MySQL-操作符及常用函数

一、操作符优先级

展示了所有操作符的执行优先级,从高到低,同一行中的操作符优先级相同,相同优先级的情况下则从左到右执行

MySQL-操作符及常用函数_第1张图片

如果想改变优先级执行顺序,则可以使用括号:

mysql> SELECT 1+2*3;  #7
mysql> SELECT (1+2)*3;#9

二、对比操作符

#对比操作符的执行结果为true,false,null三种
Between A and B 	#代表检查值是否在A和B之间
Coalesce()			#代表返回第一个非Null的值
=					#代表相等操作符
>					#代表大于操作符
>=					#代表大于等于操作符
Greatest()			#代表返回最大的值
In()				#代表检查值是否在一系列的值之中
Interval()			#代表返回比第一个参数小的参数的位置
is/is not			#代表检查值是否与布尔值相同/不同
Is not null			#代表检查值是否是非NULL
Is null				#代表检查值是否是NULL
Isnull()			#代表检查参数是NULL
Least()				#代表返回最小的参数
<					#代表小于操作符
<=					#代表小于等于操作符
Like				#代表字符匹配
Not between A and B	#代表检查值是否不在A和B的范围之内
!=/<>				#代表不等于操作符
Not in()			#代表检查值是否不在一系列值的当中
Not like			#代表检查值是否不匹配
Strcmp()			#对比两个字符串
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#=号对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 = 0;  #0
mysql> SELECT '0' = 0; #1
mysql> SELECT '0.0' = 0;  #1
mysql> SELECT '0.01' = 0; #0
mysql> SELECT '.01' = 0.01; #1


#<>/!=号对比操作符
mysql> SELECT '.01' <> '0.01'; #1
mysql> SELECT .01 <> '0.01';  #0
mysql> SELECT 'zapp' <> 'zappp'; #1


#<=小于等于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 0.1 <= 2;  #1
 
#<小于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 2 < 2;   #0

#>=大于等于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 2 >= 2; #1

#>大于对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 2 > 2; #0


#is操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS TRUE, 0 IS FALSE, NULL IS UNKNOWN;  #1, 1, 1

#Is not操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NOT UNKNOWN, 0 IS NOT UNKNOWN, NULL IS NOT UNKNOWN;  #1, 1, 0

#Is null对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 0 IS NULL, NULL IS NULL; #0, 0, 1

#Is not null对比操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NOT NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL, NULL IS NOT NULL;  #1, 1, 0

#Expr between min and max对比操作符
#相当于min <= expr AND expr <= max
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 1 AND 3, 2 BETWEEN 3 and 1;  #1, 0
mysql> SELECT 1 BETWEEN 2 AND 3; #0
mysql> SELECT 'b' BETWEEN 'a' AND 'c'; #1
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 2 AND '3'; #1
mysql> SELECT 2 BETWEEN 2 AND 'x-3'; #0

#expr NOT BETWEEN min AND max
#相当于NOT (expr BETWEEN min AND max)

#COALESCE(value,...)对比操作符
#返回第一个非NULL的值,如果没有非null值,则返回NULL
mysql> SELECT COALESCE(NULL,2); #2
mysql> SELECT COALESCE(NULL,NULL,NULL); #NULL

 
#GREATEST(value1,value2,...)  
#返回其中最大的值
mysql> SELECT GREATEST(2,0);  #2
mysql> SELECT GREATEST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0); #767.0
mysql> SELECT GREATEST('B','A','C'); #'C'



#expr IN (value,...)对比操作符
#当expr值能在values中找到,则返回1,否则返回0
mysql> SELECT 2 IN (0,3,5,7);  #0
mysql> SELECT 'wefwf' IN ('wee','wefwf','weg'); #1
mysql> SELECT (3,4) IN ((1,2), (3,4));  #1
mysql> SELECT (3,4) IN ((1,2), (3,5));  #0

#expr NOT IN (value,...)对比操作符


#Isnull(expr)操作符
#如果expr是null,则返回1,否则返回0
mysql> SELECT ISNULL(1+1);  #0
mysql> SELECT ISNULL(1/0);  #1

#LEAST(value1,value2,...)
#返回最小值,如果其中有值为null,则返回null
mysql> SELECT LEAST(2,0); #0
mysql> SELECT LEAST(34.0,3.0,5.0,767.0); #3.0
mysql> SELECT LEAST('B','A','C');  #'A'

三、逻辑操作符

逻辑操作符返回1 (TRUE), 0 (FALSE), 或者NULL

MySQL-操作符及常用函数_第2张图片

#NOT, !逻辑操作符代表非操作
mysql> SELECT NOT 10; #0
mysql> SELECT NOT 0;  #1
mysql> SELECT NOT NULL; #NULL
mysql> SELECT ! (1+1); #0
mysql> SELECT ! 1+1; #1

#And,&&逻辑操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 AND 1; #1
mysql> SELECT 1 AND 0; #0
mysql> SELECT 1 AND NULL; #NULL
mysql> SELECT 0 AND NULL; #0
mysql> SELECT NULL AND 0; #0

#Or, ||逻辑操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 OR 1; #1
mysql> SELECT 1 OR 0; #1
mysql> SELECT 0 OR 0; #0
mysql> SELECT 0 OR NULL; #NULL
mysql> SELECT 1 OR NULL; #1

#Xor逻辑操作符
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 1; #0
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 0;  #1
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR NULL; #NULL
mysql> SELECT 1 XOR 1 XOR 1; #1

四、分配操作符

分配操作符是指赋值操作

image

mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2;  #NULL, NULL
mysql> SELECT @var1 := 1, @var2;  #1, NULL
mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2;  #1, NULL
mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2 := @var1; #1, 1
mysql> SELECT @var1, @var2; #1, 1
mysql> SELECT @var1:=COUNT(*) FROM t1; #如果是4
mysql> SELECT @var1; #4


#":="操作符也可以用在update等语句
mysql> SELECT @var1;  #4
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1;  #1, 3, 5, 7
mysql> UPDATE t1 SET c1 = 2 WHERE c1 = @var1:= 1;
mysql> SELECT @var1; #1
mysql> SELECT * FROM t1; #2, 3, 5, 7

#=操作符在两种情况下会被认为是赋值操作,而其他情况下会认为是对比操作符
#在set语句中,=操作符会被认为是赋值操作
mysql> set @a=1;
mysql> select @a; #1

#在update语句中的set子句中,=操作符会被认为是赋值操作

五、流程控制函数

流程控制函数包含以下四种函数

MySQL-操作符及常用函数_第3张图片

#语法格式
CASE value WHEN [compare_value] THEN result [WHEN [compare_value] THEN result ...] [ELSE result] END

#当value等于compare_value时,则返回result,否则返回else里的result,如果没有else子句则返回null
mysql> SELECT CASE 1 WHEN 1 THEN 'one' WHEN 2 THEN 'two' ELSE 'more' END;  #'one'

#语法格式
CASE WHEN [condition] THEN result [WHEN [condition] THEN result ...] [ELSE result] END

#当第一个condition满足时,则返回result,否则返回else里的result,如果没有else子句时则返回null
mysql> SELECT CASE WHEN 1>0 THEN 'true' ELSE 'false' END;  #'true'
mysql> SELECT CASE BINARY 'B' WHEN 'a' THEN 1 WHEN 'b' THEN 2 END;  #NULL
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IF(expr1,expr2,expr3)

#当expr1为1/true时,则返回expr2,否则返回expr3
mysql> SELECT IF(1>2,2,3); #3
mysql> SELECT IF(1<2,'yes','no'); #'yes'
mysql> SELECT IF(STRCMP('test','test1'),'no','yes');  #select STRCMP('test','test1');==>-1 #'no'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IFNULL(expr1,expr2)

#当expr1为非null时,则返回expr1,否则返回expr2
mysql> SELECT IFNULL(1,0);  #1
mysql> SELECT IFNULL(NULL,10);  #10
mysql> SELECT IFNULL(1/0,10);  #10
mysql> SELECT IFNULL(1/0,'yes'); #'yes'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NULLIF(expr1,expr2)

#当expr1等于expr2时,则返回null,否则返回expr1
mysql> SELECT NULLIF(1,1); #NULL
mysql> SELECT NULLIF(1,2); #1

补充:

select gender,if(gender=1,'male','female') from Students;
select sname,ifnull(sname,'unknown') from Students;

六、字符串函数

6.1、ASCII(str)

返回str字符串中最左边字符的ascii码值,如果是空串则返回0,如果str是null则返回null

mysql> SELECT ASCII('2'); #50
mysql> SELECT ASCII(2); #50
mysql> SELECT ASCII('dx'); #100
mysql> SELECT ASCII('d');  #100

6.2、CHAR(N,... [USING charset_name])

将括号中的N转化成ascii码对应的字符,返回这些字符组成的字符串,其中的null会被忽略

mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76');	#'MySQL'
 -> 'MySQL'
mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,77.3,'77.3');  #'MMM'
 -> 'MMM‘
mysql> SELECT CHARSET(CHAR(X'65')), CHARSET(CHAR(X'65' USING utf8));
+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| CHARSET(CHAR(X'65')) | CHARSET(CHAR(X'65' USING utf8)) |
+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| binary               | utf8                            |
+----------------------+---------------------------------+

6.3、CHAR_LENGTH(str)

返回字符串的字符长度

mysql> select char_length('mysql');
+----------------------+
| char_length('mysql') |
+----------------------+
|                    5 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

6.4、CONCAT(str1,str2,...)   *****

返回括号里所有参数字符串连接在一起,当其中有参数为NULL时则返回NULL

mysql> SELECT CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL'); #'MySQL'
mysql> SELECT CONCAT('My', NULL, 'QL'); #NULL
mysql> SELECT CONCAT(14.3); #'14.3'

应用:如何提取名和姓?

mysql> select * from name;
+-----+-----------+--------+---------+
| sid | sname     | gender | dept_id |
+-----+-----------+--------+---------+
|   1 | zhang san | 1      |       1 |
|   2 | li si     | 1      |       1 |
|   3 | wang wu   | 1      |       1 |
+-----+-----------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select sname,substring(sname,1,locate(' ',sname)-1) as firstname,substring(sname,locate(' ',sname)+1,100) as lastname from name;
+-----------+-----------+----------+
| sname     | firstname | lastname |
+-----------+-----------+----------+
| zhang san | zhang     | san      |
| li si     | li        | si       |
| wang wu   | wang      | wu       |
+-----------+-----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6.5、CONCAT_WS(separator,str1,str2,...)

返回以第一个参数为分隔符的连接后的一个字符串,当有参数为NULL时则null被忽略

mysql> SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','First name','Second name','Last Name');  #'First name,Second name,Last Name'
mysql> SELECT CONCAT_WS(',','First name',NULL,'Last Name');  #'First name,Last Name'

6.6、INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)

将str中从pos位置开始后的len个字符替换成newstr字符串

mysql> SELECT INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 4, 'What');  #'QuWhattic'
mysql> SELECT INSERT('Quadratic', -1, 4, 'What');  #'Quadratic'
mysql> SELECT INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 100, 'What');  #'QuWhat'

6.7、INSTR(str,substr)

返回str字符串中第一个出现substr字符串的位置

mysql> SELECT INSTR('foobarbar', 'bar'); #4
mysql> SELECT INSTR('xbar', 'foobar'); #0

6.8、LEFT(str,len)

返回str字符串中从左边开始的len个长度的字符

mysql> SELECT LEFT('foobarbar', 5);  #'fooba'

6.9、LENGTH(str)

返回str字符串的byte字节长度

mysql> SELECT LENGTH('text'); #4

6.10、LOAD_FILE(file_name)

读取文件且返回文件内容为字符串

mysql> UPDATE t SET blob_col=LOAD_FILE('/tmp/picture') WHERE id=1;

6.11、LOCATE(substr,str)

返回str字符串中第一次出现substr字符串的位置,如果没有则返回null

mysql> SELECT LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar'); #4
mysql> SELECT LOCATE('xbar', 'foobar'); #0

6.12、LOCATE(substr,str,pos)

返回str字符串中从pos位置开始第一次出现substr字符串的位置,如果没有则返回null

mysql> SELECT LOCATE('bar', 'foobarbar', 5); #7

6.13、LOWER(str)

返回将str字符串中所有字符变换成小写后的字符串,但对二进制文本无效

mysql> SELECT LOWER('QUADRATICALLY');
 -> 'quadratically'
mysql> SET @str = BINARY 'New York';
mysql> SELECT LOWER(@str), LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1));
+-------------+-----------------------------------+
| LOWER(@str) | LOWER(CONVERT(@str USING latin1)) |
+-------------+-----------------------------------+
| New York    | new york                          |
+-------------+-----------------------------------+

6.14、LPAD(str,len,padstr)

将str的左边补充为padstr,直到补充成len长度的字符串并返回;如果str的长度比len长,则返回str中最左边开始的len长度的字符

mysql> SELECT LPAD('hi',4,'??');  #'??hi'
mysql> SELECT LPAD('hi',1,'??');  #'h'

6.15、LTRIM(str)

将str最左边的空格去掉并返回

mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' barbar');  #'barbar'

6.16、REPEAT(str,count)

将str重复count并组合成字符串返回,如果count<1,则返回空串

mysql> SELECT REPEAT('MySQL', 3); #'MySQLMySQLMySQL'

6.17、REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)

将所有str字符串中匹配from_str子串的地方都替换成to_str子字符串

mysql> SELECT REPLACE('www.mysql.com', 'w', 'Ww'); #'WwWwWw.mysql.com'

6.18、REVERSE(str)

将str字符串中的字符按照倒序组合并返回

mysql> SELECT REVERSE('abc');  #'cba'

6.19、RIGHT(str,len)

将str字符串中从右边开始的len个字符返回

mysql> SELECT RIGHT('foobarbar', 4);  #'rbar'

6.20、RPAD(str,len,padstr)

将字符串str从右边开始补充为padstr直到整体长度为len,如果str的长度本身大于len,则返回str中len长度的字符串

mysql> SELECT RPAD('hi',5,'?');  #'hi???'
mysql> SELECT RPAD('hi',1,'?');  #'h'

6.21、RTRIM(str)

将字符串str右边的空格去掉并返回

mysql> SELECT RTRIM('barbar '); #'barbar'

6.22、SPACE(N)

返回N个长度的空格组成的空字符串

mysql> SELECT SPACE(6);

6.23、SUBSTRING   *****

SUBSTRING(str,pos), SUBSTRING(str FROM pos), SUBSTRING(str,pos,len), SUBSTRING(str FROM pos FOR len)
如果没有len参数,则返回从pos位置开始的str中的子字符串;如果有len参数,则从pos位置开始返回str中长度为len的子字符串;如果pos为负值,则代表pos从右边开始数

mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);  #'ratically'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);  #'barbar'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6); #'ratica'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -3);  #'ila'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -5, 3); #'aki'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila' FROM -4 FOR 2); #'ki'

6.24、SUBSTRING_INDEX(str,delim,count)

当count为正数,则返回delim出现在str字符串中第count次之前的子字符串,如果是负数,则从右边开始计算

mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', 2);  #'www.mysql'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING_INDEX('www.mysql.com', '.', -2);  #'mysql.com'

6.25、UPPER(str)

返回将str字符串中所有字符转换成大写的字符串

mysql> SELECT UPPER('Hej'); #'HEJ'

七、字符串对比函数

MySQL-操作符及常用函数_第4张图片

#通配符%表示匹配0个或多个字符
#通配符_表示匹配1个字符
mysql> SELECT 'David!' LIKE 'David_';  #1
mysql> SELECT 'David!' LIKE '%D%v%';  #1

#当匹配字符中有特殊字符时,可以用 \或者escape来指定特殊字符为字符
mysql> SELECT 'David!' LIKE 'David\_'; #0
mysql> SELECT 'David_' LIKE 'David\_';	#1
mysql> SELECT 'David_' LIKE 'David|_' ESCAPE '|'; #1

#expr NOT LIKE pat [ESCAPE 'escape_char']是上一个字符串对比函数的反义

STRCMP(expr1,expr2)

#当expr1等于expr2时等于0,当expr1小于expr2时为-1,反之为1
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text', 'text2');  #-1
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text2', 'text'); #1
mysql> SELECT STRCMP('text', 'text'); #0

mysql> SET @s1 = _latin1 'x' COLLATE latin1_general_ci; #大小写不敏感
mysql> SET @s2 = _latin1 'X' COLLATE latin1_general_ci;
mysql> SET @s3 = _latin1 'x' COLLATE latin1_general_cs;  #大小写敏感
mysql> SET @s4 = _latin1 'X' COLLATE latin1_general_cs;
mysql> SELECT STRCMP(@s1, @s2), STRCMP(@s3, @s4);
+------------------+------------------+
| STRCMP(@s1, @s2) | STRCMP(@s3, @s4) |
+------------------+------------------+
|                0 |                1 |
+------------------+------------------+

八、算数操作符

MySQL-操作符及常用函数_第5张图片

#/和DIV
#/代表除法;div代表整数型除法,相除之后只取整数部分
mysql> SELECT 3/5; #0.60
mysql> SELECT 102/(1-1); #NULL
mysql> SELECT 5 DIV 2, -5 DIV 2, 5 DIV -2, -5 DIV -2; #2, -2, -2, 2

九、数字函数

#ABS(X) 绝对值函数
mysql> SELECT ABS(2); #2
mysql> SELECT ABS(-32); #32


#CEILING(X)/CEIL(X)	返回>=X值的最小整数
mysql> SELECT CEILING(1.23);  #2
mysql> SELECT CEILING(-1.23);	#-1

#FLOOR(X)	返回<=X值的最大整数
mysql> SELECT FLOOR(1.23), FLOOR(-1.23); #1, -2

#MOD(N,M), N % M, N MOD M	取余数操作,返回两者相除之后剩下的余数
mysql> SELECT MOD(234, 10);	#4
mysql> SELECT 253 % 7;	#1
mysql> SELECT MOD(29,9);	#2
mysql> SELECT 29 MOD 9;	#2
mysql> SELECT MOD(34.5,3);	#1.5

 
#RAND([N])	获取0到1之间的随机小数,比如当想获取7~12之间的随机整数是可以使用
SELECT FLOOR(7 + (RAND() * 5));
Select * from students order by rand() limit 1;


#ROUND(X), ROUND(X,D)	四舍五入为D位个小数,当D参数不存在是,则默认为0
mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.23);	#-1
mysql> SELECT ROUND(-1.58);	#-2
mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.58);		#2
mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.298, 1);	#1.3
mysql> SELECT ROUND(1.298, 0);	#1
mysql> SELECT ROUND(23.298, -1);	#20


#TRUNCATE(X,D)	数字X只保留D位的小数,其余均舍弃
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.223,1);	#1.2
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,1);	#1.9
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,0);	#1
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(-1.999,1);	#-1.9
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(122,-2);		#100
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(10.28*100,0);	#1028

十、日期和时间函数

ADDDATE(date,INTERVAL expr unit), ADDDATE(expr,days)
#当expr为正数时则为增加时间,为负数时则为减少时间
#Unit参数可以是任意时间单位
mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);	#'2008-02-02'
mysql> SELECT ADDDATE('2008-01-02', 31);	#'2008-02-02'

ADDTIME(expr1,expr2)
#将expr2的时间增加到expr1上
mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('2007-12-31 23:59:59.999999', '1 1:1:1.000002');	#'2008-01-02 01:01:01.000001'
mysql> SELECT ADDTIME('01:00:00.999999', '02:00:00.999998');	#'03:00:01.999997'

CONVERT_TZ(dt,from_tz,to_tz)
#将时间dt从from_tz这个时区转换成to_tz这个时区并返回
mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','GMT','MET');	#'2004-01-01 13:00:00'
mysql> SELECT CONVERT_TZ('2004-01-01 12:00:00','+00:00','+10:00');	#'2004-01-01 22:00:00'

CURDATE(), CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_DATE()
#返回以yyyy-mm-dd或者yyyymmdd格式的当前时间
mysql> SELECT CURDATE();	#'2008-06-13'
mysql> SELECT CURDATE() + 0;	#20080613

CURTIME(),CURRENT_TIME,CURRENT_TIME()
#按照hh:mm:ss或者hhmmss格式返回当前时间
mysql> SELECT CURTIME();	#'23:50:26'
mysql> SELECT CURTIME() + 0;	#235026.000000

Now(), CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()
#返回当前的日期和时间,格式为yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss
mysql> SELECT NOW();	#'2007-12-15 23:50:26'
mysql> SELECT NOW() + 0;	#20071215235026.000000


DATE(expr)
#获取expr中的日期
mysql> SELECT DATE('2003-12-31 01:02:03');	#'2003-12-31'

DATEDIFF(expr1,expr2)
#返回expr1和expr2之间的天数差异,忽略时分秒
mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2007-12-31 23:59:59','2007-12-30');	#1
mysql> SELECT DATEDIFF('2010-11-30 23:59:59','2010-12-31');	#-31

DATE_ADD(date,INTERVAL expr unit), DATE_SUB(date,INTERVAL expr unit)
#增加或者减少时间
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2000-12-31 23:59:59',INTERVAL 1 SECOND);	#'2001-01-01 00:00:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2010-12-31 23:59:59',INTERVAL 1 DAY);	#'2011-01-01 23:59:59'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2100-12-31 23:59:59',INTERVAL '1:1' MINUTE_SECOND);		#'2101-01-01 00:01:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('2005-01-01 00:00:00',INTERVAL '1 1:1:1' DAY_SECOND);	#'2004-12-30 22:58:59'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1900-01-01 00:00:00',INTERVAL '-1 10' DAY_HOUR);	#'1899-12-30 14:00:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_SUB('1998-01-02', INTERVAL 31 DAY);	#'1997-12-02'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('1992-12-31 23:59:59.000002',INTERVAL '1.999999' SECOND_MICROSECOND);	#'1993-01-01 00:00:01.000001'
mysql> SELECT DATE_ADD('2009-01-30', INTERVAL 1 MONTH);	#'2009-02-28'


DATE_FORMAT(date,format)
#将date日期时间转换成format格式
文档:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_date-add
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2009-10-04 22:23:00', '%W %M %Y');	#'Sunday October 2009'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2007-10-04 22:23:00', '%H:%i:%s');	#'22:23:00'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1900-10-04 22:23:00','%D %y %a %d %m %b %j');	#'4th 00 Thu 04 10 Oct 277'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1997-10-04 22:23:00','%H %k %I %r %T %S %w');	#'22 22 10 10:23:00 PM 22:23:00 00 6'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('1999-01-01', '%X %V');	#'1998 52'
mysql> SELECT DATE_FORMAT('2006-06-00', '%d');	#'00'


DAY(date), DAYOFMONTH(date)
#返回date中日期在当前月份中是第几天
mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2007-02-03');	#3

DAYNAME(date)
#返回date时间是星期几
mysql> SELECT DAYNAME('2007-02-03');	#'Saturday’

DAYOFWEEK(date)
#返回date时间是星期“几”
mysql> SELECT DAYOFWEEK('2007-02-03');	#7
 
DAYOFYEAR(date)
#返回date是一年中的第几天,取值范围在1~366
mysql> SELECT DAYOFYEAR('2007-02-03');	#34


EXTRACT(unit FROM date)
#Unit单元和date_add/date_sub函数中的一样,是获取date日期的unit部分
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2009-07-02'); #2009
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2009-07-02 01:02:03');	#200907
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM '2009-07-02 01:02:03');	#20102
mysql> SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECOND FROM '2003-01-02 10:30:00.000123');	#123


FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp), FROM_UNIXTIME(unix_timestamp,format)
#根据给定的unixtime,返回yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss格式的具体时间,或者按照format返回时间
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881);	#'2015-11-13 10:08:01'
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1447430881) + 0;	#20151113100801
mysql> SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(),'%Y %D %M %h:%i:%s %x');	#'2015 13th November 10:08:01 2015'

 
LAST_DAY(date)
#返回date日期所在月份的最后一天日期
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-02-05');	#'2004-02-29'
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2004-01-01 01:01:01');	#'2004-01-31'
mysql> SELECT LAST_DAY('2003-03-32');	#NULL


SYSDATE()
#返回当前日期和时间,格式为yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss或者yyyymmddhhmiss
#和now()函数的区别在于now()返回的时间是语句执行的时间,而sysdate()返回的时间是该函数执行的时间
mysql> SELECT NOW(), SLEEP(2), NOW();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| NOW()               | SLEEP(2) | NOW()               |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2019-10-06 22:41:52 |        0 | 2019-10-06 22:41:52 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
1 row in set (2.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT SYSDATE(), SLEEP(2), SYSDATE();
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| SYSDATE()           | SLEEP(2) | SYSDATE()           |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2019-10-06 22:42:16 |        0 | 2019-10-06 22:42:18 |
+---------------------+----------+---------------------+
1 row in set (2.00 sec)

TIME(expr)
#返回expr日期时间中的时间部分
mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03');	#'01:02:03'
mysql> SELECT TIME('2003-12-31 01:02:03.000123');	#'01:02:03.000123'
 
UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date)
#如果没有date参数,则返回当前时间到1970-01-01 00:00:00之间的秒数,如果有date参数,则表示date到1970-01-01 00:00:00之间的秒数
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();		#1447431666
mysql> SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2015-11-13 10:20:19');	#1447431619

十一、格式转换函数

#Cast()和convert()两个函数都可以用来转换数据类型或者转换字符集
#允许转换的数据类型包括:
Binary[N]
char[N]
Date
Datetime
decimal[M,[D]]
Time
Signed [integer]
Unsigned [integer]

SELECT CONVERT(_latin1'Müller' USING utf8);
SELECT CONVERT('test', CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8);
SELECT CAST('test' AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8);
select CAST('2000-01-01' AS DATE);
select CONVERT('2000-01-01', DATE);

十二、聚合函数

#用在存在group by子句的语句中

AVG([DISTINCT] expr)
#计算expr的平均值,distinct关键词表示是否排除重复值
mysql> SELECT student_name, AVG(test_score) FROM student GROUP BY student_name;

COUNT(expr)
#计算expr中的个数,如果没有匹配则返回0,注意NULL的区别
mysql> SELECT student.student_name,COUNT(*) FROM student,course WHERE student.student_id=course.student_id GROUP BY student_name;

COUNT(DISTINCT expr,[expr...])
#计算有多少个不重复的expr值,注意是计算非NULL的个数
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT results) FROM student;

MAX([DISTINCT] expr),MIN([DISTINCT] expr)
#返回expr中最大或者最小的值
mysql> SELECT student_name, MIN(test_score), MAX(test_score) FROM student GROUP BY student_name;

SUM([DISTINCT] expr)
#返回expr的求和值

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