由于工作中需要用到英语,特此记录英语学习笔记。
参考课程《万法归宗之语法速成入门》
理解,不背句子,不背语法
语法七要素必须在学完后,一个月做到完整默写
词类=词性
分类 | 名称 | 缩写式 | 意义 |
---|---|---|---|
实词 | 名词 | n. | 命名所有人和物的词 |
动词 | v.(vt. vi) | 表示动作和状态 | |
代词 | pron. | 代指名词 | |
形容词 | adj. | 修饰名词 | |
副词 | adv. | 修饰形容词、动词和自己 | |
数词 | num. | 表数量 | |
虚词 | 介词 | prep. | 表逻辑 |
连词 | conj. | 表连接:并列,转折,递进 | |
冠词 | art. | 表泛指,特质,a/an单数形式 | |
感叹词 | conj. | 语气词 | |
备注:实词可单独做句子成分,虚词不可以 |
动词和介词构成了英语中最大的难点和最复杂的句式
句子词类解析
No. 1: A genius is the person who repeats the most times!
冠 名 动 冠 名 代 动 冠 形 名
句子成分:核心成分和修饰成分
成分 | 作用 | 分类 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. 主语 | 表动作的发出者「名词、代词、数词」 | 核心成分 | |||
2. 谓语 | 表(主语)的动作和状态『动词』 | ||||
3. 宾语 | 表动作的承受者「名词、带刺、数词」 | ||||
4. 补语 (补充说明用语的统称) |
表语 | 紧接在系动词之后「名词、形容词、副词、代词、数词」 | |||
宾语补足语 | 对宾语补充说明「名词、形容词」 | 修饰成分 | |||
同位语 | 对抽象名词解释说明「名词」 | ||||
5. 状语 | 修饰谓语和定语; 功能:成都,伴随,否定,时间,条件,原因,结果,目的,让步,比较,地点,方式。「副词」 |
||||
6. 定语 | 严格意义上来说定语不是句子成分,而是名词短语成分。「形容词」 |
2.2.1 有谓语的句子才是真正的句子
例句:
stop!「一个动词表句子」
stand up!「一个动词短语表句子」
I run.「主谓结构的句子」
2.2.2 英语学习的绝对顺序
语法七要素掌握->句子成分的解析
what->why->how
2.2.3 英语学习的绝对原则
形式决定含义!
只有搞清楚了动词,才能解释什么是表语
表动作,分为及物动词vt.和不及物动词vi.
例词:do,Have,let,take,drive。。。。
例句:
run : vi. 经营;奔跑;运转 vt. 管理,经营;运行;参赛 n. 奔跑;赛跑;趋向;奔跑的路程
I run. 我跑步
I run a company. 我运营一家公司
表状态,由于含义不完全,不可单独作谓语,必须和后面的表语一同构成谓语
何为系动词?答:凡是在逻辑上(人类)可以接形容词的动词就可被视为系动词
错误案例:
I eat lunch. 我吃午饭。
I eat happy. 我吃开心的。
例词:be,feel,become,get,sound,taste,look
例句:
I am happy.
You feel sad.
He becomes weak.
She gets strong.
That sounds great.
It tastes good.
They look beautiful.
....
无意义,做形式,表功能:否定,强调,时态,被动,疑问
四大助动词:be,do,have,will
如何区分be,do,have是否在句中做助动词?(它们也能做实意动词)
答:be,have,do,will如果后接其他动词(任意形式),则一定为助动词。
PS:以此可见,背动词的重要性!尤其是不规则动词变化表。
例句:
I don't know.(否定)
I do have my home. 我确实有自己的家。(强调)
I am teaching your English. 我正在教你们英语。(时态)
You are taken to the hospital. 你被送往医院。(被动)
I will help you (to) achieve your goals. 我将会帮你实现你的目标。
Do you want to drink a cup of tea?(疑问)
表人的主观愿望,但是:
例词:can,could,shall,should,must,need,would,may,ought to...
I can do it.(在未来句子成分解析中,含有情态动词的句子一律视为主谓宾结构,其中宾语就是由省略了to的动词不定式来充当)
主 谓 宾
do it为省略了to的动词不定式
天下间所有的英语句子只有两种结构
主谓宾
主系表
五二三法则
五:五大核心句式,所有的语法句式就只有这5种,超过了这个就是语法错误。
所有的宾补都是因为使役动词导致的。是否有宾补,完全看动词!
使役动词就是含义包括:使。。。做。。。的含义
例词:force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事
make sb. do sth.是某人做某事(to省略,死记)
let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
主语->谓语->宾语
A friend loves the girl.
主语->谓语->宾语
|->连系动词->表语
谓语跟连系动词都是动词,如果我们能够判断动词的种类就能判断句子是属于主谓宾还是主系表结构。因此知道动词的形式无比重要。
主系表只是主谓宾的分支,是因为表语上可以放形容词,宾语上不能放形容词,所以主谓宾不能涵盖英语中的所有形式,所以衍生出主系表
A friend loves the girl.
Love is upset.爱情是悲伤的。
Love is upset.爱情是悲伤的。
My (best)friend loves the pretty kind girl.
定 定 主 谓 定 定 宾
kind作名词还是做形容词完全是它充当的句子成分在决定。
写作文之所以一筹莫展,在于背单词不背词性。
my pron. 我的「形容词性物主代词 = 定语,在进行句子成分解析的时候理想性会把它视为定语」
我们的学习的目的是用一种方法解析所有的英语句子(规律)
病句:
这个男孩很阳光。(很是副词,这里不能接名词,中文要求名词作形容词要加“的”)
改为:这是个很阳光的男孩。
当表语上是名词时,主系表与主谓宾没有区别。
同位语解释的是抽象名词,比如说That is a bad news that you did't pass the exam。
表语能放除了谓语动词以外的其他5种后接。表语是名词的时候自然能用同位语进行解析
Love is upset.爱情是悲伤的。
- 加宾语补足语
My best friend makes the pretty kind girl happy.
定 定 主 谓 定 定 宾 宾补
(如想要加宾补,love这个动词是接不上宾语的,得用使役动词make)
- 主语加同位语,加宾语补足语
My best friend, my classmate, makes the pretty kind girl happy.
定 主 同位语 谓 定 定 宾 宾补
同位语的原则是就近修饰,所以要放在名词之后
- 主语加同位语,谓语加状语,加宾语补足语
My best friend, my classmate, always makes the pretty kind girl , also my classmate, happy.
定 主 同位语 状 谓 定 定 宾 同位语 宾补
状语位置的判断:1.词性;2.位置不限,一般紧靠在被修饰的形容词或动词旁
- 状语修饰谓语,状语置后,因为英语有个原则,说任何话先把这句话的核心写出来
My best friend loves the pretty kind girl very much.
定 定 主 谓 定 定 宾 状
Thank you very much.祈使句
谓 宾 状
句子成分解析将构成能否写作的前提
从句的由来:就是用一个句子代替了主句中某个成分上的词而已
4.5.1 名词性从句
蓝色箭头代表替换
绿色箭头代表修饰
红色箭头代表主干
4.5.2 定语从句
He is a good man who always helps others.
他是一个总是帮助他人的好人。(中文语序不同,放在前面)
4.5.3 状态从句
特别说明:谓语和非谓语就此分开
追本溯源:动词的形式变化到底有几种
能用形式单独表时态的就是谓语,否则就是非谓语形式。
原形 | 第三人称单数(单三) | 现在分词 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 不定式 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
do | does | doing | did | done | to do |
be | is | being | was/were | been | to be |
have | has | having | had | had | to have |
will | - | - | would | - | - |
非谓语 | 非谓语 | 非谓语 |
动词的时态=时间+状态
时间\状态 | 一般<- | 进行 be -> | 完成 have -> | 完成进行 have been -> |
将来 will | 一般将来时 | 将来进行时 will be doing |
将来完成时 will have done |
将来完成进行时 will have been doing |
现在 | 一般现在时 do |
现在进行时 am/are/is doing |
现在完成时 have done |
现在完成进行时 have been doing |
过去 | 一般过去时 did |
过去进行时 was/were doing |
过去完成时 had done |
过去完成进行时 had been doing |
过去将来 would | 过去将来时 would do |
过去将来进行时 would be doing |
过去将来完成时 would have done |
过去将来完成进行时 would have been doing |
特别说明:所有的时态形式都是在助动词的基础上改变动词原有的形式或增加新的助动词拓展而来。
时间\状态 | 一般<- | 进行 be -> | 完成 have -> | 完成进行 have been -> |
将来 will | I will do He wil be |
I will be doing | I will have done He will have been |
I will have been doing |
现在 | I do He does I am You are She is |
I am doing You are doing He is doing |
I have done He has done You have been She has been |
I have been doing He has been doing |
过去 | I did I was You were |
I was doing You were doing |
I had done She had been |
I had been doing |
过去将来 would | I would do He would be |
I would be doing | I would have done He would have been |
I would have been doing |
完整公示表包含了所有英语句子的时态形式
所有英语句式最多可涉及到的动词时态变化。英语句子是有限的,最多就那么几种形态
第一人称I为主语,do代指谓语的变化;be代指系动词的变化
将来时没有将来分词的概念
过去式没有第三人称单数形式
初中英语强调词法:副词的语气使用,代词,比较级,数词;(语法:宾从,定从,七大状从)
高中英语强调句法:
概念:英语中按照结构分:简单句,并列句,主从复合句
主句和从句的区别就在于,从句的句首由引导词引导。
从句的引导词会单独造词,还是从最常用的单词里筛选出来?
特殊疑问词:
疑问代词pron.:who(whom), what, which,whose
疑问副词adv.:when, where, why, how
项目名称 | 三大从句引导词入门版 | |||||||
名词性从句 | 定语从句 | 状语从句 | ||||||
主从 | 宾从 | 表从 | 同从 | 限制性 | 非限制性 | 9大类连接词 | ||
引导词 分类 |
连接词conj.:不作成分 that 无意义 whether / if 是否 |
时间 | when,while,before,after,until,till,every time, since,as soon as... | |||||
条件 | if, unless, as long as... | |||||||
原因 | because, for, as, since... | |||||||
连接代词pron.:主,宾,表,定 who(whom)表人 what表物 which表选择,哪个 whose表所属,谁的 |
关系代词 pron.:主,宾,表,定 who(whom)表人 that表人或物 which表物 whose表所属,谁的 |
结果 | so...that...;such...that... |
|||||
目的 | so that...;in order that... | |||||||
让步 | even if,even though,although,though... no matter what/how... whatever(wh--+-ever)... |
|||||||
连接副词adv.:时间状语;地点状语;原因状语;方式状语 when 表时间 where 表地点 why 表原因 how 表方式 |
关系副词 adv.:时间状语;地点状语;原因状语;方式状语 when 表时间 where 表地点 why 表原因 |
比较 | than...;as...as... | |||||
地点 | where | |||||||
方式 | as if...; like...; as... |
1. 概念:用一个句子替代了主句中的名词性成分「主、宾、表、同」上的名词。
2. 四大名词性从句形式入门:以引导词that为例(that不影响成分)
范例:
the truth = that the Earth goes around the Sun.地球绕着太阳转。
例句:
①. The truth is the truth.真理就是真理
主 系 表
含有主语从句的复合句:That the Earth goes around the Sun is the truth.
主语从句 系 表
但是,在英语结构中,主语过长,但是整体句式结构变得头重脚轻时,需用形式主语it。
符合英文习惯的句子:It is the truth that the Earth goes around the Sun.
②. We know the truth.我们知道这个真理
主 谓 宾
含有宾语从句的复合句: We know that the Earth goes around the Sun.
主 谓 宾语从句
③. The truth is the truth.真理就是真理。
主 系 表
含有表语从句的复合句:The truth is that the Earth goes around the Sun.
主 系 表语从句
④. We know the truth.我们知道这个真理
主 谓 宾
含有同位语从句的复合句:We know the truth that the Earth goes around the Sun.
主 谓 宾 同位语从句
3. 名词性从句初级写作步骤:
第1步:写出含有情态动词,be动词和实意动词的三个陈述句
① You can learn English well.
② He is good at English.
③ They wonder the stone. 它们好奇这块石头。
第2步:将以上三句改为一般疑问句
① Can you learn English well?
② Is he good at English?
③ Do they wonder the stone?
第3步:针对以上三句中划线部分提问,改为特殊疑问句
① What can you learn well?
② Who is good at English?
③ What do they wonder?
第4步:将以上三句改为陈述语序(主谓或主系结构)
① what you can learn well
② who is good at English
③ what they wonder
第5步:将以上部分视为名词性从句,带入任意主句即可完成主从复合句
含有主句从句的复合句:
① What you can learn well will influence your future.
② Who is good at English will be chosen as the president of students' union.
③ What they wonder has been a huge problem.
他们好奇的东西一直是一个巨大的问题。
含有宾语从句的复合句:
① Our company needs to know what you can learn well
② You should tell us who is good at English
③ Nobody knows what they wonder
含有表语从句的复合句:
① The problem is what you can learn well
② You feel who is good at English
③ This precious stone will become what they wonder
以上内容都是依据连接代词构建的复合句。
那么连接副词:直接置于从句的句首,后接陈述即可,意思正确,时态正确,即语法正确。
We should know when we will set out.
宾语从句
时状 主 谓
This was why I helped you.
表语从句
How we are going to face our future will decide what we have in our life.
主语从句 宾语从句
定从与宾从的区别
1. 概念:用一句话来形容一个名词(代词)
2. 形式:定语从句形式单一,总是紧跟在被修饰词(名词/代词)之后。
3. 术语:
① 先行词:就是被定语从句修饰的单词(名词/代词);
② 关系代词:代指先行词在从句中做成分(主、宾、表、定);
③ 关系副词:代指先行词在从句中做成分(时间状语,地点状语,原因状语)
4. 写作入门:80%的泛例——抓大放小
第1步:写出两个含有相同名词(代词)的简单句:
初中版:
① He has a dream.
② A dream is to be a doctor. 一个梦想是去成为一名医生。
高中版:
③ I have never seen my best friend since last week.
④ My best friend got an offer from the University of Yale.
大学版:
⑤ Our government should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish.
⑥ Our government was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years.
第2步:确定其中一句为主据部分,另一句自然是从句部分
初中版:
主句:① He has a dream.
从句:② A dream is to be a doctor. 一个梦想是去成为一名医生。
高中版:
主句:③ I have never seen my best friend since last week.
从句:④ My best friend got an offer from the University of Yale.
大学版:
主句:⑤ Our government should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish.
从句:⑥ Our government was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years.
第3步:将从句部分接在其与主句相同的名词(代词)后面:
初中版:
主句:① He has a dream.
从句:② A dream is to be a doctor. 一个梦想是去成为一名医生。
复合句:He has a dream a dream is to be a doctor.
高中版:
主句:③ I have never seen my best friend since last week.
从句:④ My best friend got an offer from the University of Yale.
复合句:I have never seen my best friend My best friend got an offer from the University of Yale since last week.
大学版:
主句:⑤ Our government should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish.
从句:⑥ Our government was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years.
复合句:Our government Our government was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish.
第4步:根据定语从句的引导词类型,选用正确的引导词代替从句中与主句相同的部分,引导词必须置于从句的句首:
复习定从的引导词:
关系代词pron.:做主语、宾语、表语、定语
that代指人或物;which代指物;who代指人;whose表所属
关系副词adv.:作时间状语,地点状语;原因状语
when代指时间;where代指地点;why代指原因
初中版:
主句:① He has a dream.
从句:② A dream is to be a doctor. 一个梦想是去成为一名医生。
复合句:He has a dream which is to be a doctor.
他有一个去成为一名医生的梦想。
高中版:
主句:③ I have never seen my best friend since last week.
从句:④ My best friend got an offer from the University of Yale.
复合句:I have never seen my best friend who got an offer from the University of Yale since last week.
就近原则,短语就近修饰。since last week很容易被认为是定语从句的部分,所以为了排除这样的问题,要将其提前
Since last week I have never seen my best friend who got an offer from the University of Yale.
自上周以来,我再也没有见过我的接到了耶鲁大学录取通知书的好友。
大学版:
主句:⑤ Our government should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish.
从句:⑥ Our government was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years.
复合句:Our government that was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish.
我们曾经多年来一直允许中国公司进口国外的垃圾的政府应该采取一些必要的措施去阻止来自美国垃圾的污染。
第5步:举一反三,将以上的主从复合句中的主句部分和从句部分互调,重新写出不同的主从复合句:
初中版:
主句:① A dream is to be a doctor. 一个梦想是去成为一名医生。
从句:② He has a dream.
复合句:A dream he has that/which is to be a doctor.
主 定语从句 系 表
主 谓 宾
A dream that/which he has is to be a doctor.(任何情况下从句引导词必须置于句首)
主 定语从句 系 表
宾 主 谓
直译:他有的一个梦想是去成为一名医生。
语法小贴士:定语从句中关系代词做从句的宾语时,通常可以被省略
例句: A dream he has is to be a doctor.
高中版:
主句:③ My best friend got an offer from the University of Yale.
从句:④ I have never seen my best friend since last week.
复合句:My best friend I have never seen my best friend since last week got an offer from the University of Yale.
My best friend I have never seen that/who since last week got an offer from the University of Yale.
My best friend that/who I have never seen since last week got an offer from the University of Yale.
My best friend I have never seen since last week got an offer from the University of Yale.
直译: 自上周以来,我再也没有见过的好友接到了耶鲁大学的录取通知书。
在现代英语中who与whom本质上没有区别,此例不再写whom。这是因为定语从句中关系代词做从句的宾语时,通常可以被省略,都能被省略了说明who跟whom不重要了
大学版:
主句:⑤ Our government was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years.
从句:⑥ Our government should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish.
复合句:Our government that/which should take some necessary measures to prevent pollution from American rubbish was always allowing Chinese companies to import foreign garbage for many years
直译: 我们应该采取一些必要的措施去阻止来自美国垃圾的污染的政府曾经多年来一直允许中国公司进口国外的垃圾。
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
同位语从句一般用that来引导
从句类型 | 同位语从句 | 定语从句 |
引导词 | 连接词:that不做从句中的成分 | 关系代词:that比作从句中的成分(主、宾、表) |
功能和位置 | 功能:解释说明抽象名词 位置:紧跟名词 |
功能:修饰名词 位置:紧跟名词 |
句子成分 | 完整的主谓宾或主系表 | 缺一个成分的主谓宾或主系表 |
例句 | I reveived a message that you passed the test. | I reveived a message that you didn't know. |
总结 | 1. 同位语从句中的that是连词,虚词——不可作成分 2. 定语从句中的that是代词,必须代指先行词在从句中作句子成分(主、宾、表) 3. 综上所述,对句子成分解析的准确性将决定是否能正确判断从句的类型! |
1. 学习状语从句的策略
1.1 准确记忆状语从句引导词的分类:按照出现频率看
① 时间状语从句:
② 条件状语从句:
③ 原因状语从句:
④ 让步状语从句:
⑤ 结果状语从句:
⑥ 目的状语从句:
⑦ 比较状语从句:
⑧ 地点状语从句:
⑨ 方式状语从句:
1.2 书写状语从句非常简单:因为
① 含有状语从句的主从复合句都是完整句「主谓宾/主系表——不缺核心成分」
② 难点:必须明确主句和从句之间的关系以及含义的情况下判断属于哪种从句
状语从句的连接词本身表的是逻辑关系
1.3 分类举例如下
① 时间状语从句:
Beating an enemy's move before it's even made.
时间状语从句
I love it when a plan comes together.
时间状语从句
分开成两个单句没有问题,合在一起是因为它们的逻辑关系是这个样子的。
② 条件状语从句:
If you only do what you can do, you'll never be more than you are now.
条件状语从句 比较状语从句
If you're reading this, you've gotten out.
If you've come this far, maybe you'd come a bit further.
③ 原因状语从句:只要主句和从句的含义是因果关系。「从句是因,主句是果」
I will never let our country down, because she is my home.
在现代英语中虽然已经不再特别界定直接原因和间接原因的差别,但是还是要分下类:
直接原因:because
间接原因:for, since, as, in that...因此,由于
for prep. 为,为了;因为;给;对于;至于;适合于
conj. 因为
since conj. 因为;由于;既然;自...以来;自...以后
prep. 自..以来;自...以后
adv. 后来
as conj. 因为;随着;虽然;依照;当..时
prep. 如同;当做;以...的身份
adv. 同样地;和...一样的
④ 让步状语从句:
按连接词的类型分:
even if 即使;虽然
Even if he is poor, I still love him.
经典语法悖论:在中文中,“虽然...但是...”;even thought和but绝对不能同时使用
追本溯源:英语语法分为:词法和句法
句法篇:句子的种类由两种形式
① 按照句子的语气和使用目的分类
陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句
② 按照句子的结构分类:有几套主谓宾(主系表)以及他们的关系
① 简单句;只有一套核心结构(主谓宾/主系表)的句子
② 并列句;有两套(或以上)核心结构,但是平行关系
③ 复合句:主句中的成分被新的句子替代
but是并列连词,不能引导从句,只能在并列句中表转折的含义;
even thougn是从句的引导词,只能引导主从复合句。
Even though I hate his lying, cheating guts, but I still love him.
复合句还是并列句?只能为一个。所以but不能存在
复合句:Even though I hate his lying, cheating guts, I still love him.
并列句:I hate his lying, cheating guts, but I still love him.
同理可证:because和so为何不能同时存在
so是并列连词,不能引导从句,只能在并列句中表转折的含义;
because是从句的引导词,只能引导主从复合句。
No matter what/how/when/where/who + 主谓(系),主句(完整句)
例句:
No matter what your future will be, you mustn't give up.
No matter how beautiful she is, you mustn't get married with her.
⑤ 结果状语从句:
I find I'm so excited (that) I can barely sit still or hold a thought in my head.
主谓 宾语从句
主系 表 结果状语从句
⑥ 目的状语从句:
结果状语从句与目的状语从句的绝对区别:
结果:so...that...如此...以至于...
目的:so that...以便于...
结果:She is so pretty that everyone loves her.
总结:主句的因导致了从句的果。
目的:She always help people so that everyone loves her.
总结:从句是目的,主句是行为。——目的导致行为
⑦ 比较状语从句:
If you only do what you can do, you'll never be more than you are now.
条件状语从句 比较状语从句
I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams.
主谓 宾语从句
主 系 表 比较状语从句
表 主 系 地状
拆句:
主句:I hope the Pacific is blue.
主 谓 宾语从句
主 系 表
从句:It has been blue in my dreams.
主 系 表 地状
复合:I hope the Pacific is blue It has been blue in my dreams.
I hope the Pacific as blue as It has been blue in my dreams.
I hope the Pacific as blue as It has been in my dreams.省略相同部分
总结:入门级比较状语从句写作模板:
第1步:写两个含有相同形容词的句子,特别注意,形容词修饰的必须是相同的事物。
主句:Our country is beautiful.我们的国家是美丽的。
从句:It has been beatiful since we built it. 它自从我们建立它以来都是美丽的。
复句:Our country is beautiful It has been beautiful since we built it.
Our country is as beautiful as it has been beautiful since we built it.
Our country is as beautiful as it has been since we built it.省去相同部分
李阳疯狂英语:三最口腔肌肉训练法「状语从句省略」
as quickly as possible (it is).最快速
as loudly as possible (it is).最大声
as clearly as possible (it is).最清晰
解析:
You should practise your English as quickly as possible (it is).最快速
表 主系
拆句训练:
主句:You should practise your English quickly.
从句:It is possible quickly.
You should practise your Englisht as loudly as possible (it is).最大声
You should practise your English as clearly as possible (it is).最清晰
在比较状语从句中能够省略it is结构
最后一点:追本溯源as soon as... 一...就...,通常用于表示时间状语从句
I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
拆句:
主句:I will call you soon. [soon adv. 很快,一会儿]
从句:I arrive at the airport soon.
我尽可能快的到达机场之后再给你打电话,这两个动作表示一先一后,引申到时间状语从句,但实际上它是比较状语从句的引导词引导出了时间的含义
⑧ 地点状语从句:
Where there is a will, there is a way.
直译:哪里有意志力,哪里就有路。「有意志力就有出路。」
提炼框架:
Where there is + 主语,there is + 主语。
哪里有。。。,哪里就有。。。「有。。。的地方就有。。。」
例句:
Where there are you, there will be my home.有你的地方就是我的家。
Where there is love, there will be heaven in the world.有爱的地方就是天堂。
Where there are parents, there is a place we come from;
父母在,人生上有来处;
but where there aren't parents, there is a place we have to go.
父母故,人生只剩归途!
⑨ 方式状语从句:
as if = like
例句:
You are doing this things as if you never know what is tired.
You failed in this competition like I said before.
英语形式 | 词类\成分 | 主语 | 谓语 | 表语 | 宾语 | 宾补 | 定语 | 状语 | 同位语 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
单词 | 名词 | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | |||
代词 | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ||||||
数词 | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ||||||
副词 | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | |||||||
形容词 | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | ❤️ | |||||||
动词 | ❤️ | ||||||||||
短语 | 介宾短语 | 介词短语 | |||||||||
非谓语动词 | 不定式 | to do | |||||||||
动名词 | V-ing | ||||||||||
分词 | 现在分词V-ing | ||||||||||
过去分词V-ed | |||||||||||
句子 | 从句 |
主——谓
主——谓——宾
主——谓——间宾——直宾
主——谓——宾——宾补
主——系——表
名词性从句:主从,宾从,表从,同位语从句,*宾语补足语从句
定语从句:限制性,非限制性
状语从句:时间状语从句,条件状语从句,原因状语从句,让步状语从句,结果状语从句,目的状语从句,比较状语从句,地点状语从句,方式状语从句
2.1.1 概念:介词属于虚词,虚词不能单独做句子成分,所以,必须和实词(绝大部分都是名词、代词)以短语的形式在句子中做成分;
2.1.2 三大核心形式:介词 + 宾语(从句) = 介宾短语「专业术语」
① 介词 + 名词/代词(词组)
② 介词 + 动名词(短语)
③ 介词 + 宾语从句
《Captain Amarica I》
介词短语做:表、补、定、状
1. You're the guys from Wachington?
主系 表 定
2. A Russian oil team called it in about 18 hours ago.(about 做adj.)
主 谓 宾 时间状语
3. We don't have the equipment for a job like this.
主 谓 宾 目状 定
4. Base, give me a line to the Colonel.
谓 间宾 直宾 宾补
5. I think that you are a man of great vision.
主 谓 宾语从句
主 系 表 定
2.2.1 概念:
① 英语中之所以有非谓语是因为有一个定律——在一套主谓宾当中,表达实际含义的动词有且只能有一个。
② 至此,如果想表达两个(以上)的动作,要么使用并列句,要么使用主从复合句,但是一旦涉及到从句,主从句的时态问题,人称单复数的变化问题都会导致语法错误频出。
③ 为了解决一句话在不使用从句的情况下,又能表示两个或者两个以上的动作,就发明了“非谓语”,即不能做谓语的动词。
④ 之所以英语母语者非常喜欢使用非谓语动词是因为,非谓语动词不会随着主句的人称,数和时态的变化而产生变化。
⑤ 非谓语动词的形式必须源于时态,因为非谓语的本质还是动词的本质,只要动词有含义,必然含有“隐性”的时间和发生状态。
前情回顾:
动词在英语中到底有多少种形式?
原型 | 单三 | 现在分词 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 不定式 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
do | does | doing | did | done | to do |
非谓语 | 非谓语 | 非谓语 |
2.2.2 形式
① 动词不定式(infinitive):主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语
to do/ not to do 「to 和动词原形之间不能加入其他任何单词」
时态特征:将来时
例句:
The teacher asks you to go to office. 「ask一般现在时」
一般将来时
The teacher asked you to go to office. 「ask一般过去时」
过去将来时
The teacher will ask you to go to office. 「ask一般将来时」
一般将来时
错句:
In fact, that's when I started to really miss you.
adv.
to do/ not to do 「to 和动词原形之间不能加入其他任何单词
② 动名词:就是名词,表事件,不含任何时态
doing / not doing
例句:
My job is teaching English.
定 主 系 表
③ 现在分词:脱身于进行时,所以含有进行或伴随的含义,由于形式与动名词完全一样,所以区分的唯一方法就是进行完整的句子成分解析练习。
doing / not doing
There is a car waiting for you outside.
表 系 主 定(现在分词)
④ 过去分词:脱身于完成时和被动语态,顾名思义,含有完成时和被动的含义。
例句:
I am reading a book written by my best friend.我正在读一本我好友写的书。
主 谓 宾 定(过去分词)
特别解析:当两个动词不定式并列且它们的逻辑主语相同时,第二个不定式的 to 可以省略。
非谓语动词的流氓结构:
1. 非谓语产生于“一套主谓宾只能有一个动词”的概念;
2. 但为了表示第二个以及更多的动作,又不想用从句,于是改变动词的形式以此区分即可;
3. 虽然是非谓语,但功能依然是动词,有动词就得有发出者——逻辑主语;
4. 既然依旧把非谓语动词当正常的动词使用,那么这些非谓语也得有发生的时间和状态;
- 不定式用于表示将来时
- 现在分词用于表示进行时
- 过去分词用于表示完成时+被动语态
动名词——名词的词性——名词有时态吗?