Handler常见问题分析

  1. runOnUIThread(Runable run)和Handler有何关系其原理又是什么?
  2. handler.post(Runable run) 回调方法是运行在那个线程?
  3. 在UI Thread 创建Handler时,没有手动去调用 Looper.preper()、Looper.loop()方法为何没有抛出异常?
  4. Looper 在UI Thread中轮询消息时,为何没有造成阻塞?
  5. Toast为何在子线程调用会抛出异常?

上述问题都是和Handler机制相关的,在实际开发中有遇到过吗?有深入了解过吗?没有关系,在这里我们再慢慢探讨。还对Handler流程不熟悉的可以在这里找到答案 Handler原理剖析

runOnUIThread的工作原理

该方法是Activity的公共方法,下面是该方法的注释:

在UI线程中运行执行的action(手动指定的回调函数),如果当前线程是UI线程,回调函数马上执行,如果当前线程不是UI线程,那回调函数被加入到UI线程的事件队列

从上面的注释可以看出,该方法分为两种逻辑执行:1、直接运行在UI Thread;2、将该事件加入到UI Thread的消息队列;

第一种还好理解,那第二种的消息队列和我们一直讲的Handler有何关系呢,要理清这些关系,从源码开始:

//源码
  public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {

    if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
      //如果当前线程是UI线程,这将action加入到消息队列
      mHandler.post(action);
    } else {
      //直接调用run
      action.run();
    }
  }

//Activity的UI Thread中直接使用
 runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
      @Override public void run() {
        // TODO: 你的代码
      }
    });

该方法源码还是挺简洁的,先来action.run()直接调用的逻辑,结合源码和在Activity的UI Thread中直接使用的代码来看,action.run()是直接运行在UI Thread的,没有任何异步操作,比较好理解,所有如果是在activity中直接调用的runOnUiThread,没有开线程的情况下,最好不要在run方法体中做耗时操作,不然会造成UI Thread 的阻塞,接下来mHandler.post(action);才是我们要说的重点在实际代码中我们如果按如下方法调用,会执行mHandler.post(action);:

    new Thread() {
      @Override public void run() {
        runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
          @Override public void run() {
            // TODO: 你的代码 
          }
        });
      }
    }.start();

进入mHandler.post(action)的源码:

    public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }

这样的代码和Handler发送消息一样的流程了,还不知道的请看Handler原理剖析,
其实理解整个逻辑,关键是理解getPostMessage(r):

  private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

m.callback = r; 这行代码就是将我们传入的Runable对象赋值给message的callback成员变量,因为mHandler.post 实在主线程中执行,所以loop()会运行在主线成中所以消息会在主线程中接收处理。我们通过源码来验证一下我们的逻辑是否正确,现在进入到Handler的消息分发方法中去:

    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

msg.callback != null 这段代码肯定成立,因为上文中的getPostMessage方法中已经将我们传入的callback对象赋值给msg.callback,所以会直接执行到 handleCallback(msg); 那么我们再来看handleCallback(msg):

  private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

没错,只有一行代码,message.callback.run(); 这行代码是在UI线程中执行的,那为什么呢?你怎么看出来的呢?好吧,我们要知其然也要知其所以然,那么我们再详细解释一下吧。上文的mHandler是Activity的成员变量,并且是在主线程中进行初始化,所以Looper.preper()、Looper.loop()等方法,就会在主线程中调用,还记得loop()做了那些事吗?不记得的请看 Handler原理剖析,loop()轮询messageQueue中的消息,如果没有消息就退出轮询,如果有,就执行message.target.dispatchMessage进行消息分发,源码就不贴出来了,所以message.target.dispatchMessage就是在主线程中调用,由此推出上文的 message.callback.run();也会在主线程中执行,所以 runOnUiThread的run回调方法也就是在子线程中执行。对没,错,这就是一个Handler子线程发消息,主线程接收消息的一种封装而已。

handler.post(Runable run) 回调方法是运行在那个线程

其实这个问题已经在第一个问题中得到了解决,我们这里简单分析一下就行;

   new Handler().post(new Runnable() {
      @Override public void run() {
        // TODO: you code 
      }
    });

我们在开发中时常写出这样的代码,而且还在run()中处理一些耗时任务,对,没错,你加班改的bug就是我写的。
在主线程中创建Handler对象同时将Runable加入到主线程的消息队列,所以run()会在主线程中调用,和第一个问题相类似的流程不在赘述。

在UI Thread 创建Handler时,没有手动去调用 Looper.preper()、Looper.loop()方法为何没有抛出异常?

要回答这样的一系列问题,需要了解到Android程序的入口,那么Android程序真正的入口是在哪里呢?想想java程序的入口是某个类的main(),而Android程序的main函数实在类ActivityThread中,所以Android程序的入口就是ActivityThread的main(),这个我们直接抛出结论,至于其过程和原理这里不会探讨。ActivityThread的源码大概有5000多行,我们并不是要全部看完,只需要找到我们需要的代码就行了。

 public static void main(String[] args) {
        ....

    //创建Looper对象,其实和preper()实现类似,只是该方法通常用于ActivityThread中
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();
    //创建ActivityThread对象
    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();

    //建立Binder通道 (创建新线程)
    thread.attach(false);
    //消息循环运行
    Looper.loop();
    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
  }

根据ActivityThread的源码可以看出,在应用程序启动的时候在ActivityThread的main方法中手动调用了Looper.preper()、Looper.loop();

Looper 在UI Thread中轮询消息时,为何没有造成阻塞?

其实这个问题设计到的东西还是挺多的,需要明白Handler原理、Process/Thread、Android Binder IPC、Linux pipe/epoll机制、Activity的启动及其生命周期等等一大堆东西,当然这里我们就不会去深入了。

要了解这个问题,首先从ActivityThread的handlerMessage方法开始:

        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, ">>> handling: " + codeToString(msg.what));
            switch (msg.what) {
                case LAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityStart");
                    final ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord) msg.obj;

                    r.packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck(
                            r.activityInfo.applicationInfo, r.compatInfo);
                    handleLaunchActivity(r, null);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                } break;
                case RELAUNCH_ACTIVITY: {
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityRestart");
                    ActivityClientRecord r = (ActivityClientRecord)msg.obj;
                    handleRelaunchActivity(r);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                } break;
                case PAUSE_ACTIVITY:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityPause");
                    handlePauseActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, false, (msg.arg1&1) != 0, msg.arg2,
                            (msg.arg1&2) != 0);
                    maybeSnapshot();
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case PAUSE_ACTIVITY_FINISHING:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityPause");
                    handlePauseActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, true, (msg.arg1&1) != 0, msg.arg2,
                            (msg.arg1&1) != 0);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case STOP_ACTIVITY_SHOW:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityStop");
                    handleStopActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, true, msg.arg2);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case STOP_ACTIVITY_HIDE:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityStop");
                    handleStopActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, false, msg.arg2);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case SHOW_WINDOW:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityShowWindow");
                    handleWindowVisibility((IBinder)msg.obj, true);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case HIDE_WINDOW:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityHideWindow");
                    handleWindowVisibility((IBinder)msg.obj, false);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case RESUME_ACTIVITY:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityResume");
                    handleResumeActivity((IBinder) msg.obj, true, msg.arg1 != 0, true);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case SEND_RESULT:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityDeliverResult");
                    handleSendResult((ResultData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case DESTROY_ACTIVITY:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityDestroy");
                    handleDestroyActivity((IBinder)msg.obj, msg.arg1 != 0,
                            msg.arg2, false);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case BIND_APPLICATION:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "bindApplication");
                    AppBindData data = (AppBindData)msg.obj;
                    handleBindApplication(data);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case EXIT_APPLICATION:
                    if (mInitialApplication != null) {
                        mInitialApplication.onTerminate();
                    }
                    Looper.myLooper().quit();
                    break;
                case NEW_INTENT:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityNewIntent");
                    handleNewIntent((NewIntentData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case RECEIVER:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "broadcastReceiveComp");
                    handleReceiver((ReceiverData)msg.obj);
                    maybeSnapshot();
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case CREATE_SERVICE:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceCreate");
                    handleCreateService((CreateServiceData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case BIND_SERVICE:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceBind");
                    handleBindService((BindServiceData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case UNBIND_SERVICE:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceUnbind");
                    handleUnbindService((BindServiceData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case SERVICE_ARGS:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceStart");
                    handleServiceArgs((ServiceArgsData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case STOP_SERVICE:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceStop");
                    handleStopService((IBinder)msg.obj);
                    maybeSnapshot();
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case CONFIGURATION_CHANGED:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "configChanged");
                    mCurDefaultDisplayDpi = ((Configuration)msg.obj).densityDpi;
                    handleConfigurationChanged((Configuration)msg.obj, null);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case CLEAN_UP_CONTEXT:
                    ContextCleanupInfo cci = (ContextCleanupInfo)msg.obj;
                    cci.context.performFinalCleanup(cci.who, cci.what);
                    break;
                case GC_WHEN_IDLE:
                    scheduleGcIdler();
                    break;
                case DUMP_SERVICE:
                    handleDumpService((DumpComponentInfo)msg.obj);
                    break;
                case LOW_MEMORY:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "lowMemory");
                    handleLowMemory();
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case ACTIVITY_CONFIGURATION_CHANGED:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "activityConfigChanged");
                    handleActivityConfigurationChanged((IBinder)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case PROFILER_CONTROL:
                    handleProfilerControl(msg.arg1 != 0, (ProfilerInfo)msg.obj, msg.arg2);
                    break;
                case CREATE_BACKUP_AGENT:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "backupCreateAgent");
                    handleCreateBackupAgent((CreateBackupAgentData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case DESTROY_BACKUP_AGENT:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "backupDestroyAgent");
                    handleDestroyBackupAgent((CreateBackupAgentData)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case SUICIDE:
                    Process.killProcess(Process.myPid());
                    break;
                case REMOVE_PROVIDER:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "providerRemove");
                    completeRemoveProvider((ProviderRefCount)msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case ENABLE_JIT:
                    ensureJitEnabled();
                    break;
                case DISPATCH_PACKAGE_BROADCAST:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "broadcastPackage");
                    handleDispatchPackageBroadcast(msg.arg1, (String[])msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case SCHEDULE_CRASH:
                    throw new RemoteServiceException((String)msg.obj);
                case DUMP_HEAP:
                    handleDumpHeap(msg.arg1 != 0, (DumpHeapData)msg.obj);
                    break;
                case DUMP_ACTIVITY:
                    handleDumpActivity((DumpComponentInfo)msg.obj);
                    break;
                case DUMP_PROVIDER:
                    handleDumpProvider((DumpComponentInfo)msg.obj);
                    break;
                case SLEEPING:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "sleeping");
                    handleSleeping((IBinder)msg.obj, msg.arg1 != 0);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case SET_CORE_SETTINGS:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "setCoreSettings");
                    handleSetCoreSettings((Bundle) msg.obj);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case UPDATE_PACKAGE_COMPATIBILITY_INFO:
                    handleUpdatePackageCompatibilityInfo((UpdateCompatibilityData)msg.obj);
                    break;
                case TRIM_MEMORY:
                    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "trimMemory");
                    handleTrimMemory(msg.arg1);
                    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                    break;
                case UNSTABLE_PROVIDER_DIED:
                    handleUnstableProviderDied((IBinder)msg.obj, false);
                    break;
                case REQUEST_ASSIST_CONTEXT_EXTRAS:
                    handleRequestAssistContextExtras((RequestAssistContextExtras)msg.obj);
                    break;
                case TRANSLUCENT_CONVERSION_COMPLETE:
                    handleTranslucentConversionComplete((IBinder)msg.obj, msg.arg1 == 1);
                    break;
                case INSTALL_PROVIDER:
                    handleInstallProvider((ProviderInfo) msg.obj);
                    break;
                case ON_NEW_ACTIVITY_OPTIONS:
                    Pair pair = (Pair) msg.obj;
                    onNewActivityOptions(pair.first, pair.second);
                    break;
                case CANCEL_VISIBLE_BEHIND:
                    handleCancelVisibleBehind((IBinder) msg.obj);
                    break;
                case BACKGROUND_VISIBLE_BEHIND_CHANGED:
                    handleOnBackgroundVisibleBehindChanged((IBinder) msg.obj, msg.arg1 > 0);
                    break;
                case ENTER_ANIMATION_COMPLETE:
                    handleEnterAnimationComplete((IBinder) msg.obj);
                    break;
            }
            if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, "<<< done: " + codeToString(msg.what));
        }

ActivityThread的内部类H继承于Handler,通过handler消息机制,简单说Handler机制用于同一个进程的线程间通信。Activity的生命周期都是依靠主线程的Looper.loop,当收到不同Message时则采用相应措施:在H.handleMessage(msg)方法中,根据接收到不同的msg,执行相应的生命周期。比如收到msg=H.LAUNCH_ACTIVITY,则调用ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity()方法,最终会通过反射机制,创建Activity实例,然后再执行Activity.onCreate()等方法; 再比如收到msg=H.PAUSE_ACTIVITY,则调用ActivityThread.handlePauseActivity()方法,最终会执行Activity.onPause()等方法,主线程的消息又是哪来的呢?当然是App进程中的其他线程通过Handler发送给主线程,epoll(请百度)当没有消息的时候会执行epoll.wait,等待句柄写的时候再唤醒,这个时候其实是阻塞的。所有的ui操作都通过handler来发消息操作。比如屏幕刷新16ms一个消息,各种点击事件,Activity的生命周期函数执行消息,所以就会有句柄写操作,唤醒上文的wait操作,因此不会被造成主线程的阻塞。看到这是不是内心在哦,原来如此!

Toast为何在子线程调用会抛出异常?

从Toast的源码中可以看出,其内部也有Handler发送消息的流程,这样一来这个问题就解决了,其根本原因还是要归类于Handler的原理,所以本文中的问题都是围绕Handler来进行。只要把Handler搞明白,则万变不离其宗;本文的主要目的也是通过这些问题来加深对Handler的理解

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