26                 Console.WriteLine("progress_1");
27                 taskAwaiter = Program.GetData().GetAwaiter();
28                 if (!taskAwaiter.IsCompleted)
29                 {
30                     this.<> 1__state = 0;
31                     this.<> u__1 = taskAwaiter;
32                     this.<> t__builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted < TaskAwaiter<string>, Program.< DisplayDataAsync > d__1 > (ref taskAwaiter, ref this);
33                     return;
34                 }
35                 break;
36         }
37         taskAwaiter.GetResult();
38         taskAwaiter = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
39         Console.WriteLine("progress_2");
40         taskAwaiter = Program.GetData().GetAwaiter();
41         if (!taskAwaiter.IsCompleted)
42         {
43             this.<> 1__state = 1;
44             this.<> u__1 = taskAwaiter;
45             this.<> t__builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted < TaskAwaiter<string>, Program.< DisplayDataAsync > d__1 > (ref taskAwaiter, ref this);
46             return;
47         }
48  IL_ED: 49         taskAwaiter.GetResult();
50         taskAwaiter = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
51         Console.WriteLine("progress_3");
52         taskAwaiter = Program.GetData().GetAwaiter();
53         if (!taskAwaiter.IsCompleted)
54         {
55             this.<> 1__state = 2;
56             this.<> u__1 = taskAwaiter;
57             this.<> t__builder.AwaitUnsafeOnCompleted < TaskAwaiter<string>, Program.< DisplayDataAsync > d__1 > (ref taskAwaiter, ref this);
58             return;
59         }
60  IL_157: 61         taskAwaiter.GetResult();
62         taskAwaiter = default(TaskAwaiter<string>);
63         Console.WriteLine("end");
64     }
65     catch (Exception exception)
66     {
67         this.<> 1__state = -2;
68         this.<> t__builder.SetException(exception);
69         return;
70     }
71     this.<> 1__state = -2;
72     this.<> t__builder.SetResult();
73 }

还是比较容易理解,思路和单个await一样,这里通过goto的方式来控制流程,很聪明的做法,这样既可以跳转,又不影响taskAwaiter.IsCompleted为true时的直接运行。

在讲AsyncVoidMethodBuilder.Create时讲到SynchronizationContext的用处是处理异常,那现在来看看AsyncVoidMethodBuilder的异常处理:

 1 internal static void ThrowAsync(Exception exception, SynchronizationContext targetContext)
 2 {
 3     var edi = ExceptionDispatchInfo.Capture(exception);
 4 
 5     if (targetContext != null)
 6     {
 7         try
 8         {
 9             targetContext.Post(state => ((ExceptionDispatchInfo)state).Throw(), edi); 10             return;
11         }
12         catch (Exception postException)
13         {
14             edi = ExceptionDispatchInfo.Capture(new AggregateException(exception, postException));
15         }
16     }
17 }

看到了吧,把异常通过targetContext.Post的方式给到最开始的线程,这也是为什么在Task外面的try..catch能抓到异步异常的原因。

总结

好了,以上就是用IL来对async/await的分析,总结一下:

async/await本质上只是一个语法糖,它并不产生线程,只是在编译时把语句的执行逻辑改了,相当于过去我们用callback,这里编译器帮你做了。线程的转换是通过SynchronizationContext来实现,如果做了Task.ConfigureAwait(false)操作,运行MoveNext时就只是在线程池中拿个空闲线程出来执行;如果Task.ConfigureAwait(true)-(默认),则会在异步操作前Capture当前线程的SynchronizationContext,异步操作之后运行MoveNext时通过SynchronizationContext转到目标之前的线程。一般是想更新UI则需要用到SynchronizationContext,如果异步操作完成还需要做大量运算,则可以考虑Task.ConfigureAwait(false)把计算放到后台算,防止UI卡死。

另外还有在异步操作前做的ExecutionContext.FastCapture,获取当前线程的执行上下文,注意,如果Task.ConfigureAwait(false),会有个IgnoreSynctx的标记,表示在ExecutionContext.Capture里不做SynchronizationContext.Capture操作,Capture到的执行上下文用来在awaiter completed后给MoveNext用,使MoveNext可以有和前面线程同样的上下文。

通过SynchronizationContext.Post操作,可以使异步异常在最开始的try..catch块中轻松捕获。

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