最小生成树——Prim（普利姆）算法

【0】README

0.1） 本文总结于 数据结构与算法分析， 源代码均为原创， 旨在 理解Prim算法的idea 并用 源代码加以实现；
0.2）最小生成树的基础知识，参见 http://blog.csdn.net/pacosonswjtu/article/details/49947085

【1】Prim算法相关

1.1）计算最小生成树的一种方法是使其连续地一步一步长成。在每一步， 都要吧一个节点当做根并往上加边，这样也就把相关联的顶点加到增长中的树上；
1.2）在算法中的任一时刻， 我们都可以看到一个已经添加到树上的顶点集， 而其余顶点尚未加到这颗树中。此时， 算法在每一阶段都可以通过选择边（u, v），使得（u, v）的值是所有u 在树上但v不在树上的边的值中的最小者， 而找出一个新的顶点并吧它添加到这颗树中；
1.3）具体步骤概括为：

• step1）给定一个顶点为根节点；
• step2）每一步加一条边和一个顶点； （这也迎合了 顶点个数-边个数=1 ）；

1.4）看个荔枝：

对上图的分析（Analysis）：
A1）可以看到， 其实Prim算法基本上和求最短路径的 Dijkstra算法一样， 因此和前面一样，我们对每一个顶点保留值 Dv和Pv 以及一个指标，指示该顶点是已知的还是未知的。这里，Dv是连接v 到已知顶点的最短边的权， 而 Pv则是导致Dv改变的最后的顶点。
A2）算法的其余部分一样， 唯一不同的是： 由于Dv的定义不同， 因此它的更新法则不一样。事实上，Prim算法的更新法则比 Dijkstra算法简单：在每一个顶点ｖ被选取后，　对于每一个与　ｖ　邻接的未知的w， Dw=min（Dw, Cw,v）；

对上图的分析（Analysis）：
A1）该算法整个的实现实际上和 Dijkstra算法的实现是一样的， 对于 Dijkstra算法分析所做的每一件事都可以用到这里。 不过要注意， Prim算法是在无向图上运行的， 因此当编写代码的时候要记住要吧每一条变都要放到两个邻接表中。
A2）不用堆时的运行时间为O(|V|^2)， 它对于稠密图来说是最优的； 使用二叉堆的运行时间为 O（|E|log|V|）， 它对于稀疏图是一个好的界限；

【2】source code + printing results（将我的代码打印结果 同 上图中的手动模拟的prim算法的结果进行比较，你会发现， 它们的结果完全相同，这也证实了我的代码的可行性）

2.1）download source code： https://github.com/pacosonTang/dataStructure-algorithmAnalysis/tree/master/chapter9/p237_prim
2.2）source code at a glance（for complete code , please click the given link above）：

#include "prim.h"

//allocate the memory for initializing unweighted table
WeightedTable *initWeightedTable(int size)
{   
    WeightedTable* table;
    int i;

    table = (WeightedTable*)malloc(sizeof(WeightedTable) * size);
    if(!table)
    {
        Error("out of space ,from func initWeightedTable");
        return NULL;
    }

    for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
    {
        table[i] = makeEmptyWeightedTable();        
        if(!table[i])
            return NULL;
    }

    return table;
} 

// allocate the memory for every element in unweighted table 
WeightedTable makeEmptyWeightedTable()
{
    WeightedTable element;

    element = (WeightedTable)malloc(sizeof(struct WeightedTable));
    if(!element)
    {
        Error("out of space ,from func makeEmptyWeightedTable");
        return NULL;
    }   
    element->known = 0; // 1 refers to accessed , also 0 refers to not accessed
    element->distance = MaxInt;
    element->path = -1; // index starts from 0 and -1 means the startup vertex unreaches other vertexs

    return element;
}

// allocate the memory for storing index of vertex in heap and let every element -1
int *makeEmptyArray(int size)
{
    int *array;
    int i;

    array = (int*)malloc(size * sizeof(int));
    if(!array)
    {
        Error("out of space ,from func makeEmptyArray");
        return NULL;
    }       
    for(i=0; i<size; i++)
        array[i] = -1;

    return array;
}

//computing the unweighted shortest path between the vertex under initIndex and other vertexs
void prim(AdjTable* adj, int size, int startVertex, BinaryHeap bh)
{       
    int adjVertex;  
    int tempDistance;
    WeightedTable* table;
    int vertex;     
    AdjTable temp;  
    Distance tempDisStruct;
    int *indexOfVertexInHeap;
    int indexOfHeap;

    table = initWeightedTable(size);        
    tempDisStruct = makeEmptyDistance();
    indexOfVertexInHeap = makeEmptyArray(size);

    tempDisStruct->distance = table[startVertex-1]->distance;
    tempDisStruct->vertexIndex = startVertex-1;
    insert(tempDisStruct, bh, indexOfVertexInHeap); // insert the (startVertex-1) into the binary heap 

    table[startVertex-1]->distance = 0;// update the distance 
    table[startVertex-1]->path = 0;// update the path of starting vertex

    while(!isEmpty(bh))
    {       
        vertex = deleteMin(bh, indexOfVertexInHeap).vertexIndex; // return the minimal element in binary heap
        //printBinaryHeap(bh);

        table[vertex]->known = 1; // update the vertex as accessed, also let responding known be 1
        temp = adj[vertex]->next;
        while(temp)
        {
            adjVertex = temp->index; 
            if(table[adjVertex]->known == 1) // judge whether table[adjVertex]->known is 1 or not
            {
                temp = temp->next;
                continue;
            }

            //tempDistance = table[vertex]->distance + temp->weight; // update the distance
            tempDistance = temp->weight;
            if(tempDistance < table[adjVertex]->distance)
            {
                table[adjVertex]->distance = tempDistance;
                table[adjVertex]->path = vertex; //update the path of adjVertex, also responding path evaluated as vertex 

                // key, we should judge whether adjVertex was added into the binary heap 
                //if true , obviously the element has been added into the binary heap(so we can't add the element into heap once again)
                if(indexOfVertexInHeap[adjVertex] != -1) 
                {
                    indexOfHeap = indexOfVertexInHeap[adjVertex];
                    bh->elements[indexOfHeap]->distance = tempDistance; // update the distance of corresponding vertex in binary heap
                }
                else // if not ture
                {
                    tempDisStruct->distance = table[adjVertex]->distance;
                    tempDisStruct->vertexIndex = adjVertex;
                    insert(tempDisStruct, bh, indexOfVertexInHeap); // insert the adjVertex into the binary heap
                }
            }            
            temp = temp->next;      
        }       
        printPrim(table, size, startVertex);        
        printBinaryHeap(bh);
        printf("\n");
    }       

    printf("\n");
} 

//print unweighted table
void printPrim(WeightedTable* table, int size, int startVertex)
{
    int i;  
    char *str[4] = 
    {
        "vertex",
        "known",
        "distance",
        "path"
    };

    printf("\n\t === storage table related to Prim alg as follows: === ");  
    printf("\n\t %6s%6s%9s%5s", str[0], str[1], str[2], str[3]);    
    for(i=0; i<size; i++)
    {       
        if(i != startVertex-1 && table[i]->path!=-1) 
            printf("\n\t %-3d %3d %5d v%-3d ", i+1, table[i]->known, table[i]->distance, table[i]->path+1);
        else if(table[i]->path == -1)
            printf("\n\t %-3d %3d %5d %-3d ", i+1, table[i]->known, table[i]->distance, table[i]->path);
        else
            printf("\n\t *%-3d %3d %5d %-3d ", i+1, table[i]->known, table[i]->distance, 0);
    }    
}

int main()
{ 
    AdjTable* adj;  
    BinaryHeap bh;
    int size = 7;
    int capacity;
    int i;
    int j;  
    int startVertex;

    int adjTable[7][7] = 
    {
        {0, 2, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0},
        {2, 0, 0, 3, 10, 0, 0},
        {4, 0, 0, 2, 0, 5, 0},
        {1, 3, 2, 0, 7, 8, 4},
        {0, 10, 0, 7, 0, 0, 6},
        {0, 0, 5, 8, 0, 0, 1},
        {0, 0, 0, 4, 6, 1, 0},
    };

    printf("\n\n\t ====== test for Prim alg finding weighted shortest path from adjoining table ======\n");
    adj = initAdjTable(size);       

    printf("\n\n\t ====== the initial weighted adjoining table is as follows:======\n");
    for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
        for(j = 0; j < size; j++)   
            if(adjTable[i][j])          
                insertAdj(adj, j, i, adjTable[i][j]); // insertAdj the adjoining table over

    printAdjTable(adj, size);   

    capacity = 7;
    bh = initBinaryHeap(capacity+1);
    //conducting prim alg to find minimum spanning tree(MST)
    startVertex = 1; // you should know our index for storing vertex starts from 0
    prim(adj, size, startVertex, bh);   

    return 0;
} 

2.3）printing results：