Chris Anderson：TED's secret to great public speaking伟大演讲的奥秘
一、作者简介
克里斯·安德森（Chris Anderson），1957年出生于巴基斯坦农村，父亲是一位英国传教士，早年随父亲在印度、巴基斯坦和阿富汗度过。从牛津大学获得哲学学位毕业后，1985年，作为最早一批科技记者，安德森开始媒体创业，他的目标锁定到了当时大多数人并未发现其价值的计算机杂志。
1994年，安德森在美国成立了Imagine Media公司和一家游戏网站IGN。巅峰时期，他的公司发行了150多本杂志，并运营多个网站，手下有超过2000名员工。
20世纪90年代他旗下的未来出版社在纳斯达克上市，估值一度高达20亿美元。但随着互联网泡沫破裂，安德森的生意一落千丈，几乎破产，最惨时，连续18个月，个人资产每天损失近100万美元。
1998年，安德森在美国加州蒙特雷市第一次参加了TED大会。他被TED大会的风格深深地吸引了，因为参加TED大会的人，都是来自各个领域的佼佼者，各个充满梦想与抱负。
2001年，安德森通过名下的Sapling基金会出资600万美元收购了TED，安德森开始专心打造TED。
二、本篇演讲逻辑架构
第一步：引起共鸣。分享一个大多数人遇到过的、熟悉的演讲场景，描述一种演讲套路。目的：迅速吸引观众，让大家进入你描述的场景，与演讲者产生共鸣。
第二步：转折。告诉大家上述模式是错误的。目的：勾起大家的好奇心，想听听演讲者接下来要说些什么。
第三步：表达观点。告诉大家，作为演讲者最重要的任务是什么。
第四步：证明观点。使用证明方法+演讲技巧说服大家接受并认同这个观点。目的：对于本篇演讲来说，这个观点是核心，是基础，是最重要的。后面的实现步骤都是在这个核心和基础之上建立起来的。
第五步：阐述实现任务的步骤。阐述分论点，完成整个闭环，引发思考，总结观点，结束演讲。
三、本篇演讲主要观点
1、作者十几年之间听了无数场优秀的演讲，发现了伟大演讲者在演讲时存在的共同点，即大家都认同一个观点：作为演讲者，演讲最主要的任务是将你的想法传播给听众。
2、为什么说是传播Idea想法最重要？而不是传播别的？
原因：众多idea是相互联系的，从而构成体系，进而形成世界观，最终指导我们探索这个世界。
结论：Idea是塑造人类文化最强大的力量。
3、怎么做才能实现演讲者最重要的任务？
1)演讲的主题明确。一次演讲只阐述一个主要观点，让这个主要观点贯穿全篇。
2)勾起听众的好奇心。在你灌输你的想法前，你得能勾起听众们的好奇心，只有他们想要听你说，你的想法才能更容易的进入听众们的脑子里。
3)用听众们能听懂的语言来阐述你的观点。在你演讲前，你要确保你站在了听众的角度来阐述观点，不要自己为是的用只有自己才懂的词汇、语言、学术术语等来讲任何观点。
4)确保你想表达的idea是值得分享的。如果你的观点只对你自己或者你的团队适用，别人都不适用，那你的演讲内容也很难传播，因为价值低；你要阐述的观点，对越多的人有帮助，那么你的观点的价值越大。
四、演讲金句
1.Your number one task as aspeaker is to transfer into your listeners' minds an extraordinary gift-- a strange and beautiful object that we call an idea.
作为演讲者最重要的任务是送给你的听众一件特别的礼物——它神奇而美丽，我们称之为“想法”。
2.Ideas come in all shapes and sizes,from the complex and analytical to the simple and aesthetic.
想法是多种多样的，有的复杂，有的简单，有的理性，有的感性。
3.The single story createsstereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, butthat they are incomplete.
单一的故事会导致片面，片面的问题并不在于它不正确，而在于它不完整。
4.You need them to be as reliable aspossible -- a guide, to the scary but wonderful real world out there.
（想法）它们就像一名值得信赖的向导，帮你应对这个美妙却又危险的世界。
5.Ideas are the most powerful forceshaping human culture.
想法是塑造人类文化最强大的力量。
6.Metaphors can play a crucial rolein showing how the pieces fit together, because they reveal the desired shapeof the pattern, based on an idea that the listener already understands.
善用比喻非常重要，因为比喻是用听众已经了解的概念，来勾画缺失的那一块知识拼图。
五、词汇、句型及运用
1．Formula公式，配方
延伸：a peace formula一项和平方案；infant formula婴儿配方食品；formula one一级方程式赛车
2．come across as给人…印象（本文中的意思）；
延伸：come across someone偶然遇到某人
3．have（something）in common有共同之处
4．ringside seat原意指靠近拳击台的座位，这里范指比赛场最前面的位置
5．prime time黄金时段（原来这才是这个词的正宗表达方式）
6．a key ingredient重要因素，关键点
7．sync同步，同时发生
延伸：lip sync假唱；out of sync不协调，不同步；in sync协调的，同步的
8．Startling令人吃惊的
延伸：startling effect令人惊讶的效果
9．Navigate导航，航行，操纵，驾驶
延伸：navigate the world探索世界；navigate the ship驾船航行
10．Aesthetic美的，审美的，有美学气息的
延伸：aesthetic design美学设计；aesthetic value审美价值
11．Contention论点，争论，争夺
延伸：my contention is..我的观点是（是不是比from my point of view有新鲜感）；
Resource contention资源冲突，资源竞争；bone of contention争论的焦点，争端的原因
12．treat it with the same status同等对待，一视同仁
13．stereotype一成不变，老套，陈腔滥调
延伸：someone is stereotyped as something某人被带有成见地视为…
14．Teem with充满，富于;
延伸：His head teems with good ideas他脑子里都是好想法；teeming with rain正下大雨
15．Worldview世界观（原来是这个词，那人生观、价值观怎么说呢？）
延伸：outlook on life, view of life人生观；values价值观
16．Adorable可爱的
17．Dramatically戏剧地，引人注目地，显著地
延伸：be dramatically different截然不同；Changing dramatically发生巨大的改变
18．out there在那里
延伸：there are millions of people out there那有成百上千的人…
19．Guideline指导方针
延伸：design guideline设计方针，设计准则；financial guideline财政准则
20．bridge the gap缩小差距
延伸：bridge the generation gap消除代沟
21．Out of缺乏，自….离开，用…（材料）；本文中是out of concepts that your audience
already understands用听众能理解的观念来阐述。
22．Metaphor隐喻，比喻
延伸：a powerful metaphor 有力象征
六、演讲原文
0:11Some people think that there's a TED Talk formula:
0:11有人认为TED演讲有一个固定模式：
0:14Give a talk on a round, red rug.
0:14站在一块圆形的红地毯上。
0:16 Share a childhood story.
0:16分享童年的经历。
0:17 Divulge a personal secret.
0:17分享个人的秘密。
0:19 End with an inspiring call to action.
0:19最后号召大家行动起来。
0:22 No. That's not how to think of a TED Talk. Infact, if you overuse those devices, you're just going to come across as clichéd or emotionally manipulative.
0:22不是的。我们不该这么来看待TED演讲。实际上，如果滥用这些手法，只会给人留下陈词滥调或者心灵鸡汤的感觉。
0:31But there is one thing that all great TED Talkshave in common, and I would like to share that thing with you,
0:31但所有优秀的TED演讲确实有一个共同点，这也是我想和各位分享的，
0:38 because over the past 12 years, I've had a ringside seat, listening to many hundreds of amazing TED speakers, like these. I've helped them prepare their talks for prime time, and learned directly from their secrets of what makes fora great talk.
0:38因为12年来我一直坐在场边,聆听了数百位演讲者的精彩演讲，比如他们。我协助他们准备演讲，在黄金时段播出，也从他们那里学到了做一场精彩演讲的秘诀。
0:52 And even though these speakers and their topics all seem completely different, they actually do have one key common ingredient. And it's this:Your number one task as a speaker is to transfer into your listeners' minds an extraordinary gift -- a strange and beautiful object that we call an idea.
0:52尽管这些演讲者和他们的演讲主题都各不相同，但有一个关键点是相同的。那就是：作为演讲者最重要的任务是送给你的听众一件特别的礼物——它神奇而美丽，我们称之为“想法”。
1:15 Let me show you what I mean. Here's Haley. She is about to give a TED Talk and frankly, she's terrified.
1:15下面我来解释一下。这是海利。她将要进行一个TED演讲,坦白说，她很紧张。
1:21 (Video) Presenter: Haley Van Dyck!
1:21（视频）主持人：海利•范•戴克！
1:23(Applause)
1:23（掌声）
1:29Over the course of 18 minutes, 1,200 people, many of whom have never seen each other before, are finding that their brains are starting to sync with Haley's brain and with each other. They're literally beginning to exhibit the same brain-wave patterns. And I don't just mean they're feeling the same emotions. There's something even more startling happening.
1:29在18分钟的演讲过程中，此前互不相识的1200名听众发现自己的思维渐渐与海利同步，与其他人同步。甚至可以说，他们的脑电波都开始同步。他们当时不仅感受相同。还有更令人吃惊的事在发生。
1:49Let's take a look inside Haley's brain for a moment. Thereare billions of interconnected neurons in an impossible tangle. But lookhere, right here -- a few million of them are linked to each other ina way which represents a single idea. And incredibly, this exact patternis being recreated in real time inside the minds of everyone listening. That's right; in just a few minutes, a pattern involving millions of neurons is being teleported into 1,200 minds, just bypeople listening to a voice and watching a face.
1:49让我们到海利的大脑中看一看。数十亿神经元相互连接，互相缠绕。但是看这里，其中几百万个神经元连接在一起，形成了一个想法。难以置信的是，同样的连接方式，也同时在每一位听众的脑海中出现了。是的，几分钟内，这种包含几百万神经元的特殊连接模式仅仅通过听和看，就传递进了1200个大脑之中。
2:23But wait -- what is an idea anyway? Well, you can think of it as a pattern of information that helps you understand and navigate the world.Ideas come in all shapes and sizes, from the complex and analytical to the simple and aesthetic.
2:23那么，到底什么是想法呢？你可以理解为是一种信息的组合，能帮你理解和探索这个世界。想法是多种多样的，有的复杂，有的简单，有的理性，有的感性。
2:39Here are just a few examples shared from the TEDstage. Sir Ken Robinson -- creativity is key to our kids' future.
2:39下面我举几个例子，都发生在TED讲台上。肯·罗宾逊爵士——创造力是决定孩子未来的关键。
2:46(Video) Sir Ken Robinson: Mycontentionis that creativity now is as important in education as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.
2:46（视频）肯·罗宾逊爵士：我认为在教育中，培养创造力和教读书写字一样重要，我们应该同样重视。
2:55Chris Anderson: Elora Hardy -- building from bamboo is beautiful.
2:55伊劳拉·哈迪——竹制建筑的魅力。
2:58(Video) Elora Hardy: It is growing all around us, it's strong, it's elegant, it's earthquake-resistant.
2:58（视频）伊劳拉·哈迪：竹子随处可见，很牢固，很优雅，可以抵御地震。
3:04CA: Chimamanda Adichie -- people are more than a single identity.
3:04奇麻曼达·阿迪契——人类并不只有单一属性。
3:08(Video) Chimamanda Adichie:The single story creates stereotypes, and
the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete.
3:08（视频）奇麻曼达·阿迪契：单一的故事会导致片面，片面的问题并不在于它不正确，而在于它不完整。
3:18CA: Your mind isteeming withideas, and not just randomly. They're carefully linked together. Collectively they form an amazingly complex structure that is your personal worldview. It's your brain's operating system. It's how you navigate the world. And it is built up out of millions of individual ideas.
3:18你的大脑里充满了各种想法，它们并不是随机的，而是相互联系的。它们汇集成神奇而复杂的体系，形成你的世界观。是你大脑的操作系统。也是你探索世界的方式。是数百万个想法的大集合。
3:37So, for example, if one little component of your worldview is the idea that kittens are adorable, then when you see this, you'll react like this. But if another component of your worldview is the idea that leopards are dangerous, then when you see this, you'll react a little bit differently. So, it's pretty obvious why the ideas that make up your worldview are crucial.You need them to be as reliable as possible -- a guide, to the scary but wonderful real world out there.
3:37比如说，你世界观中的一小部分告诉你小猫很可爱，那么当你看到小猫时，你就会抚摸它。而另一部分告诉你美洲豹很危险，那么当你看见它时，你可能会撒腿就跑。所以显而易见，这些想法对于塑造你的世界观至关重要。它们就像一名值得信赖的向导，帮你应对这个美妙却又危险的世界。
4:08Now, different people's worldviews can be dramatically different. For example, how does your worldview react when you see this image:
4:08不同人的世界观截然不同。举个例子，你对下面的视频会有什么反应？
4:18(Video) Dalia Mogahed: What do you think when you look at me? "A woman of faith," "an expert," maybe even "a sister"? Or "oppressed," "brainwashed," a terrorist"?
4:18（视频）达利亚·莫佳德：你看到我的时候你在想什么？“有信仰的女人”，“专家”甚至是“姐姐”？或者“受压迫的”，“被洗脑的”还是“恐怖分子”？
4:32CA: Whatever your answer, there are millions of people out there who would react very differently. So that's why ideas really matter. If communicated properly, they're capable of changing, forever, how someone thinks about the world, and shaping their actions both now and well into the future.Ideas are the most powerful force shaping human culture.
4:32无论你的答案是什么，成千上万的人，就会有成千上万种答案。正因为此，想法才非常重要。通过正确的交流，想法可以永远地改变一个人的世界观，影响他们现在和未来的的行为。想法是塑造人类文化最强大的力量。
4:54So if you accept that your number one task as a speaker is to build an idea inside the minds of your audience, here are four guidelines for how you should go about that task:
4:54如果你认同，演讲者最重要的任务是提出一个想法，并让听众认同，那么这里有四条原则你可以遵循：
5:03One, limit your talk to just one major idea. Ideas are complex things; you need to slash back your content so that you can focus on the single idea you're most passionate about, and give yourself a chance to explain that one thing properly. You have to give context, share examples, make it vivid. So pick one idea, and make it the through-line running through your entire talk, so that everything you say links back to it in some way.
5:03第一，让你的演讲主题明确。想法是复杂的，你要避免长篇大论，专注于最让你激动不已的那个想法，并想办法把它解释清楚。你需要解释背景，举例说明，娓娓道来。所以只挑选一个想法，让它贯穿你的整个演讲，让你讲的所有内容都能与之呼应。
5:32Two, give your listeners a reason to care. Before you can start building things inside the minds of your audience, you have to get their permission to welcome you in. And the main tool to achieve that? Curiosity. Stir your audience's curiosity. use intriguing,provocative questions to identify why something doesn't make sense and needs explaining. If you can reveal a disconnection in someone's worldview, they'll feel the need to bridge that knowledge gap. And once you've sparked that desire, it will be so much easier to start building your idea.
5:32第二，吸引你的听众。在你将自己的想法灌输给观众之前，你必须得到他们的允许。那主要手段是什么呢？好奇心。勾起观众的好奇心。提一些耐人寻味，引人入胜的问题让大家发现有些事情不合理，需要解释。如果你让某人发现，他的世界观里有空白，他们就会想把这缺口补上。一旦你勾起他们的求知欲，灌输你的想法就容易多了。
6:09Three, build your idea, piece by piece,out ofconcepts that your audience already understands. You use the power of language to weave together concepts that already exist in your listeners' minds -- but not your language, their language. You start where they are. The speakers often forget that many of the terms and concepts they live with are completely unfamiliar to their audiences. Now,metaphors can play a crucial role in showing how the pieces fit together, because they reveal the desired shape of the pattern, based on an idea that the listener already understands.
6:09第三，构筑你的想法，一步一步来，要使用观众已经了解的概念。用语言的力量，把观众脑海中已经存在的概念重新整合——不过要用观众能懂的语言。你要让他们跟上你的节奏。演讲者经常会忘记，自己每天接触的术语和概念，在观众们眼中可能就是天书。因此，善用比喻非常重要，因为比喻是用听众已经了解的概念，来勾画缺失的那一块知识拼图。
6:45For example, when Jennifer Kahn wanted to explain the incredible new biotechnology called CRISPR, she said, "It's as if, for the first time, you had a word processor to edit DNA. CRISPR allows you to cut and paste genetic information really easily." Now, a vivid explanation like that delivers a satisfying aha moment as it snaps into place in our minds. It's important, therefore, to test your talk on trusted friends, and find out which parts they get confused by.
6:45比如，当珍妮弗·卡恩想解释一种叫做CRISPR的最前端的生物技术时，她说：“这项技术，就像你第一次拥有了一台可以编辑DNA的文字处理机一样。CRISPR能让你十分轻松的剪切和粘贴基因组信息。”就这样，一个生动的描述，让我们恍然大悟，并且深深地印在了我们的脑海里。在信任的朋友面前试讲一下是很关键的，你可以找出他们听不懂的地方（加以修改）。
7:14Four, here's the final tip: Make your idea worth sharing. By that I mean, ask yourself the question: "Who does this idea benefit?" And I need you to be honest with the answer. If the idea only serves you or your organization, then, I'm sorry to say, it's probably not worth sharing. The audience will see right through you. But if you believe that the idea has the potential to brighten up someone else's day or change someone else's perspective for the better or inspire someone to do something differently, then you have the core ingredient to a truly great talk, one that can be a gift to them and to all of us.
7:14第四条，也是最后一条：确定你的想法值得分享。我的意思是，扪心自问：“这个想法对谁有好处？”你需要实事求是。如果这个想法只服务于你或者你的组织，那么对不起，它也许不值得分享。观众也马上能发现这一点。但如果你认为自己的想法有可能照亮他人的人生，或者改善他人的观点，或者激励他人去改变，那么你就拥有了一篇精彩演讲的核心元素，所有人都会因此受益。
七、视频地址
TED官网视频地址